Eric Kwadwo Appiah, Richard Baah-Mintah, E. Owusu-Adjei
The study sought to address the question as to whether agricultural credit affects maize productivity in the Nkoranza North District (NND). The study employed the quasi-experimental and a cross-sectional survey design using the ‘with and without’ method in assessing the effects of microcredit on the production levels of small scale farmers in the district. In all, a total of 310 respondents were randomly selected for the study. Respondents were then grouped into farmers with and without credit. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Graphs and tables were used to present descriptive aspect of the results while the independent sample t-test was used to examine the effect of credit on inputs and agricultural technology. The study revealed that credit largely and positively influences the acquisition of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, as well as hiring of labour and acquisition of more farm lands and technology. The study concludes that microcredit improves maize production in the NND. It is recommended that farmers must join the farmers’ associations in their communities to facilitate their access to credit and must use their loans for the intended purposes.
{"title":"Effects of Credit on Agricultural Inputs and Technology in the Nkoranza North District, Ghana","authors":"Eric Kwadwo Appiah, Richard Baah-Mintah, E. Owusu-Adjei","doi":"10.12691/ajrd-4-6-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajrd-4-6-3","url":null,"abstract":"The study sought to address the question as to whether agricultural credit affects maize productivity in the Nkoranza North District (NND). The study employed the quasi-experimental and a cross-sectional survey design using the ‘with and without’ method in assessing the effects of microcredit on the production levels of small scale farmers in the district. In all, a total of 310 respondents were randomly selected for the study. Respondents were then grouped into farmers with and without credit. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Graphs and tables were used to present descriptive aspect of the results while the independent sample t-test was used to examine the effect of credit on inputs and agricultural technology. The study revealed that credit largely and positively influences the acquisition of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, as well as hiring of labour and acquisition of more farm lands and technology. The study concludes that microcredit improves maize production in the NND. It is recommended that farmers must join the farmers’ associations in their communities to facilitate their access to credit and must use their loans for the intended purposes.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90907507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ngoe Mukete, Jing Zhu, Mukete Beckline, Tabi Gilbert, K. Jude, A. Dominic
In this study, we assess the technical efficiency of smallholder cocoa farmers in the Meme division of South West Region, Cameroon. Through stochastic production functions and field surveys, the study further examines how the cocoa sector socioeconomically impacts the Cameroonian economy. Using a participatory research approach, data were collected from 515 household heads across four villages on the quantity of cocoa produced, number of cocoa trees per hectare, quantity of fertilizer, and labour availability and socio-economic characteristics. Our results showed the technical efficiency to range between 0.11 and 0.99, with a mean technical efficiency of 0.86. We also observed access to credit and extension services to significantly influence technical efficiency. Therefore, innovative institutional arrangements that enhance extension and farmer training, accompanied by improved access to credit are likely to efficiently boost cocoa production in this part of Cameroon and elsewhere.
{"title":"Analysis of the Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in South West Cameroon","authors":"Ngoe Mukete, Jing Zhu, Mukete Beckline, Tabi Gilbert, K. Jude, A. Dominic","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-4-6-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-4-6-2","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we assess the technical efficiency of smallholder cocoa farmers in the Meme division of South West Region, Cameroon. Through stochastic production functions and field surveys, the study further examines how the cocoa sector socioeconomically impacts the Cameroonian economy. Using a participatory research approach, data were collected from 515 household heads across four villages on the quantity of cocoa produced, number of cocoa trees per hectare, quantity of fertilizer, and labour availability and socio-economic characteristics. Our results showed the technical efficiency to range between 0.11 and 0.99, with a mean technical efficiency of 0.86. We also observed access to credit and extension services to significantly influence technical efficiency. Therefore, innovative institutional arrangements that enhance extension and farmer training, accompanied by improved access to credit are likely to efficiently boost cocoa production in this part of Cameroon and elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85907509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Ojiako, G. Tarawali, L. Nze, Dayo Stephen Ogundijo, M. Edtet, B. Audu, S. Adenekan
{"title":"Root's Supply Response for Smallholder Farmers Supplying Cassava to Commercial Starch Processors in Nigeria","authors":"I. Ojiako, G. Tarawali, L. Nze, Dayo Stephen Ogundijo, M. Edtet, B. Audu, S. Adenekan","doi":"10.3923/AJRD.2017.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJRD.2017.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72401843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sheema, Md. Redwanur Rahman, Zakia Yasmin, Md. Shahidur Rahman Choudhary, M. Ali, Md. Fozla Rabbi, Akib Javed
The study aims to understand the food habit and dietary nutritional status of rural women in Bangladesh. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data collected from a structured questionnaire survey through interview and observation when some secondary data also collected from different sources. 384 respondents have been interviewed form nine villages of Ishwardi, Pabna; a North-Western district of Bangladesh. According to primary survey, 90% of our respondents are literate and 43% households earn less than monthly 16 thousand local currencies equivalent to around 200 USD. Every four out of five women are housewife or work in home and rest of them work outside. Rice is the staple food where 38.06% respondents took rice three times per day and 54.72% women have rice twice. Around 64% respondents took fruits daily but around 80% respondents have chicken on weekly basis. Even, 17.9% people took chicken monthly basis. Less than 2% women drink milk daily and 50.3% women drink on weekly basis. 50.52% respondents have normal body mass index (BMI) condition. The women from Hindu religious background are vegetarian in general. So they don’t consume animal beef, meat or chicken. 63.3% women ate egg once in a week and 3.67% consume it daily. Though the overall dietary condition of women is improving in developing country like Bangladesh, but it is still not sufficient for many.
{"title":"Food Habit and Nutritional Status of Rural Women in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Sheema, Md. Redwanur Rahman, Zakia Yasmin, Md. Shahidur Rahman Choudhary, M. Ali, Md. Fozla Rabbi, Akib Javed","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-4-5-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-4-5-3","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to understand the food habit and dietary nutritional status of rural women in Bangladesh. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data collected from a structured questionnaire survey through interview and observation when some secondary data also collected from different sources. 384 respondents have been interviewed form nine villages of Ishwardi, Pabna; a North-Western district of Bangladesh. According to primary survey, 90% of our respondents are literate and 43% households earn less than monthly 16 thousand local currencies equivalent to around 200 USD. Every four out of five women are housewife or work in home and rest of them work outside. Rice is the staple food where 38.06% respondents took rice three times per day and 54.72% women have rice twice. Around 64% respondents took fruits daily but around 80% respondents have chicken on weekly basis. Even, 17.9% people took chicken monthly basis. Less than 2% women drink milk daily and 50.3% women drink on weekly basis. 50.52% respondents have normal body mass index (BMI) condition. The women from Hindu religious background are vegetarian in general. So they don’t consume animal beef, meat or chicken. 63.3% women ate egg once in a week and 3.67% consume it daily. Though the overall dietary condition of women is improving in developing country like Bangladesh, but it is still not sufficient for many.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87422265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to assess adaptation and coping strategies of Maasai pastoralist to climate change and identify viable adaptation options to reduce the impact of climate change among Maasai pastoralist in the arid and semi-arid (ASALS) in Kenya. The study was carried out in Kajiado County and multiple data collection techniques such as in-depth interview with 305 households, focus group discussion, and key informant interview were used to assess adaptation strategies of pastoralist household and identify viable adaptation options for the study area. Rainfall data used for the study was also collected from Kenya Meteorological Service (KMS) and used for standard precipitation index (SPI) analysis. SPI was used to analyze drought severity in the study area between 1970 and 2013. SPI was designed to quantify precipitation deficit for multiple time scale. Results showed that drought is the major climatic challenge affecting pastoralist in the study area. The SPI result showed increase in drought occurrence in Kajiado County in recent years with six years (2000, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2011) having negative SPI values between 2000-2011. The year 2000 was also the driest year recorded in the study with an SPI value of -3.09. The study also showed that Maasai pastoralists already have many adaptation measures to cope with the impacts of climate extremes. However, increase in drought occurrence in the last few years is reducing their resilience. This study observed that most of the adaptation and coping strategies adopted by Maasai pastoralist are autonomous and are unlikely to build resilience of pastoralist livelihoods and ecosystems to cope with the projected magnitude and scale of climate change in the 21st Century. The study identified adaptation strategies such as effective early warning system, water harvesting, rapid infrastructural development, encouraging table banking and cooperative societies, Building and equipping schools, migration, livestock diversification and child education as long term no regret adaptation option that can enhance resilience of Maasai pastoralist to climate change and its extremes in the arid and semi arid lands of Kenya.
{"title":"Assessing Climate Change Adaptation Strategies among rural Maasai Pastoralist in Kenya","authors":"A. Bobadoye, W. Ogara, G. Ouma, J. Onono","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-4-6-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-4-6-1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to assess adaptation and coping strategies of Maasai pastoralist to climate change and identify viable adaptation options to reduce the impact of climate change among Maasai pastoralist in the arid and semi-arid (ASALS) in Kenya. The study was carried out in Kajiado County and multiple data collection techniques such as in-depth interview with 305 households, focus group discussion, and key informant interview were used to assess adaptation strategies of pastoralist household and identify viable adaptation options for the study area. Rainfall data used for the study was also collected from Kenya Meteorological Service (KMS) and used for standard precipitation index (SPI) analysis. SPI was used to analyze drought severity in the study area between 1970 and 2013. SPI was designed to quantify precipitation deficit for multiple time scale. Results showed that drought is the major climatic challenge affecting pastoralist in the study area. The SPI result showed increase in drought occurrence in Kajiado County in recent years with six years (2000, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2011) having negative SPI values between 2000-2011. The year 2000 was also the driest year recorded in the study with an SPI value of -3.09. The study also showed that Maasai pastoralists already have many adaptation measures to cope with the impacts of climate extremes. However, increase in drought occurrence in the last few years is reducing their resilience. This study observed that most of the adaptation and coping strategies adopted by Maasai pastoralist are autonomous and are unlikely to build resilience of pastoralist livelihoods and ecosystems to cope with the projected magnitude and scale of climate change in the 21st Century. The study identified adaptation strategies such as effective early warning system, water harvesting, rapid infrastructural development, encouraging table banking and cooperative societies, Building and equipping schools, migration, livestock diversification and child education as long term no regret adaptation option that can enhance resilience of Maasai pastoralist to climate change and its extremes in the arid and semi arid lands of Kenya.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87411003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes a series of policies and programs for the comprehensive rural development of Korea, and proposes a suitable method for rural development in developing countries. Each policy is described and compared based on the background, implementation methods, progress, performance, implications, etc. This study provides suggestions for developing countries with useful practical tips on eradicating absolute poverty, including appropriate target regions and comprehensive development strategies adoption. This paper provides several policies and project support for rural development in developing countries. However, Korea's successful experience will not produce the same effects on developing countries. Therefore, those suggestions need to be adopted with considerations on specific social, economic contexts of developing countries.
{"title":"COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF KOREA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES","authors":"Jang Heo, Yunjung Kim","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.251927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.251927","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes a series of policies and programs for the comprehensive rural development of Korea, and proposes a suitable method for rural development in developing countries. Each policy is described and compared based on the background, implementation methods, progress, performance, implications, etc. This study provides suggestions for developing countries with useful practical tips on eradicating absolute poverty, including appropriate target regions and comprehensive development strategies adoption. This paper provides several policies and project support for rural development in developing countries. However, Korea's successful experience will not produce the same effects on developing countries. Therefore, those suggestions need to be adopted with considerations on specific social, economic contexts of developing countries.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91084934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study used a joint multilevel probit model to examine the determinants of nutrition label use and the relationship between mother’s nutrition label use and children’s propensity for being overweight. We found that the mother’s concern for health, breakfast with family, mother’s education level, as well as her employment status have impacts on how the mother uses nutrition labels. The estimation results also showed that the effect of siblings is significant while mother’s nutrition label use and children being overweight are negatively correlated.
{"title":"MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS ON MOTHER’S NUTRITION LABEL USE AND CHILDREN’S PROPENSITY FOR BEING OVERWEIGHT","authors":"Sungju Cho, Sangh-Hwa Lee","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.251930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.251930","url":null,"abstract":"This study used a joint multilevel probit model to examine the determinants of nutrition label use and the relationship between mother’s nutrition label use and children’s propensity for being overweight. We found that the mother’s concern for health, breakfast with family, mother’s education level, as well as her employment status have impacts on how the mother uses nutrition labels. The estimation results also showed that the effect of siblings is significant while mother’s nutrition label use and children being overweight are negatively correlated.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72897041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this research is to analyze the current status and process of Vietnam's rural development to draw lessons for improving the quality of rural life and achieving sustainable rural development in Vietnam. The research was carried out by the following methods. First, the paper reviews previous studies on concepts and theoretical perspectives on rural development and comes up with a concrete definition of the term ‘rural development’ for this research to build a Rural Development Index (RDI). Second, the RDI is developed as a tool to evaluate the current status and process of rural development. Third, the paper examines the current status and development process of Vietnam's rural development using the RDI. The scope of this study covered 63 regions (58 provinces and 5 municipalities) in Vietnam. This research can be used to establish mid- and long-term visions and strategies of rural development policies in Vietnam.
{"title":"CONSTRUCTION OF THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX: THE CASE OF VIETNAM","authors":"Tae-hwa Kim, S. Yang","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.251931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.251931","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to analyze the current status and process of Vietnam's rural development to draw lessons for improving the quality of rural life and achieving sustainable rural development in Vietnam. The research was carried out by the following methods. First, the paper reviews previous studies on concepts and theoretical perspectives on rural development and comes up with a concrete definition of the term ‘rural development’ for this research to build a Rural Development Index (RDI). Second, the RDI is developed as a tool to evaluate the current status and process of rural development. Third, the paper examines the current status and development process of Vietnam's rural development using the RDI. The scope of this study covered 63 regions (58 provinces and 5 municipalities) in Vietnam. This research can be used to establish mid- and long-term visions and strategies of rural development policies in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88933598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the simultaneous impacts of horizontal concentration and vertical integration on oligopoly & oligopsony power and cost efficiency in the U.S. beef packing industry, using both static and time varying empirical industrial organization models. Two separate sources of market power are considered: concentration and the captive supply market. Empirical results show the presence of market power in both beef retail and cattle procurement markets, and that the market power exertion in these markets is positively affected by concentration and captive supply, respectively. The results also show that the market power exertion drastically decreases after the implementation of livestock mandatory price reporting. Finally, our study finds that the market power effect is outweighed by the cost efficiency effect due to the increasing concentration and captive supply.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF MARKET POWER AND COST EFFICIENCY EFFECTS IN THE U.S. BEEF PACKING INDUSTRY","authors":"I. Ji, Chanjin Chung","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.251928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.251928","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the simultaneous impacts of horizontal concentration and vertical integration on oligopoly & oligopsony power and cost efficiency in the U.S. beef packing industry, using both static and time varying empirical industrial organization models. Two separate sources of market power are considered: concentration and the captive supply market. Empirical results show the presence of market power in both beef retail and cattle procurement markets, and that the market power exertion in these markets is positively affected by concentration and captive supply, respectively. The results also show that the market power exertion drastically decreases after the implementation of livestock mandatory price reporting. Finally, our study finds that the market power effect is outweighed by the cost efficiency effect due to the increasing concentration and captive supply.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87263702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving household income is a critical issue for rural sustainable economic development in the world, particularly in developing countries. Enhancing the productive efficiency of vegetable farms help to increase farmers’ income and that contribute to reduce rural poverty. This paper evaluates the productive efficiency and identifies the determinants of inefficiency in vegetable farms adopting stochastic translog production function using survey data. The results reveal that the vegetable farms are inefficient and have substantial potential to improve the efficiency levels with greater access to agricultural markets, higher levels of farmers’ education, and increased number of trainings to the farmers. In addition, women empowerment in vegetable farming with incentive packages consisting of agricultural support services and superior technologies would improve productivity and efficiency in vegetable production that increase household income of the farmers.
{"title":"Determinants of Inefficiency in Vegetable Farms: Implications for Improving Rural Household Income in Nepal","authors":"R. Shrestha, Wen-Chi Huang, P. Lee, Y. B. Thapa","doi":"10.12691/ajrd-4-5-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajrd-4-5-2","url":null,"abstract":"Improving household income is a critical issue for rural sustainable economic development in the world, particularly in developing countries. Enhancing the productive efficiency of vegetable farms help to increase farmers’ income and that contribute to reduce rural poverty. This paper evaluates the productive efficiency and identifies the determinants of inefficiency in vegetable farms adopting stochastic translog production function using survey data. The results reveal that the vegetable farms are inefficient and have substantial potential to improve the efficiency levels with greater access to agricultural markets, higher levels of farmers’ education, and increased number of trainings to the farmers. In addition, women empowerment in vegetable farming with incentive packages consisting of agricultural support services and superior technologies would improve productivity and efficiency in vegetable production that increase household income of the farmers.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89057950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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