Abstract Digital technology has broadened the research methods in the field of cultural heritage protection, and promoted the online organization and utilization of different resources. New digital technology is used to further explore the resources related to traditional Chinese handmade paper (TCHP) in order to comprehensively and systematically realize the knowledge association of different types of handmade paper. In this article, the characteristics of TCHP are combined to existing mature and generic ontologies to design a new ontology model of TCHP, and Protégé software is used to construct the visual ontology. The model is verified by analyzing the digital resources of Kaihua paper. Constructing the ontology of TCHP can realize the knowledge organization and visual presentation of related resources, and also promote the further utilization of the resources and wider spread of the culture of TCHP.
{"title":"Research on ontology construction of traditional Chinese handmade paper: Take Kaihua paper as an example","authors":"Mengling Cai","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Digital technology has broadened the research methods in the field of cultural heritage protection, and promoted the online organization and utilization of different resources. New digital technology is used to further explore the resources related to traditional Chinese handmade paper (TCHP) in order to comprehensively and systematically realize the knowledge association of different types of handmade paper. In this article, the characteristics of TCHP are combined to existing mature and generic ontologies to design a new ontology model of TCHP, and Protégé software is used to construct the visual ontology. The model is verified by analyzing the digital resources of Kaihua paper. Constructing the ontology of TCHP can realize the knowledge organization and visual presentation of related resources, and also promote the further utilization of the resources and wider spread of the culture of TCHP.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135657899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most fascinating aspects of human beings is their personality. Two models that are currently being researched and widely used in computational approaches are the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five (or OCEAN). In this study, we will briefly examine the history of these two models and the current state of their applications in the Digital Humanities field. Although categorizing research in Digital Humanities is a challenging task, we have chosen to include works that, while primarily psychological in nature, use methodologies and methods from Digital Humanities, specifically in literary texts. Consequently, we can divide this research into two categories. On the one hand, there are works that aim to study and identify the personalities of fictional characters in literature or movies. On the other hand, there are works that aim to recreate personalities in virtual characters based on a predetermined model. We will therefore examine the works proposed by the scientific community for both approaches.
{"title":"Personality recognition in Digital Humanities: A review of computational approaches in the humanities","authors":"Davide Picca, Jocelin Pitteloud","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the most fascinating aspects of human beings is their personality. Two models that are currently being researched and widely used in computational approaches are the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five (or OCEAN). In this study, we will briefly examine the history of these two models and the current state of their applications in the Digital Humanities field. Although categorizing research in Digital Humanities is a challenging task, we have chosen to include works that, while primarily psychological in nature, use methodologies and methods from Digital Humanities, specifically in literary texts. Consequently, we can divide this research into two categories. On the one hand, there are works that aim to study and identify the personalities of fictional characters in literature or movies. On the other hand, there are works that aim to recreate personalities in virtual characters based on a predetermined model. We will therefore examine the works proposed by the scientific community for both approaches.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47169855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the use of computer-vision technologies in the context of digitally editing and researching letters and literary papers by the British-American poet W. H. Auden. Two documents in the previously inaccessible ‘Auden Musulin Papers’ contain colourless indented typewriter impressions of poetry. These impressions result from the papers’ original use as ‘backing sheets’, inserted into a typewriter below those sheets of paper on which Auden typed his poetry. Subsequently, these backing sheets were reused in the poet’s ‘working correspondence’ to Welsh-Austrian writer Stella Musulin. While standard image-digitization technologies fail to capture these 3D indented impressions, they can successfully be represented by means of Photometric Stereo, which has been fruitfully employed in the research of 3D cultural-heritage objects. Following a detailed outline of this method, this article demonstrates how Photometric Stereo can help to reconstruct poetry that has survived only in the form of indented impressions. Thus, the case study illustrates how computer vision can contribute to our understanding both of ‘poetic’ practices of composition and revision as well as of ‘material’ writing practices. It also has wide-ranging implications for re-conceptualizing sheets of paper as 3D objects in the research of literary documents from the twentieth century.
{"title":"Revealing ‘invisible’ poetry by W. H. Auden through computer vision: Using photometric stereo to visualize indented impressions","authors":"Simon Brenner, Timo Frühwirth, Sandra Mayer","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the use of computer-vision technologies in the context of digitally editing and researching letters and literary papers by the British-American poet W. H. Auden. Two documents in the previously inaccessible ‘Auden Musulin Papers’ contain colourless indented typewriter impressions of poetry. These impressions result from the papers’ original use as ‘backing sheets’, inserted into a typewriter below those sheets of paper on which Auden typed his poetry. Subsequently, these backing sheets were reused in the poet’s ‘working correspondence’ to Welsh-Austrian writer Stella Musulin. While standard image-digitization technologies fail to capture these 3D indented impressions, they can successfully be represented by means of Photometric Stereo, which has been fruitfully employed in the research of 3D cultural-heritage objects. Following a detailed outline of this method, this article demonstrates how Photometric Stereo can help to reconstruct poetry that has survived only in the form of indented impressions. Thus, the case study illustrates how computer vision can contribute to our understanding both of ‘poetic’ practices of composition and revision as well as of ‘material’ writing practices. It also has wide-ranging implications for re-conceptualizing sheets of paper as 3D objects in the research of literary documents from the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47096141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The contemporary research in linguistics aims to forge an understanding of consilience by evading the stereotypic semantic studies in linguistics. Modern linguistics calls for understanding language evolution, language production, and language disorders in association with neuro-genetic studies. To undertake genetic trials, language scholars from the humanities and social sciences disciplines have constraints like funding, inaccessibility to genetic labs, and ethical issues over biological bodies. To resolve the constraints and to enhance extensive knowledge on the genetic association with language, this article employs bioinformatics tools, namely the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and the Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT). Through the BLAST tool, the article aids the language researcher to understand language evolution, and through the application of SIFT, the article highlights mutation points in the gene of a severe speech disorder. Finally, the article emphasizes the inclusion of bioinformatics in the field of humanities and social sciences with respect to language studies
{"title":"New frontiers in linguistic research: Eliminating the challenges of understanding the genetics of language through bioinformatics","authors":"Annuncy Vinoliya, Joseph Ponniah","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The contemporary research in linguistics aims to forge an understanding of consilience by evading the stereotypic semantic studies in linguistics. Modern linguistics calls for understanding language evolution, language production, and language disorders in association with neuro-genetic studies. To undertake genetic trials, language scholars from the humanities and social sciences disciplines have constraints like funding, inaccessibility to genetic labs, and ethical issues over biological bodies. To resolve the constraints and to enhance extensive knowledge on the genetic association with language, this article employs bioinformatics tools, namely the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and the Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT). Through the BLAST tool, the article aids the language researcher to understand language evolution, and through the application of SIFT, the article highlights mutation points in the gene of a severe speech disorder. Finally, the article emphasizes the inclusion of bioinformatics in the field of humanities and social sciences with respect to language studies","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134891948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Even though dialectometric approaches have significantly contributed to the development of dialectology in the last few decades, no relevant analyses have ever been performed on Modern Greek dialects. This article attempts to fill this gap by using dialectometric techniques to measure the degrees of association between aggregate morphological, phonological, and syntactic differences in nineteen varieties of inner Asia Minor Greek (i.e. of Cappadocian, Pharasiot, and Silliot). Our methods include correlations (between pairs of linguistic levels and between linguistic levels and geography) as well as multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis (of the whole dataset as well as of the linguistic levels), which allow us, on the one hand, to draw conclusions about the associations of linguistic levels and the distributions of dialects and, on the other hand, to directly compare our results to those coming from previous dialectometric studies and Greek dialectology. Results show that, although the complete dataset, phonology, and morphology yield—in some instances—similar patterns (i.e. high correlations between them as well as with geography, high agreement of dialect classifications), the level of syntax deviates the most, which is interpreted as a tendency to form larger dialect areas. Our findings are consistent with patterns found in earlier large-scale studies in dialectometry, but they only partially confirm the classifications of Greek dialectology.
{"title":"A dialectometric approach to inner Asia Minor Greek: Comparisons and associations between linguistic levels","authors":"Stavros Bompolas, Dimitra Melissaropoulou","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Even though dialectometric approaches have significantly contributed to the development of dialectology in the last few decades, no relevant analyses have ever been performed on Modern Greek dialects. This article attempts to fill this gap by using dialectometric techniques to measure the degrees of association between aggregate morphological, phonological, and syntactic differences in nineteen varieties of inner Asia Minor Greek (i.e. of Cappadocian, Pharasiot, and Silliot). Our methods include correlations (between pairs of linguistic levels and between linguistic levels and geography) as well as multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis (of the whole dataset as well as of the linguistic levels), which allow us, on the one hand, to draw conclusions about the associations of linguistic levels and the distributions of dialects and, on the other hand, to directly compare our results to those coming from previous dialectometric studies and Greek dialectology. Results show that, although the complete dataset, phonology, and morphology yield—in some instances—similar patterns (i.e. high correlations between them as well as with geography, high agreement of dialect classifications), the level of syntax deviates the most, which is interpreted as a tendency to form larger dialect areas. Our findings are consistent with patterns found in earlier large-scale studies in dialectometry, but they only partially confirm the classifications of Greek dialectology.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134891947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Data Platform of Buddhist Monuments in Time and Space (buddhist.wiki) is a research infrastructure that focuses on collecting and presenting related materials of Buddhist monuments, which are presented by Geo map and complete archive from five aspects: overview, architecture, history, art, and personage. Time and space are extracted as two basic attributes and applied as design dimensions to organize the order of huge amounts of graphic and text data, which provide systematic convenience for the collection, presentation, search, and research for the data platform. After a preliminary introduction to the importance of Buddhist monuments, data characteristics, and construction purposes of the data platform, this article introduces its design, implementation, and application from three aspects: first, the graphic and text data source characteristics related to Buddhist monuments are investigated to analyse how time and space (data attributes) are used as design dimensions to achieve high-degree data collection and presentation integration; secondly, data platform implementation is introduced in detail, including data acquisition, data storage design, and system design; finally, Tiantong Si is taken as an example to specifically introduce how time and space affect data platform design methods and participate in specific applications.
{"title":"Time and space as two basic attributes of Buddhist monuments: An introduction to the design, implementation, and application of the data platform of Buddhist monuments in China","authors":"Weiqiao Wang, Kequan Li","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Data Platform of Buddhist Monuments in Time and Space (buddhist.wiki) is a research infrastructure that focuses on collecting and presenting related materials of Buddhist monuments, which are presented by Geo map and complete archive from five aspects: overview, architecture, history, art, and personage. Time and space are extracted as two basic attributes and applied as design dimensions to organize the order of huge amounts of graphic and text data, which provide systematic convenience for the collection, presentation, search, and research for the data platform. After a preliminary introduction to the importance of Buddhist monuments, data characteristics, and construction purposes of the data platform, this article introduces its design, implementation, and application from three aspects: first, the graphic and text data source characteristics related to Buddhist monuments are investigated to analyse how time and space (data attributes) are used as design dimensions to achieve high-degree data collection and presentation integration; secondly, data platform implementation is introduced in detail, including data acquisition, data storage design, and system design; finally, Tiantong Si is taken as an example to specifically introduce how time and space affect data platform design methods and participate in specific applications.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43633129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zadok, M. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, Jonathan Schler, Binyamin Katzoff
Social network analysis of characters in historical works is a popular research methodology in the study of historical literature. This article proposes using this methodology to characterize and comparatively analyze editing styles of similar historical literary works to determine whether they were edited by the same hand. To that end, the study proposes constructing a network of characters for each of the works being studied and to compute standard statistical measures for these networks, thus producing a network-based profile for the editing style of each work, which can be compared to the profiles of various other works. To determine the effectiveness of this new approach, it was tested on two similar works from the realm of Rabbinic literature—the Mishnah and the Tosefta. Our findings show that despite the abundant structural, thematic, and linguistic similarities of the works, their network-based profiles demonstrated clear differences between them with respect to various parameters, like the degree of connectivity, density, and centrality of the networks and their communities, and also with respect to the usage of different types of relationships in each network. These differences are reflected in the network features of the works, rather than in their texts, and so it would be difficult to identify them using direct stylometric analysis on the texts of the works, especially given the stylistic and thematic similarity between them. The approach presented in this article forms a basis for developing automatic classifiers to identify different editors and editing styles based on works’ network-based profiles.
{"title":"Comparative network analysis as a new approach to the editorship profiling task: A case study of the Mishnah and Tosefta from Rabbinic literature","authors":"A. Zadok, M. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, Jonathan Schler, Binyamin Katzoff","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Social network analysis of characters in historical works is a popular research methodology in the study of historical literature. This article proposes using this methodology to characterize and comparatively analyze editing styles of similar historical literary works to determine whether they were edited by the same hand. To that end, the study proposes constructing a network of characters for each of the works being studied and to compute standard statistical measures for these networks, thus producing a network-based profile for the editing style of each work, which can be compared to the profiles of various other works. To determine the effectiveness of this new approach, it was tested on two similar works from the realm of Rabbinic literature—the Mishnah and the Tosefta. Our findings show that despite the abundant structural, thematic, and linguistic similarities of the works, their network-based profiles demonstrated clear differences between them with respect to various parameters, like the degree of connectivity, density, and centrality of the networks and their communities, and also with respect to the usage of different types of relationships in each network. These differences are reflected in the network features of the works, rather than in their texts, and so it would be difficult to identify them using direct stylometric analysis on the texts of the works, especially given the stylistic and thematic similarity between them. The approach presented in this article forms a basis for developing automatic classifiers to identify different editors and editing styles based on works’ network-based profiles.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42760271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a linguistic classification method based on quantitative typology, which leverages a large-scale multilingual parallel corpus to obtain valid language classification result by excluding the influence of covariates such as text genre and semantic content in cross-language comparison. To achieve this, we model the type–token relationships of each Slavic parallel text and calculate the lexical diversity to approximate the morphological complexity of the language. We perform automatic clustering of languages based on these lexical diversity metrics. Our findings show that (1) the lexical diversity metrics can well reflect that the language is located somewhere on the continuum of ‘analytism-synthetism’; (2) the automatic clustering based on these metrics effectively reflects the genealogical classification of Slavic languages; and (3) the geographical distribution of lexical diversity in the region where Slavic languages are spoken shows a monotonic increasing trend from southwest to northeast, which is consistent with the pattern found by previous authors on a global scale. The methodological approach taken in this study is data-driven, with the benefit of being independent of theoretical assumptions and easy for computer processing. This approach can offer a better insight into corpus-based typology and may shed light on the understanding of language as a human-driven complex adaptive system.
{"title":"Lexical diversity as a lens into the classification of Slavic languages: A quantitative typology perspective","authors":"Chenliang Zhou, Haitao Liu","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study proposes a linguistic classification method based on quantitative typology, which leverages a large-scale multilingual parallel corpus to obtain valid language classification result by excluding the influence of covariates such as text genre and semantic content in cross-language comparison. To achieve this, we model the type–token relationships of each Slavic parallel text and calculate the lexical diversity to approximate the morphological complexity of the language. We perform automatic clustering of languages based on these lexical diversity metrics. Our findings show that (1) the lexical diversity metrics can well reflect that the language is located somewhere on the continuum of ‘analytism-synthetism’; (2) the automatic clustering based on these metrics effectively reflects the genealogical classification of Slavic languages; and (3) the geographical distribution of lexical diversity in the region where Slavic languages are spoken shows a monotonic increasing trend from southwest to northeast, which is consistent with the pattern found by previous authors on a global scale. The methodological approach taken in this study is data-driven, with the benefit of being independent of theoretical assumptions and easy for computer processing. This approach can offer a better insight into corpus-based typology and may shed light on the understanding of language as a human-driven complex adaptive system.","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49490507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to Digital Humanities: Enhancing Scholarship with the Use of Technology. Kathryn C. Wymer","authors":"Yali Shi","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61620118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Unravelling interlanguage facts via explainable machine learning","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/llc/fqad035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45315,"journal":{"name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44502058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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