Pub Date : 2022-10-22DOI: 10.1080/09718524.2022.2125456
Meryl J. Williams, V. Syddall
Abstract In fisheries and aquaculture, technology is a critical factor in sectoral development. Tracing the sectors’ post World War II development stages, we note strong links with internal and external economic and sustainability drivers but weak connections to largely external gender equality and human rights drivers. Three characteristics of the fish sectors situate women during technology change: technology linked gender divisions of labor, focus on the primary production nodes where women are least common, and multiple causes of women’s invisibility. These exclusionary characteristics, and lessons from two cases—a fish container for women petty traders in Tamil Nadu, India, and fish smoking kilns in Ghana—point to opportunities, using feminist technology studies, to understand how gender and technology shape each other. Although typically presented in a positivist manner, fish sector technology operates in complex, dynamic sociotechnical systems. To date, sociotechnical systems research has received little attention from gender researchers. In the emerging field of fisheries sociotechnical systems research, no studies have included gender. Because sociotechnical systems research deals with power, politics and transitions, feminist fisheries researchers should take an interest to ensure gender is incorporated in post hoc and anticipatory sociotechnical systems studies.
{"title":"Women, fisheries technology and development: toward new research approaches","authors":"Meryl J. Williams, V. Syddall","doi":"10.1080/09718524.2022.2125456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2022.2125456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In fisheries and aquaculture, technology is a critical factor in sectoral development. Tracing the sectors’ post World War II development stages, we note strong links with internal and external economic and sustainability drivers but weak connections to largely external gender equality and human rights drivers. Three characteristics of the fish sectors situate women during technology change: technology linked gender divisions of labor, focus on the primary production nodes where women are least common, and multiple causes of women’s invisibility. These exclusionary characteristics, and lessons from two cases—a fish container for women petty traders in Tamil Nadu, India, and fish smoking kilns in Ghana—point to opportunities, using feminist technology studies, to understand how gender and technology shape each other. Although typically presented in a positivist manner, fish sector technology operates in complex, dynamic sociotechnical systems. To date, sociotechnical systems research has received little attention from gender researchers. In the emerging field of fisheries sociotechnical systems research, no studies have included gender. Because sociotechnical systems research deals with power, politics and transitions, feminist fisheries researchers should take an interest to ensure gender is incorporated in post hoc and anticipatory sociotechnical systems studies.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42848085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.1080/09718524.2022.2120844
N. Gopal, Rakesh M. Raghavan, S. P., Rejula K., A. P. S
Abstract Gender divisions are often stereotypical in fisheries, and only recently has their role in wild fish capture begun to see light, with evidence indicating that fish harvest by women can be substantial, especially in small-scale fisheries. The state of Kerala on the southwest coast of India is one of the major fish-producing states in the country. However, what is not well recognized is that women are extensively involved in fishing, especially in inland water bodies. In this communication, we use a gender analysis framework to situate the women in selected inland fisheries through case studies, document the methods of fishing, and explore how the fish catch is utilized. We further look at whether changes in the use of inland water bodies and other external factors are impacting their fishing activity. Using social relations analysis, we try to understand the changing resource access dynamics. Access rights to many of these water resources were based on informal and customary arrangements. These arrangements are now severely stressed due to the need to accommodate multiple uses of these resources. Changes in access will in the long run have an impact with women slowly losing out on this important, though unrecognized, livelihood activity which will also affect essential nutrition and supplementary income to fisher households.
{"title":"Traditional access rights and methods of fishing in inland water bodies: Are women slowly losing out? A study from Kerala, India","authors":"N. Gopal, Rakesh M. Raghavan, S. P., Rejula K., A. P. S","doi":"10.1080/09718524.2022.2120844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2022.2120844","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gender divisions are often stereotypical in fisheries, and only recently has their role in wild fish capture begun to see light, with evidence indicating that fish harvest by women can be substantial, especially in small-scale fisheries. The state of Kerala on the southwest coast of India is one of the major fish-producing states in the country. However, what is not well recognized is that women are extensively involved in fishing, especially in inland water bodies. In this communication, we use a gender analysis framework to situate the women in selected inland fisheries through case studies, document the methods of fishing, and explore how the fish catch is utilized. We further look at whether changes in the use of inland water bodies and other external factors are impacting their fishing activity. Using social relations analysis, we try to understand the changing resource access dynamics. Access rights to many of these water resources were based on informal and customary arrangements. These arrangements are now severely stressed due to the need to accommodate multiple uses of these resources. Changes in access will in the long run have an impact with women slowly losing out on this important, though unrecognized, livelihood activity which will also affect essential nutrition and supplementary income to fisher households.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45038541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.1080/09718524.2022.2110151
R. Sciortino
Abstract At the 2019 High-Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage (UHC), women’s groups and their allies successfully lobbied for the recognition of gender equity and comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as critical to UHC. Conservative opposition, however, remains, and realization of the then-approved political declaration will require their continued engagement to hold governments accountable and foster transformative reforms. This article, focusing on Indonesia’s national health insurance or JKN, provides an illustration of possible interventions to advance a women’s health and rights perspective in UHC in the context of existing barriers and opportunities for change. In particular, it presents women’s groups’ efforts, in part undertaken under the Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment or MAMPU before the COVID-19 pandemic, to promote women’s participation in the national insurance scheme and improve its coverage of SRHR. Based on observational data, research findings and literature review, the article shows that these initiatives have contributed to the uptake of the scheme among disadvantaged women and brought significant gender biases to the attention of policy makers. However, much more will need to be done for the scheme to cover SRHR in a comprehensive and inclusive manner and recognize gender-responsiveness as a key element in improving women's health in Indonesia.
{"title":"Aiming for a gender-transformative UHC agenda in Indonesia","authors":"R. Sciortino","doi":"10.1080/09718524.2022.2110151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2022.2110151","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract At the 2019 High-Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage (UHC), women’s groups and their allies successfully lobbied for the recognition of gender equity and comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as critical to UHC. Conservative opposition, however, remains, and realization of the then-approved political declaration will require their continued engagement to hold governments accountable and foster transformative reforms. This article, focusing on Indonesia’s national health insurance or JKN, provides an illustration of possible interventions to advance a women’s health and rights perspective in UHC in the context of existing barriers and opportunities for change. In particular, it presents women’s groups’ efforts, in part undertaken under the Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment or MAMPU before the COVID-19 pandemic, to promote women’s participation in the national insurance scheme and improve its coverage of SRHR. Based on observational data, research findings and literature review, the article shows that these initiatives have contributed to the uptake of the scheme among disadvantaged women and brought significant gender biases to the attention of policy makers. However, much more will need to be done for the scheme to cover SRHR in a comprehensive and inclusive manner and recognize gender-responsiveness as a key element in improving women's health in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49633606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a4
Mandlenkosi Richard Mphatheni, Ntsika Edward Mlamla
The victims of gender-based violence (GBV) are commonly women and girls, but it is undeniable that men and boys are also targeted. It is thus a travesty that males who experience GBV receive less attention than females and that such cases remain hidden. This paper focused on GBV that is directed at men and boys by females. A systematic literature review was conducted, and it was found that male victims of GBV are not given adequate support. The review also revealed that, while society is quick to condemn and publicly denounce male perpetrators of GBV, it does not accord the same attention to females who victimize and abuse men and boys. The authors of this paper recommended support for male victims of GBV as they experience anxiety and trauma to the same degree that females do. It is important that the GBV regulatory framework be reviewed to render it gender neutral.
{"title":"Gender-based Violence against Men and Boys: A Hidden Problem","authors":"Mandlenkosi Richard Mphatheni, Ntsika Edward Mlamla","doi":"10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a4","url":null,"abstract":"The victims of gender-based violence (GBV) are commonly women and girls, but it is undeniable that men and boys are also targeted. It is thus a travesty that males who experience GBV receive less attention than females and that such cases remain hidden. This paper focused on GBV that is directed at men and boys by females. A systematic literature review was conducted, and it was found that male victims of GBV are not given adequate support. The review also revealed that, while society is quick to condemn and publicly denounce male perpetrators of GBV, it does not accord the same attention to females who victimize and abuse men and boys. The authors of this paper recommended support for male victims of GBV as they experience anxiety and trauma to the same degree that females do. It is important that the GBV regulatory framework be reviewed to render it gender neutral.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86170201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a8
Folake O. Akintayo, Jacqueline Nyirajana, Olatunde Okunlola, Ikeoluwapo B. Baruwa
Engineering and technology are basic in any country’s development. Addressing the gender gap in civil engineering education will help to narrow the gender pay gap, enhance women’s economic security and ensure a diverse and talented STEM workforce. This paper focuses on gender disparity in civil engineering education at Institut d’Enseignement Superieur de Ruhengeri (INES), Rwanda, and the University of Ibadan (UI), Nigeria. Data were sourced from the graduating records of the Departments of Civil Engineering, INES Ruhengeri, Rwanda, and the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, covering a period of 5 years (2016 - 2021). Data were analysed using excel tools. The Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan, recorded a slight increase in the number of female graduating students from 5 in the 2015/16 session to 6 in the 2020/21 session, representing a 20% increment and a slight reduction in the number of male graduating students in the department from 37 in the 2016/17 session to 28 in the 2020/21 session representing a 32% reduction. At INES, Ruhengeri, the number of male graduating students in the Department of Civil Engineering increased from 46 in the 2016/17 session to 145 in 2020/21, showing a 215% increment, and the number of female students increased from 18 in 2016/17 to 23 in 2020/21 showing an increment of 28%. The overall percentage of females in civil engineering education is below 20% compared to over 80% of males in the two institutions. Although the number of male graduating students decreases as the year progresses, the increase in female graduating students is not significant. Hence the gender gap seems to remain with year progression. The study proposes an improvement in motivating female students by providing scholarships, including pedagogical motivation in science courses
{"title":"Gender in Civil Engineering Education: A Case Study of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria and Institut d’Enseignement Superieur de Ruhengeri, Rwanda","authors":"Folake O. Akintayo, Jacqueline Nyirajana, Olatunde Okunlola, Ikeoluwapo B. Baruwa","doi":"10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a8","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering and technology are basic in any country’s development. Addressing the gender gap in civil engineering education will help to narrow the gender pay gap, enhance women’s economic security and ensure a diverse and talented STEM workforce. This paper focuses on gender disparity in civil engineering education at Institut d’Enseignement Superieur de Ruhengeri (INES), Rwanda, and the University of Ibadan (UI), Nigeria. Data were sourced from the graduating records of the Departments of Civil Engineering, INES Ruhengeri, Rwanda, and the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, covering a period of 5 years (2016 - 2021). Data were analysed using excel tools. The Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan, recorded a slight increase in the number of female graduating students from 5 in the 2015/16 session to 6 in the 2020/21 session, representing a 20% increment and a slight reduction in the number of male graduating students in the department from 37 in the 2016/17 session to 28 in the 2020/21 session representing a 32% reduction. At INES, Ruhengeri, the number of male graduating students in the Department of Civil Engineering increased from 46 in the 2016/17 session to 145 in 2020/21, showing a 215% increment, and the number of female students increased from 18 in 2016/17 to 23 in 2020/21 showing an increment of 28%. The overall percentage of females in civil engineering education is below 20% compared to over 80% of males in the two institutions. Although the number of male graduating students decreases as the year progresses, the increase in female graduating students is not significant. Hence the gender gap seems to remain with year progression. The study proposes an improvement in motivating female students by providing scholarships, including pedagogical motivation in science courses","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89340747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a5
G. Jagganath, Shanta Balgobind Singh
The COVID-19 pandemic that engulfed the world interrupted work and employment as well as economics globally in 2020, causing millions of people to experience several periods of lockdowns. The contagion’s dynamics have raised the importance of the corporal work’s dimension, accelerating prevailing tendencies in remote work, e-commerce and computerisation. Many people lost their jobs, while others quickly adjusted to working from home as offices were closed. Although the empirical research conducted covers men and women, the objective of this study is to provide insight into the experiences and challenges faced by women regarding working from home and managing their parental/maternal responsibilities. The article adopted a mixed methodology as both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. Most remarkably, for those who shifted to remote work, not having to commute to other business engagements, conferences and workshops top the benefits list. Furthermore, family commitments were easier to manage, and interviewees were able to attain an improved level of concentration without the distraction of office conversation and telephones. Most notable, flexibility allowed parents to balance work and parenting. On the other hand, some interviewees experienced working from home as a huge challenge, have to maintain a balance between family and work responsibilities. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown(s) created increased challenges for families with both parents, having increased parental tasks and the women having to bear the main responsibilities of this.
{"title":"Work-Life Balance: Experiences of Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"G. Jagganath, Shanta Balgobind Singh","doi":"10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a5","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic that engulfed the world interrupted work and employment as well as economics globally in 2020, causing millions of people to experience several periods of lockdowns. The contagion’s dynamics have raised the importance of the corporal work’s dimension, accelerating prevailing tendencies in remote work, e-commerce and computerisation. Many people lost their jobs, while others quickly adjusted to working from home as offices were closed. Although the empirical research conducted covers men and women, the objective of this study is to provide insight into the experiences and challenges faced by women regarding working from home and managing their parental/maternal responsibilities. The article adopted a mixed methodology as both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. Most remarkably, for those who shifted to remote work, not having to commute to other business engagements, conferences and workshops top the benefits list. Furthermore, family commitments were easier to manage, and interviewees were able to attain an improved level of concentration without the distraction of office conversation and telephones. Most notable, flexibility allowed parents to balance work and parenting. On the other hand, some interviewees experienced working from home as a huge challenge, have to maintain a balance between family and work responsibilities. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown(s) created increased challenges for families with both parents, having increased parental tasks and the women having to bear the main responsibilities of this.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87190874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a7
G. Ekobi, L. Mboh, P. Tanga
There is an increasing trend of directing food security policies toward empowering women, because, studies have found that indigenous knowledge among women plays a significant role in reducing poverty and food insecurity in their rural households. Although South Africa is considered food secure, many households still suffer from food insecurity. This study intends to investigate women’s contribution to indigenous knowledge of food security. This study employs a qualitative approach and exploratory research design to solve the research objective. Thirty participants took part in the study and data was collected using semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Data analysis was thematic and themes identified were: indigenous knowledge technologies, indigenous food types and contribution to food security. The study found that most women used indigenous technologies, such as animal traction, plough-pull by donkey, kraal manure and cow dung to improve food security. Women also used paraffin, wild onion and “sunlight” bar soap mixture solution to control pests. However, indigenous knowledge of food security might disappear because young people (women) in the community have no interest in indigenous knowledge due to modernisation. Workshops and seminars could be organised to train, empower and educate women on indigenous knowledge and food security. Previous Article
{"title":"Women’s Contribution to Indigenous Knowledge Food Security in the Lokaleng village, North West Province, South Africa","authors":"G. Ekobi, L. Mboh, P. Tanga","doi":"10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a7","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing trend of directing food security policies toward empowering women, because, studies have found that indigenous knowledge among women plays a significant role in reducing poverty and food insecurity in their rural households. Although South Africa is considered food secure, many households still suffer from food insecurity. This study intends to investigate women’s contribution to indigenous knowledge of food security. This study employs a qualitative approach and exploratory research design to solve the research objective. Thirty participants took part in the study and data was collected using semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Data analysis was thematic and themes identified were: indigenous knowledge technologies, indigenous food types and contribution to food security. The study found that most women used indigenous technologies, such as animal traction, plough-pull by donkey, kraal manure and cow dung to improve food security. Women also used paraffin, wild onion and “sunlight” bar soap mixture solution to control pests. However, indigenous knowledge of food security might disappear because young people (women) in the community have no interest in indigenous knowledge due to modernisation. Workshops and seminars could be organised to train, empower and educate women on indigenous knowledge and food security. Previous Article","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81521436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a6
Andile Vincent Mthembu, U. Kolanisi, Nothando Delight Qumbisa, Thembekile Prudence Kheswa
There is little documentation of umholiswano from local people’s perspective, as local knowledge has evolved with time. A phenomenology research design outlined the attributes and their meaningful value as perceived by local communities. 65 participants participated in a series of focus group discussions and complemented six key informant interviews. Umholiswano (stokvel) is an indigenous concept that has been part of the life of many indigenous communities before the money era. It was used as a mechanism to achieve social justice, establish peace and create socio-economic balance toward improved well-being. In this study, umholiswano is a household financial planning and management tool, saving/investment system, a social-cohesion-nurturing and therapeutic mechanism founded on six core value principles (6CVPs), such as ubuntu, trust, solidarity, dignity preservation of social wealth and ukudlala (fun). Most key players are women, and umholiswano is regarded as the 21st livestock for women. The majority are in the economically active age group but lack the skills to enter the formal economy. They rely on social grants and entrepreneurship activities. Umholiswano is undervalued as an economic strategy, nevertheless, its significant contribution to the quality of life of rural women is observable. But, there is an existing gap for a quantifiable tool to assess the umholiswano’s contribution, as the measurability should start by identifying indicators designed “with people and for the people” and the above six core value principles identified in the study could be set as a guiding framework towards indicators development.
{"title":"Indigenising Informal Financial Mechanism (IFM) of Rural Women in the Northern Region of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"Andile Vincent Mthembu, U. Kolanisi, Nothando Delight Qumbisa, Thembekile Prudence Kheswa","doi":"10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a6","url":null,"abstract":"There is little documentation of umholiswano from local people’s perspective, as local knowledge has evolved with time. A phenomenology research design outlined the attributes and their meaningful value as perceived by local communities. 65 participants participated in a series of focus group discussions and complemented six key informant interviews. Umholiswano (stokvel) is an indigenous concept that has been part of the life of many indigenous communities before the money era. It was used as a mechanism to achieve social justice, establish peace and create socio-economic balance toward improved well-being. In this study, umholiswano is a household financial planning and management tool, saving/investment system, a social-cohesion-nurturing and therapeutic mechanism founded on six core value principles (6CVPs), such as ubuntu, trust, solidarity, dignity preservation of social wealth and ukudlala (fun). Most key players are women, and umholiswano is regarded as the 21st livestock for women. The majority are in the economically active age group but lack the skills to enter the formal economy. They rely on social grants and entrepreneurship activities. Umholiswano is undervalued as an economic strategy, nevertheless, its significant contribution to the quality of life of rural women is observable. But, there is an existing gap for a quantifiable tool to assess the umholiswano’s contribution, as the measurability should start by identifying indicators designed “with people and for the people” and the above six core value principles identified in the study could be set as a guiding framework towards indicators development.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77564311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a1
H. Nyane, Mamello Rakolobe
To address the global problem of female under-representation in political leadership, several political parties have included gender clauses in their constitutions. However, the crisp question is whether the gender clauses in political parties' constitutions effectively enhance women’s representation in politics. An ancillary question is whether these clauses can guarantee real empowerment for women. This study aims to investigate these questions. The study is qualitative and uses secondary data sourced from legislation and political parties' constitutions. The study’s findings indicate that the gender clauses in the parties` constitutions are ineffective. This is because the political parties are mostly rhetorical about the phenomenon; as a result, the ideals embodied in some of the political constitutions are hardly ever realised in practice. This is partly because the constitutions do not have concrete strategies for ensuring that women hold powerful positions in their internal structures and public services.
{"title":"An Analysis of Gender Clauses in Political Parties' Constitutions in Lesotho","authors":"H. Nyane, Mamello Rakolobe","doi":"10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a1","url":null,"abstract":"To address the global problem of female under-representation in political leadership, several political parties have included gender clauses in their constitutions. However, the crisp question is whether the gender clauses in political parties' constitutions effectively enhance women’s representation in politics. An ancillary question is whether these clauses can guarantee real empowerment for women. This study aims to investigate these questions. The study is qualitative and uses secondary data sourced from legislation and political parties' constitutions. The study’s findings indicate that the gender clauses in the parties` constitutions are ineffective. This is because the political parties are mostly rhetorical about the phenomenon; as a result, the ideals embodied in some of the political constitutions are hardly ever realised in practice. This is partly because the constitutions do not have concrete strategies for ensuring that women hold powerful positions in their internal structures and public services.","PeriodicalId":45357,"journal":{"name":"Gender Technology & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90345907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n3a9
Mohammed Xolile Ntshangase, Tlhakodisho Joel Matabane
The colonial legacy of African underdevelopment is widely debated but hardly written. Boserup’s theory advances the argument that African system of government prior to the colonial one had a deeply encultured notion of gender inequality. However, this work is set forth to argue that colonization was a radical disruption that brought serious imbalances that include gender inequality. Within the process of colonization, gender inequality helped as one of the tools to advance Africa’s underdevelopment. Against Boserup’s view, this paper will investigate the hypothesis that African gender inequality and female disempowerment are rooted in the colonial epoch. It is argued that the arrival of Europeans in Uganda ignited a century-long transformation of Kampala including a gender Kuznets curve. Boserup’s theory relates that as men rapidly acquired literacy and quickly found their way into white-collar employment in the economic system built by Europeans, women took longer to obtain literacy and enter decent jobs. Among other factors, this is one of those that gravely created a noticeable gap which aided gender inequality between the African men and women. Different works by African scholars will be consulted in attempt to clarify the argument that Boserup’s theory provides the incorrect view about African normative culture. Boserup argues that after Uganda’s independence in 1962 another wave of inequality took place as some women got educated and got decent jobs while some continued operating within the informal traditional economic system. In her writings, Boserup seems skewed towards the argument that African traditional system always had gender inequality embedded in it, but she does not care much to elaborate the background framework that makes her have that view. It seems somewhat indefensible to argue that brutal elements of the society like gender inequality are rooted within the traditional norms because that may create a situation whereby the underdeveloped gender, due to love of their tradition, do not make effort to better themselves. It is for that reason that this paper adopts analytic theoretical framework to critically analyse Boserup’s theoretical view that gender inequality was rooted in the indigenous African norms.
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