Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s026841602100028x
Leonard N. Rosenband
{"title":"C. Maitte and D. Terrier, Les rythmes du labeur: Enquête sur le temps de travail en Europe occidentale XIVe – XIXe siècle (Paris: La Dispute/SNÉDIT, 2020). Pages 409 + figures 7. Paperback 28 €.","authors":"Leonard N. Rosenband","doi":"10.1017/s026841602100028x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s026841602100028x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46643473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s0268416021000291
J. Zuijderduijn, Kim Overlaet
Abstract Contrary to what is sometimes assumed, the elderly in the distant past could not always rely on voluntary care. Therefore, some of them had to develop strategies to secure assistance during old age. We focus on towns in the Low Countries, where family ties were weak, and ageing individuals likely had to plan for old age. We show how members of the middling layers of society could use wills and retirement contracts to ensure care provided by both kin and non-kin, and also to secure living standards during their final years. By recording such contracts, the elderly remained in control of their lives, despite their advancing years.
{"title":"Strategies for old age and agency of the elderly in towns of the Low Countries in the Renaissance","authors":"J. Zuijderduijn, Kim Overlaet","doi":"10.1017/s0268416021000291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000291","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Contrary to what is sometimes assumed, the elderly in the distant past could not always rely on voluntary care. Therefore, some of them had to develop strategies to secure assistance during old age. We focus on towns in the Low Countries, where family ties were weak, and ageing individuals likely had to plan for old age. We show how members of the middling layers of society could use wills and retirement contracts to ensure care provided by both kin and non-kin, and also to secure living standards during their final years. By recording such contracts, the elderly remained in control of their lives, despite their advancing years.","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47575820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0268416021000266
J. Marfany
tine orders continue to shift how historians undertake research. Wiesner-Hanks achieves a clear and punchy survey of early modern historiography, peppering the text with enjoyable anecdotes and stories from the historical past. The author draws out the many parallels between the early modern world and today, and the unique vantage point of early modern history that affords scholars ‘the ability (and responsibility) to highlight these connections’ (105). Wiesner-Hanks is particularly attuned to global considerations and cutting-edge digital methodologies, which have transformed research in several subfields. As is warranted by the genre of the text, Wiesner-Hanks is careful in her critique, instead allowing the historiography to speak for itself. As with many short-format texts, explanations are necessarily economical, yet the book is impressively complete. Moreover, detailed footnotes and a further reading section provide excellent rabbit holes for the interested reader. This is a timely historiographic contribution that sings the praises of an incredibly rich and invigorating field, and will undoubtedly become the go-to handbook for students and scholars of early modern history.
{"title":"David Hitchcock and Julia McClure (eds), The Routledge History of Poverty, c.1450–1800 (London and New York: Routledge, 2021), pp. xxvii + 380 + figures 37 + tables 2 H/b £190, e-book £35.99","authors":"J. Marfany","doi":"10.1017/S0268416021000266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416021000266","url":null,"abstract":"tine orders continue to shift how historians undertake research. Wiesner-Hanks achieves a clear and punchy survey of early modern historiography, peppering the text with enjoyable anecdotes and stories from the historical past. The author draws out the many parallels between the early modern world and today, and the unique vantage point of early modern history that affords scholars ‘the ability (and responsibility) to highlight these connections’ (105). Wiesner-Hanks is particularly attuned to global considerations and cutting-edge digital methodologies, which have transformed research in several subfields. As is warranted by the genre of the text, Wiesner-Hanks is careful in her critique, instead allowing the historiography to speak for itself. As with many short-format texts, explanations are necessarily economical, yet the book is impressively complete. Moreover, detailed footnotes and a further reading section provide excellent rabbit holes for the interested reader. This is a timely historiographic contribution that sings the praises of an incredibly rich and invigorating field, and will undoubtedly become the go-to handbook for students and scholars of early modern history.","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49410007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s0268416022000029
{"title":"CON volume 36 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0268416022000029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0268416022000029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44191983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0268416021000254
Ana Howie
{"title":"Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, What is Early Modern History? (Medford, MA and Cambridge: Polity Press, 2021). Pages 154 +3 Images. Paperback £15.99.","authors":"Ana Howie","doi":"10.1017/S0268416021000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416021000254","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0268416021000278
P. Cavill
Abstract Mortuaries were death duties owed to parish priests. The early sixteenth century was a pivotal moment in their long history. In 1529, an act of parliament significantly altered these dues. This article explores mortuary practices in the preceding decades. It examines what mortuaries were, who gave them, and what purpose they served. The importance of local custom is emphasised. The article reconsiders the modern view that mortuary dues were generally disliked. A more complex attitude explains both why mortuaries were reformed and why they would survive for centuries thereafter. Mortuary dues exemplify the symbiotic relationship between law and custom.
{"title":"Mortuary dues in early sixteenth-century England","authors":"P. Cavill","doi":"10.1017/S0268416021000278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416021000278","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mortuaries were death duties owed to parish priests. The early sixteenth century was a pivotal moment in their long history. In 1529, an act of parliament significantly altered these dues. This article explores mortuary practices in the preceding decades. It examines what mortuaries were, who gave them, and what purpose they served. The importance of local custom is emphasised. The article reconsiders the modern view that mortuary dues were generally disliked. A more complex attitude explains both why mortuaries were reformed and why they would survive for centuries thereafter. Mortuary dues exemplify the symbiotic relationship between law and custom.","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48459552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0268416021000199
P. Schofield
The essays in this edition address, for four periods and regions, the kinds of processes that could, in certain circumstances, have led to expropriation, that is the appropriation of land by wealthier parties and the enforced landlessness of former peasant landholders; however, in each instance presented here, the authors describe processes that did not in fact result in the forced and complete removal of peasant proprietors from their land. Instead, as three of the following articles show, namely those by Furio, Nadan and Schofield, a reduction in property rights could be as important an indicator of the expropriation of property rights as the more classical view of enforced landlessness and proletarianization. Furthermore, the sorts of conditions that might have led to expropriation or a reduction in property rights in certain contexts, did not necessarily result in any reduction in the pre-existing rights of peasant tenants, as is shown by Arnoux in his contribution to this edition. In all instances, the articles published here illustrate that those who might have chosen to expropriate, notably landlords, wealthier peasants, merchants and creditors, were not necessarily interested in appropriating peasant land. Rather, a regular receipt of rents was, most obviously, often as and more important in such contexts; as such, and again as will be explored in the following articles, these designs on peasant land typically led to a diminution of the property rights of the tenant but not their wholesale eviction from the land. This was not universally the case; in other parts of medieval Europe, to which reference will be made below, creditors sought out and expropriated the lands of their debtors. However, this was neither a universal process nor one that was dependent upon unique sets of prevailing conditions; instead, the persistence of, or introduction of, new institutional and economic structures and practices (such as seigneurial expectations, communal or familial convention, governmental legislation, the
{"title":"Alternatives to expropriation: rent, credit and peasant landholding in medieval Europe and modern Palestine","authors":"P. Schofield","doi":"10.1017/S0268416021000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416021000199","url":null,"abstract":"The essays in this edition address, for four periods and regions, the kinds of processes that could, in certain circumstances, have led to expropriation, that is the appropriation of land by wealthier parties and the enforced landlessness of former peasant landholders; however, in each instance presented here, the authors describe processes that did not in fact result in the forced and complete removal of peasant proprietors from their land. Instead, as three of the following articles show, namely those by Furio, Nadan and Schofield, a reduction in property rights could be as important an indicator of the expropriation of property rights as the more classical view of enforced landlessness and proletarianization. Furthermore, the sorts of conditions that might have led to expropriation or a reduction in property rights in certain contexts, did not necessarily result in any reduction in the pre-existing rights of peasant tenants, as is shown by Arnoux in his contribution to this edition. In all instances, the articles published here illustrate that those who might have chosen to expropriate, notably landlords, wealthier peasants, merchants and creditors, were not necessarily interested in appropriating peasant land. Rather, a regular receipt of rents was, most obviously, often as and more important in such contexts; as such, and again as will be explored in the following articles, these designs on peasant land typically led to a diminution of the property rights of the tenant but not their wholesale eviction from the land. This was not universally the case; in other parts of medieval Europe, to which reference will be made below, creditors sought out and expropriated the lands of their debtors. However, this was neither a universal process nor one that was dependent upon unique sets of prevailing conditions; instead, the persistence of, or introduction of, new institutional and economic structures and practices (such as seigneurial expectations, communal or familial convention, governmental legislation, the","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42980207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0268416021000151
P. Schofield
Abstract In this paper, an attempt will be made to discuss the likely context for pre-plague indications of expropriation and its limits. There is plentiful evidence of an active land market in medieval villages by the end of the thirteenth century, and most likely for some time earlier. Fluctuation in the rate of buying and selling coincided with difficult harvest years and suggests a link between impecunious peasant sellers and wealthier peasant buyers. There is also some association between the selling of land and pre-existing indebtedness. In a period of partial commercial and market development, the extent to which exchange of land or of moveables proceeded to a significant structural redistribution of land and resources was constrained, and even in those parts of the country where an early peasant land market was well-established, significant adjustment is not evident. Instead, impediments to expropriation, such as seigneurial control of peasant land and limited capacity for extensive capital accumulation, acted as constraints on significant accumulation and redistribution. That said, there is limited suggestion in our sources of a redistribution of property rights associable with inequality of dealing and the advantage of wealthier landholders and creditors. In exploring this last point, particular use is made of the court records for the Welsh marcher lordship of Dyffryn Clwyd.
{"title":"Impediments to expropriation. Peasant property rights in medieval England and Marcher Wales","authors":"P. Schofield","doi":"10.1017/S0268416021000151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416021000151","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, an attempt will be made to discuss the likely context for pre-plague indications of expropriation and its limits. There is plentiful evidence of an active land market in medieval villages by the end of the thirteenth century, and most likely for some time earlier. Fluctuation in the rate of buying and selling coincided with difficult harvest years and suggests a link between impecunious peasant sellers and wealthier peasant buyers. There is also some association between the selling of land and pre-existing indebtedness. In a period of partial commercial and market development, the extent to which exchange of land or of moveables proceeded to a significant structural redistribution of land and resources was constrained, and even in those parts of the country where an early peasant land market was well-established, significant adjustment is not evident. Instead, impediments to expropriation, such as seigneurial control of peasant land and limited capacity for extensive capital accumulation, acted as constraints on significant accumulation and redistribution. That said, there is limited suggestion in our sources of a redistribution of property rights associable with inequality of dealing and the advantage of wealthier landholders and creditors. In exploring this last point, particular use is made of the court records for the Welsh marcher lordship of Dyffryn Clwyd.","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48062655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0268416021000163
E. Garrett
This well-researched and erudite book is also a thoroughly engaging read. As part of a series entitled Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History it will appeal to social, cultural and demographic historians as well as medical professionals. In recent years there has been a growing number of voices calling for the reassessment of our understanding of the fertility transition, citing a need for a greater understanding of fertility limitation and the attitudes of, and practices adopted by, individuals and couples who wanted to avoid conception. Hionidou’s work is an impressive response to this plea. Abortion and Contraception sets out with two main objectives: to re-evaluate the timing of the fertility transition in Greece and to understand the processes contributing to the decline in fertility. The first of these is dealt with in a single chapter considering Greek fertility trends between 1870 and 1967. Hionidou notes the debate over the Princeton European Fertility Project’s estimate that the county’s fertility transition had begun in the 1890s, before arguing persuasively that even as late as 1931 the country’s age-specific fertility curves were still characteristic of a natural fertility regime. Rates of fertility had been low over the previous three decades but this was ‘not because couples were intentionally controlling their fertility but because of the turbulent history of the country in those years and its effects on the lives of the population’ (p. 39). Couples had not been using parity-specific family limitation but, possibly unintentionally, had been spacing their children, creating a ‘natural’ fertility profile. The much more complex question of how Greek couples may have reduced their fertility takes up the remainder of the book. Hionidou pulls together cultural, medical, societal and economic factors to show that the use of ‘birth control’ evolved over a relatively long period, with changes in attitude and new innovations creating occasional, but not necessarily immediate, ‘step changes’ in practice. She takes pains to highlight the role of doctors in fertility control in Greece during her period, and is careful to describe how very similar practices can have very different meanings to different generations. Her arguments are enhanced by extracts drawn from two sets
这本研究深入、学识渊博的书也是一本引人入胜的读物。作为题为“现代历史中的医学和生物医学科学”系列的一部分，它将吸引社会、文化和人口历史学家以及医学专业人员。近年来，有越来越多的声音呼吁重新评估我们对生育过渡的理解，理由是需要更好地了解生育限制以及想要避免怀孕的个人和夫妇的态度和采取的做法。Hionidou的作品是对这一请求的令人印象深刻的回应。《堕胎与避孕》有两个主要目标:重新评估希腊生育率过渡的时间，并了解导致生育率下降的过程。第一个问题用一章的篇幅讨论了希腊在1870年到1967年间的生育趋势。Hionidou注意到关于普林斯顿欧洲生育计划(Princeton European Fertility Project)估计该国的生育转变始于19世纪90年代的争论，然后令人信服地认为，即使到了1931年，该国特定年龄的生育曲线仍然具有自然生育制度的特征。在过去的30年里，生育率一直很低，但这“不是因为夫妇们故意控制他们的生育率，而是因为那些年这个国家动荡的历史及其对人口生活的影响”(第39页)。夫妇们没有使用针对生育数量的家庭限制，但可能是无意的，他们一直在间隔生育，创造了一个“自然”的生育状况。更复杂的问题是希腊夫妇如何降低了他们的生育能力，这一问题占据了本书的剩余部分。Hionidou将文化、医学、社会和经济因素结合起来，表明“节育”的使用经过了相对较长的一段时间的演变，随着态度的变化和新的创新，在实践中偶尔(但不一定是立即)产生了“阶段性变化”。她煞费苦心地强调了医生在她经期期间在希腊控制生育方面的作用，并仔细描述了非常相似的做法对不同的一代人有多么不同的意义。她的论点从两组摘录中得到加强
{"title":"Violetta Hionidou, Abortion and Contraception in Modern Greece, 1830–1967: Medicine, Sexuality and Popular Culture (London: Palgrave Macmillan 2020). Pages xix + 361 + b/w illustrations 2 + colour illustrations 11. £69.99 hardback, £49.99 paperback, £55.99 ebook.","authors":"E. Garrett","doi":"10.1017/S0268416021000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416021000163","url":null,"abstract":"This well-researched and erudite book is also a thoroughly engaging read. As part of a series entitled Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History it will appeal to social, cultural and demographic historians as well as medical professionals. In recent years there has been a growing number of voices calling for the reassessment of our understanding of the fertility transition, citing a need for a greater understanding of fertility limitation and the attitudes of, and practices adopted by, individuals and couples who wanted to avoid conception. Hionidou’s work is an impressive response to this plea. Abortion and Contraception sets out with two main objectives: to re-evaluate the timing of the fertility transition in Greece and to understand the processes contributing to the decline in fertility. The first of these is dealt with in a single chapter considering Greek fertility trends between 1870 and 1967. Hionidou notes the debate over the Princeton European Fertility Project’s estimate that the county’s fertility transition had begun in the 1890s, before arguing persuasively that even as late as 1931 the country’s age-specific fertility curves were still characteristic of a natural fertility regime. Rates of fertility had been low over the previous three decades but this was ‘not because couples were intentionally controlling their fertility but because of the turbulent history of the country in those years and its effects on the lives of the population’ (p. 39). Couples had not been using parity-specific family limitation but, possibly unintentionally, had been spacing their children, creating a ‘natural’ fertility profile. The much more complex question of how Greek couples may have reduced their fertility takes up the remainder of the book. Hionidou pulls together cultural, medical, societal and economic factors to show that the use of ‘birth control’ evolved over a relatively long period, with changes in attitude and new innovations creating occasional, but not necessarily immediate, ‘step changes’ in practice. She takes pains to highlight the role of doctors in fertility control in Greece during her period, and is careful to describe how very similar practices can have very different meanings to different generations. Her arguments are enhanced by extracts drawn from two sets","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46753228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1017/s0268416021000205
{"title":"CON volume 36 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0268416021000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45309,"journal":{"name":"Continuity and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45779400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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