Purpose: Hiking, climbing and walking have the potential to disturb wildlife and affect soil in a number of ways including trampling, littering, changing animal habitat or degrading soil through use of undesignated trail and trailside management. The aim of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the management measures undertaken to mitigate the impact of recreational activities on vegetation, soil, water and wild game. Methodology: The descriptive survey research design was used. Out of the three hundred and twenty nine (329) questionnaires administered, two hundred and sixty three 263(79.9%) responded to the questionnaires by completely filling and returning them. Descriptive statistics that included frequencies and percentages were used to organize and summarize the data. Tables and bar charts were drawn to present the collected data. Findings: Proactive planning, change design of facilities and improved maintenance were the most used methods of limiting recreation impact. This is attributed to the check in and checkout procedures, hardening of recreation sites, use of already established trails, designed and established water points. Managing tourism in a sustainable way requires both a long-term perspective and careful consideration of ways in which tourist activities and environment interrelate. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: There is need for the ministry of tourism to develop a systematic approach to address environmental conservation threat of recreation activities and come up with management frame works of monitoring visitors’ impact in national parks.
{"title":"EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MANAGEMENT MEASURES UNDERTAKEN TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATION, SOIL, WATER AND WILD GAME","authors":"Benson Gathoni, E. Rintaugu, S. Munayi","doi":"10.47604/ijs.1451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47604/ijs.1451","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Hiking, climbing and walking have the potential to disturb wildlife and affect soil in a number of ways including trampling, littering, changing animal habitat or degrading soil through use of undesignated trail and trailside management. The aim of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the management measures undertaken to mitigate the impact of recreational activities on vegetation, soil, water and wild game. \u0000Methodology: The descriptive survey research design was used. Out of the three hundred and twenty nine (329) questionnaires administered, two hundred and sixty three 263(79.9%) responded to the questionnaires by completely filling and returning them. Descriptive statistics that included frequencies and percentages were used to organize and summarize the data. Tables and bar charts were drawn to present the collected data. \u0000Findings: Proactive planning, change design of facilities and improved maintenance were the most used methods of limiting recreation impact. This is attributed to the check in and checkout procedures, hardening of recreation sites, use of already established trails, designed and established water points. Managing tourism in a sustainable way requires both a long-term perspective and careful consideration of ways in which tourist activities and environment interrelate. \u0000Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: There is need for the ministry of tourism to develop a systematic approach to address environmental conservation threat of recreation activities and come up with management frame works of monitoring visitors’ impact in national parks.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81958234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-28DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2022.2031488
O. Ulybina
Abstract Why do some countries become early policy adopters and fast policy implementers? We investigate this question through the analysis of cross-national policy shift toward childcare deinstitutionalization, i.e., the transition from institutional to community-based provision for children without parental care. The article presents the newly collected data on the adoption of childcare deinstitutionalization policy by 15 countries – previously republics of the Soviet Union. Qualitative comparative analysis is employed to explore the role of national-level attributes affecting the timing of policy adoption and the rate of implementation. Expectations from political-economy and the institutional world-society perspectives on cross-national patterns of public policy adoption and implementation are incorporated in the hypotheses. Two respective groups of factors are considered: (1) the national economic system and the number of children in institutional care; policy implementation capacity (gross domestic product and government effectiveness); (2) world society ties to international organizations (IOs), conferences and European institutions; and local receptivity to world culture, operationalized as the contraceptive preference for pill. Results suggest that countries’ ties to policy-relevant international organizations are an important condition for earlier policy commitment, which is in line with institutional arguments. The findings point at the need for a more refined conceptualization of cross-national policy patterns for cases where world cultural drivers interplay with political-economic factors.
{"title":"Explaining the Cross-National Pattern of Policy Shift toward Childcare Deinstitutionalization","authors":"O. Ulybina","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2022.2031488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2022.2031488","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why do some countries become early policy adopters and fast policy implementers? We investigate this question through the analysis of cross-national policy shift toward childcare deinstitutionalization, i.e., the transition from institutional to community-based provision for children without parental care. The article presents the newly collected data on the adoption of childcare deinstitutionalization policy by 15 countries – previously republics of the Soviet Union. Qualitative comparative analysis is employed to explore the role of national-level attributes affecting the timing of policy adoption and the rate of implementation. Expectations from political-economy and the institutional world-society perspectives on cross-national patterns of public policy adoption and implementation are incorporated in the hypotheses. Two respective groups of factors are considered: (1) the national economic system and the number of children in institutional care; policy implementation capacity (gross domestic product and government effectiveness); (2) world society ties to international organizations (IOs), conferences and European institutions; and local receptivity to world culture, operationalized as the contraceptive preference for pill. Results suggest that countries’ ties to policy-relevant international organizations are an important condition for earlier policy commitment, which is in line with institutional arguments. The findings point at the need for a more refined conceptualization of cross-national policy patterns for cases where world cultural drivers interplay with political-economic factors.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89662828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.2015665
Julia C. Lerch, Patricia Bromley, John W. Meyer
Abstract The global neoliberal era has sparked a burgeoning literature. Most accounts emphasize the political economy of the period, focusing on global markets and privatization. By contrast, we conceptualize neoliberalism as a broad cultural ideology that has reshaped how we think about people and institutions in all arenas of life, not just the economy. We delineate three main assumptions of neoliberalism as a cultural model. First, neoliberal ideology re-envisions society as consisting not of structures but of individual human persons who are attributed immense agency, entitlement, and rationality. Second, the neoliberal model redefines natural and social contexts in a manner that supports such imagined human actorhood, depicting them in terms of abstract rationalistic principles that apply universally. A third assumption, building on the previous two, is that progress is seen as emerging from universalized and abstracted human knowledge, rather than, for instance, from the material capacities of the state. Altogether, these assumptions amount to a dramatic cultural shift with broad consequences that include, but stretch far beyond, free markets. We illustrate these consequences by considering their expansive effects on education, drawing on existing studies and descriptive data. Overall, we expand sociological understandings of the cultural dimensions of neoliberalism.
{"title":"Global Neoliberalism as a Cultural Order and Its Expansive Educational Effects","authors":"Julia C. Lerch, Patricia Bromley, John W. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.2015665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.2015665","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The global neoliberal era has sparked a burgeoning literature. Most accounts emphasize the political economy of the period, focusing on global markets and privatization. By contrast, we conceptualize neoliberalism as a broad cultural ideology that has reshaped how we think about people and institutions in all arenas of life, not just the economy. We delineate three main assumptions of neoliberalism as a cultural model. First, neoliberal ideology re-envisions society as consisting not of structures but of individual human persons who are attributed immense agency, entitlement, and rationality. Second, the neoliberal model redefines natural and social contexts in a manner that supports such imagined human actorhood, depicting them in terms of abstract rationalistic principles that apply universally. A third assumption, building on the previous two, is that progress is seen as emerging from universalized and abstracted human knowledge, rather than, for instance, from the material capacities of the state. Altogether, these assumptions amount to a dramatic cultural shift with broad consequences that include, but stretch far beyond, free markets. We illustrate these consequences by considering their expansive effects on education, drawing on existing studies and descriptive data. Overall, we expand sociological understandings of the cultural dimensions of neoliberalism.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87787516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.2009273
Kent E. Henderson, J. Sommer
Abstract In the past two decades, sociological research has flourished on the environmental impact of global financial flows from wealthy to poorer nations. The majority of this research, however, focuses on private financial flows such as foreign direct investment or World Bank lending. By contrast, this study examines how public aid dollars (energy sector foreign development aid) contributes to environmental degradation in developing nations. We also examine the effect of this aid relative to domestic autonomy, a form of good governance that measures a nation’s freedom to set its own domestic policy without interference from more powerful states. Using a longitudinal sample of 122 nations, we test the effects of aid and autonomy on CO2 emissions. In line with dependency theory, results show that aid donors encourage fossil fuel dependence in aid recipient countries and this leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Counter to some findings on good governance and the environment, our results do not show that domestic autonomy relates directly to carbon dioxide emissions. However, our results do suggest that more autonomous nations can offset the impact of fossil fuel development aid by imposing policies that push aid donors to invest in more environmentally-beneficial development projects.
{"title":"Aiding fossil fuel dependency: a cross-national analysis of energy sector aid, national autonomy, and CO2 emissions in 122 nations","authors":"Kent E. Henderson, J. Sommer","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.2009273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.2009273","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the past two decades, sociological research has flourished on the environmental impact of global financial flows from wealthy to poorer nations. The majority of this research, however, focuses on private financial flows such as foreign direct investment or World Bank lending. By contrast, this study examines how public aid dollars (energy sector foreign development aid) contributes to environmental degradation in developing nations. We also examine the effect of this aid relative to domestic autonomy, a form of good governance that measures a nation’s freedom to set its own domestic policy without interference from more powerful states. Using a longitudinal sample of 122 nations, we test the effects of aid and autonomy on CO2 emissions. In line with dependency theory, results show that aid donors encourage fossil fuel dependence in aid recipient countries and this leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Counter to some findings on good governance and the environment, our results do not show that domestic autonomy relates directly to carbon dioxide emissions. However, our results do suggest that more autonomous nations can offset the impact of fossil fuel development aid by imposing policies that push aid donors to invest in more environmentally-beneficial development projects.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73835242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.2015664
Evi Scholz, Brita Dorer, Cornelia Zuell
Abstract Although cross-cultural surveys increasingly use open-ended questions to obtain detailed information on respondents’ attitudes, the issue of coding quality is rarely addressed. These questions are always challenging but even more so in multilingual, cross-cultural research contexts as the different survey languages make response coding more difficult and costly. In this paper, we examine coding issues of open-ended questions and the impact of translation on coding results by comparing codings of translated responses (two-step approach with translation and coding) with codings of the same responses in the original languages (one-step approach using bilingual coders). We draw on data from the project CICOM, specifically respondents’ answers in English and Spanish to open-ended questions about the meaning of left and right. Our goal is to determine whether the coding approach makes a difference to data quality and to identify error sources in the process. Positive news is that both coding approaches resulted in good quality data. We identify several error sources related, first, to respondents’ short answers; second, to the translation process; and third, to the coding process. The response context and the cultural background of translators and coders appear to be important.
{"title":"Coding Issues of Open-Ended Questions in a Cross-Cultural Context","authors":"Evi Scholz, Brita Dorer, Cornelia Zuell","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.2015664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.2015664","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although cross-cultural surveys increasingly use open-ended questions to obtain detailed information on respondents’ attitudes, the issue of coding quality is rarely addressed. These questions are always challenging but even more so in multilingual, cross-cultural research contexts as the different survey languages make response coding more difficult and costly. In this paper, we examine coding issues of open-ended questions and the impact of translation on coding results by comparing codings of translated responses (two-step approach with translation and coding) with codings of the same responses in the original languages (one-step approach using bilingual coders). We draw on data from the project CICOM, specifically respondents’ answers in English and Spanish to open-ended questions about the meaning of left and right. Our goal is to determine whether the coding approach makes a difference to data quality and to identify error sources in the process. Positive news is that both coding approaches resulted in good quality data. We identify several error sources related, first, to respondents’ short answers; second, to the translation process; and third, to the coding process. The response context and the cultural background of translators and coders appear to be important.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91312054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.2003996
Kristen Shorette
Abstract This study examines international market formation and expansion with a focus on the social regulation of economic activity. I use fair trade as a strategic case because of its centrality in the growing field of civil society–based initiatives that address social and environmental problems via market mechanisms as well as its comparatively long history that encompasses a substantial change in organizational structure. Using a comprehensive data set of current and former World Fair Trade Organization members, I conduct a series of fixed effect zero-inflated negative binomial regression analyses. Results reveal the variable significance of macro-historical conditions and organizational structures that underlie the market’s uneven growth across the global South. I find that organizational linkages to world society, a history of British colonization, and the presence of Peace Corps volunteers enable market formation and expansion. By contrast, French and Portuguese colonial ties have a constraining effect. Additionally, I find that the organizational structure of the market itself is both directly and indirectly consequential for its growth. The shift from idiosyncratic direct sales networks to a formalized labeling system facilitates market expansion and amplifies the importance of global institutions but diminishes the impacts of international political domination.
{"title":"The Rise of Market Approaches to Social Problems: The Case of Fair Trade and Its Uneven Expansion Across the Global South","authors":"Kristen Shorette","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.2003996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.2003996","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines international market formation and expansion with a focus on the social regulation of economic activity. I use fair trade as a strategic case because of its centrality in the growing field of civil society–based initiatives that address social and environmental problems via market mechanisms as well as its comparatively long history that encompasses a substantial change in organizational structure. Using a comprehensive data set of current and former World Fair Trade Organization members, I conduct a series of fixed effect zero-inflated negative binomial regression analyses. Results reveal the variable significance of macro-historical conditions and organizational structures that underlie the market’s uneven growth across the global South. I find that organizational linkages to world society, a history of British colonization, and the presence of Peace Corps volunteers enable market formation and expansion. By contrast, French and Portuguese colonial ties have a constraining effect. Additionally, I find that the organizational structure of the market itself is both directly and indirectly consequential for its growth. The shift from idiosyncratic direct sales networks to a formalized labeling system facilitates market expansion and amplifies the importance of global institutions but diminishes the impacts of international political domination.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90740436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.1976471
Tom W. Smith, B. Schapiro
This is an introduction to the special issue on the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) religion survey. Previous special issues covered the ISSP surveys on “citizenship” (Scholz et al. 2017; Eder 2017), “work orientations” (Jutz et al. 2018; Volk and Hadler 2018), “role of government” (Edlund and Lindh 2019; Hadler et al. 2019), and “social networks” (Sapin et al. 2020; Hadler et al. 2020). The four substantive articles in this special issue cover a wide range of important issues about religion around the world. Hoellinger and Lorenz (2021) examine the level and nature of religiosity across religious cultures. Their comparison covered three aspects: identifying with and belonging to a religion, public and private religious behaviors, and religious beliefs. They found large cross-cultural variation in both the pattern and level of religiosity across nations and religious cultures. Standard secularization theory does not apply uniformly across different religious cultures. Dimova and Dimov (2021) study the connection between religion and ethnicity in comparative perspective. They found that ethnic minorities had higher levels of religious behaviors and beliefs than the dominant national groups. Also, they discovered that “religion is among the key markers of ethnicity” but one cannot be simply substituted for the other. Babunashvili and Kipiani (2021) look at the connection between religion and liberal attitudes toward same-sex relationships and how it differs between former-Communist countries and other countries. They observed that liberal views toward sexual minorities decrease as religiousness rises, that independent of religiousness post-Communist countries are less accepting of homosexuality than those in other countries, and that in postCommunist countries religion has less impact on views about homosexuality than it does in other countries. Ladini et al. (2021) conduct a case study in Italy of the relationship of religiosity and attitudes toward immigration. Their analysis showed that the non-religious and Catholics frequently attending religious services were the most favorable toward immigration, while Catholics who irregularly or never attended church services were the least in favor of immigration. The ISSP evolved out of preexisting general social surveys. Its origin was a bilateral collaboration between the respective national studies of the National Opinion Research
这是国际社会调查计划(ISSP)宗教调查特刊的介绍。以前的特刊涵盖了ISSP关于“公民身份”的调查(Scholz et al. 2017;Eder 2017)，“工作导向”(Jutz et al. 2018;Volk and Hadler 2018)，“政府的角色”(Edlund and Lindh 2019;Hadler et al. 2019)和“社交网络”(Sapin et al. 2020;Hadler et al. 2020)。本期特刊的四篇实质性文章涵盖了世界范围内有关宗教的广泛重要问题。Hoellinger和Lorenz(2021)研究了宗教文化中宗教虔诚的水平和本质。他们的比较包括三个方面:对宗教的认同和归属、公共和私人宗教行为、宗教信仰。他们发现，在不同国家和宗教文化之间，宗教信仰的模式和水平都存在很大的跨文化差异。标准的世俗化理论并不适用于不同的宗教文化。Dimova和Dimov(2021)从比较的角度研究了宗教与种族之间的联系。他们发现，少数民族的宗教行为和信仰水平高于占主导地位的民族。此外，他们发现“宗教是种族的关键标志之一”，但一个不能简单地取代另一个。Babunashvili和Kipiani(2021)研究了宗教与对同性关系的自由态度之间的联系，以及前共产主义国家与其他国家之间的差异。他们观察到，随着宗教信仰的增加，对性少数群体的自由主义观点会减少，独立于宗教信仰的后共产主义国家对同性恋的接受程度比其他国家低，而在后共产主义国家，宗教对同性恋观点的影响比其他国家要小。Ladini等人(2021)在意大利对宗教信仰与移民态度之间的关系进行了案例研究。他们的分析显示，不信教的人和经常参加宗教仪式的天主教徒最支持移民，而不定期或从不参加教堂礼拜的天主教徒最不支持移民。ISSP是从先前存在的一般社会调查发展而来的。它的起源是国家民意研究的各自国家研究之间的双边合作
{"title":"The International Social Survey Program Modules on Religion, 1991–2018","authors":"Tom W. Smith, B. Schapiro","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.1976471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.1976471","url":null,"abstract":"This is an introduction to the special issue on the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) religion survey. Previous special issues covered the ISSP surveys on “citizenship” (Scholz et al. 2017; Eder 2017), “work orientations” (Jutz et al. 2018; Volk and Hadler 2018), “role of government” (Edlund and Lindh 2019; Hadler et al. 2019), and “social networks” (Sapin et al. 2020; Hadler et al. 2020). The four substantive articles in this special issue cover a wide range of important issues about religion around the world. Hoellinger and Lorenz (2021) examine the level and nature of religiosity across religious cultures. Their comparison covered three aspects: identifying with and belonging to a religion, public and private religious behaviors, and religious beliefs. They found large cross-cultural variation in both the pattern and level of religiosity across nations and religious cultures. Standard secularization theory does not apply uniformly across different religious cultures. Dimova and Dimov (2021) study the connection between religion and ethnicity in comparative perspective. They found that ethnic minorities had higher levels of religious behaviors and beliefs than the dominant national groups. Also, they discovered that “religion is among the key markers of ethnicity” but one cannot be simply substituted for the other. Babunashvili and Kipiani (2021) look at the connection between religion and liberal attitudes toward same-sex relationships and how it differs between former-Communist countries and other countries. They observed that liberal views toward sexual minorities decrease as religiousness rises, that independent of religiousness post-Communist countries are less accepting of homosexuality than those in other countries, and that in postCommunist countries religion has less impact on views about homosexuality than it does in other countries. Ladini et al. (2021) conduct a case study in Italy of the relationship of religiosity and attitudes toward immigration. Their analysis showed that the non-religious and Catholics frequently attending religious services were the most favorable toward immigration, while Catholics who irregularly or never attended church services were the least in favor of immigration. The ISSP evolved out of preexisting general social surveys. Its origin was a bilateral collaboration between the respective national studies of the National Opinion Research","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89515013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.1964273
L. Dimova, Martin Dimov
Abstract This study investigates connections between religion and ethnicity based on the ISSP Religion’18 module’s data , collected in 2018/19 in 28 countries from all over the world. The focus is on individual religiosity and ethnic self-identities in a general context, personally reported by 39,115 respondents. Implementing a purposefully designed algorithm the societies have been split up into majority and minority ethnic groups, and statistical modeling was used to determine the influencing factors for their levels of religiosity. The key results of the analysis showed a significant division between religiosity, belonging to a denomination, and believing in God. These three religious components had different impacts on ethnic identity - belonging standing out as the strongest one. Ethnic minorities (not only migrants) have a higher level of religiosity, believing, and belonging, compared to ethnic majorities. Believing in God does not necessarily mean believing in religious markers like life after death, heaven, hell etc., which could be considered both as a paradox and as a scientific challenge. Furthermore, religious and ethnic identities have hybrid characteristics and depend on cultural and economic environment - GDP registered a high correlation with religiosity.
{"title":"Religion and Ethnicity: Paradoxes and Scientific Challenges","authors":"L. Dimova, Martin Dimov","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.1964273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.1964273","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates connections between religion and ethnicity based on the ISSP Religion’18 module’s data , collected in 2018/19 in 28 countries from all over the world. The focus is on individual religiosity and ethnic self-identities in a general context, personally reported by 39,115 respondents. Implementing a purposefully designed algorithm the societies have been split up into majority and minority ethnic groups, and statistical modeling was used to determine the influencing factors for their levels of religiosity. The key results of the analysis showed a significant division between religiosity, belonging to a denomination, and believing in God. These three religious components had different impacts on ethnic identity - belonging standing out as the strongest one. Ethnic minorities (not only migrants) have a higher level of religiosity, believing, and belonging, compared to ethnic majorities. Believing in God does not necessarily mean believing in religious markers like life after death, heaven, hell etc., which could be considered both as a paradox and as a scientific challenge. Furthermore, religious and ethnic identities have hybrid characteristics and depend on cultural and economic environment - GDP registered a high correlation with religiosity.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74093994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.1976470
Giorgi Babunashvili, A. Kipiani
Abstract Political and societal attitudes are significantly shaped by historical experience. As part of the special issue on the ISSP religion module, we discuss in this brief research note how religiosity effects whether people have liberal attitudes and how this varies across pre-dominantly Christian countries with and without communist pasts. The data show that overall, in post-Communist countries, religiosity has a weaker effect on liberal attitudes toward homosexual relations. At the same time, the overall level of tolerance concerning sexual minorities is lower, and there is a less variance in attitudes among the societies of former communist countries.
{"title":"Liberal attitudes and religion. The moderating effects of a communist past","authors":"Giorgi Babunashvili, A. Kipiani","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.1976470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.1976470","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Political and societal attitudes are significantly shaped by historical experience. As part of the special issue on the ISSP religion module, we discuss in this brief research note how religiosity effects whether people have liberal attitudes and how this varies across pre-dominantly Christian countries with and without communist pasts. The data show that overall, in post-Communist countries, religiosity has a weaker effect on liberal attitudes toward homosexual relations. At the same time, the overall level of tolerance concerning sexual minorities is lower, and there is a less variance in attitudes among the societies of former communist countries.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78718078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2021.1958181
F. Höllinger, Lorenz Makula
Abstract Compared to other cross-national surveys, the religion-modules of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) include a larger number of indicators on individual religiosity and thus allow for more differentiated analyses of cross-national differences. In this paper, we use these findings to point out in which ways the forms and development of religiosity differ between the major religious cultures of the world. In order to have a sufficient number of cases for all geographical macro-regions, three data sources were used: ISSP 2018 data from 37 countries, the 2018 Templeton survey that fielded ISSP 2018 survey questions in another 10 non-European countries, and data from the ISSP 2008 religion module for 10 countries that did not participate in ISSP 2018. The comparison covers three dimensions: religious affiliation and non-affiliation, private and public forms of religious practice, and different types of religious beliefs. In the final section, we discuss what conclusions can be drawn from the results with regard to the secularization thesis, i.e., the assumption that socioeconomic modernization leads to a decline in individual religiosity.
{"title":"Religiosity in the major religious cultures of the world","authors":"F. Höllinger, Lorenz Makula","doi":"10.1080/00207659.2021.1958181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2021.1958181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Compared to other cross-national surveys, the religion-modules of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) include a larger number of indicators on individual religiosity and thus allow for more differentiated analyses of cross-national differences. In this paper, we use these findings to point out in which ways the forms and development of religiosity differ between the major religious cultures of the world. In order to have a sufficient number of cases for all geographical macro-regions, three data sources were used: ISSP 2018 data from 37 countries, the 2018 Templeton survey that fielded ISSP 2018 survey questions in another 10 non-European countries, and data from the ISSP 2008 religion module for 10 countries that did not participate in ISSP 2018. The comparison covers three dimensions: religious affiliation and non-affiliation, private and public forms of religious practice, and different types of religious beliefs. In the final section, we discuss what conclusions can be drawn from the results with regard to the secularization thesis, i.e., the assumption that socioeconomic modernization leads to a decline in individual religiosity.","PeriodicalId":45362,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83182423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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