Value engineering is a thinking system to develop decision criteria when it is important to secure as much as possible of what is wanted from each unit of resource used. These resources can be money, time, material, labour, space, energy, and so on. This book on value engineering is a reflection of its uniqueness since it covers both knowledge and creativity and provides step-by-step techniques for maximising the benefits from both. The author starts from the concept of mathematical modelling of value and proceeds to attain the full desired function for the lowest achievable cost. However, steps for job plans like information steps, analysis steps, creativity steps, judgement steps and development planning steps normally adopted for value engineering plans need to be covered citing examples from industries. Some of the human negatives which operate as barriers in value engineering approach should also have been covered. The author has used examples in the book which are mostly theoretical in nature and hence would need proper elaboration and/or refinements. Examples requiring some more elaboration are first, that of single-ended spanners needed in industries and standardised for special applications, and which should not be compared with a D.E. (double-ended) spanner. Because of continuous change in sections of the S.E. spanner, it can take jerk loads and higher bending loads for special application. The functional values of S.E. and D.E. spanners are different (Figures 2.2 and 2.3) which should therefore be elaborated.
{"title":"Book Reviews : Anil Kumar Mukhopadhyaya, Value Engineering: Concepts, Techniques and Applications, New Delhi, Response Books, 2003, 188 pp","authors":"K. Shaw","doi":"10.1177/097135570401300105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570401300105","url":null,"abstract":"Value engineering is a thinking system to develop decision criteria when it is important to secure as much as possible of what is wanted from each unit of resource used. These resources can be money, time, material, labour, space, energy, and so on. This book on value engineering is a reflection of its uniqueness since it covers both knowledge and creativity and provides step-by-step techniques for maximising the benefits from both. The author starts from the concept of mathematical modelling of value and proceeds to attain the full desired function for the lowest achievable cost. However, steps for job plans like information steps, analysis steps, creativity steps, judgement steps and development planning steps normally adopted for value engineering plans need to be covered citing examples from industries. Some of the human negatives which operate as barriers in value engineering approach should also have been covered. The author has used examples in the book which are mostly theoretical in nature and hence would need proper elaboration and/or refinements. Examples requiring some more elaboration are first, that of single-ended spanners needed in industries and standardised for special applications, and which should not be compared with a D.E. (double-ended) spanner. Because of continuous change in sections of the S.E. spanner, it can take jerk loads and higher bending loads for special application. The functional values of S.E. and D.E. spanners are different (Figures 2.2 and 2.3) which should therefore be elaborated.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"13 1","pages":"95 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570401300105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective communication has unlimited potential; it is one of the main planks on which the success of an organisation stands. One of the most difficult tasks for organisations today is to understand all routes of communication and keep the right ones as open as possible. A wide range of communication routes, or should we say tools and their sheer advancement, makes communicating easy but at the same time lays a complex trap where a choice is difficult to exercise.
{"title":"Book Reviews : Michael Norton and Purba Dutt, Getting Started in Communication: A Practical Guide for Activists and Organisation, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 2003, 176 pp","authors":"J. Shah","doi":"10.1177/097135570401300107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570401300107","url":null,"abstract":"Effective communication has unlimited potential; it is one of the main planks on which the success of an organisation stands. One of the most difficult tasks for organisations today is to understand all routes of communication and keep the right ones as open as possible. A wide range of communication routes, or should we say tools and their sheer advancement, makes communicating easy but at the same time lays a complex trap where a choice is difficult to exercise.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"13 1","pages":"100 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570401300107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is hypothesised that small enterprises have certain learning characteristics which enable them to adopt new technologies faster than large enterprises. The entrepreneurial work structure of small enterprises are exemplary for large enterprises where cognitive and goal dissonance amongst members act as impediments to technology absorption. Several other factors point to superior absorption performance of the small enterprises. This position contrasts the view that large enterprises, owing to their higher R&D spending have higher absorptive capacity, and therefore are expected to learn quicker than small enterprises. The paper proposes an empirical research for ascertaining this hypothesis.
{"title":"Technology Absorption in Large and Small Enterprises: A Proposal for Comparative Research 1","authors":"A. Roy, A. Sikdar","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200202","url":null,"abstract":"It is hypothesised that small enterprises have certain learning characteristics which enable them to adopt new technologies faster than large enterprises. The entrepreneurial work structure of small enterprises are exemplary for large enterprises where cognitive and goal dissonance amongst members act as impediments to technology absorption. Several other factors point to superior absorption performance of the small enterprises. This position contrasts the view that large enterprises, owing to their higher R&D spending have higher absorptive capacity, and therefore are expected to learn quicker than small enterprises. The paper proposes an empirical research for ascertaining this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"183 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
movement specific to women started in the state of Gujarat, India. An effort, which started in the urban centre of Ahmedabad with women workers and small time entrepreneurs, has today spread its wings far and wide. Under the leadership of Elaben Bhatt, who associated herself with the Textile Labour Association (TLA) and forged the way to give women the voice they required, this organisation today has over 200,000 members of which almost two-thirds hails from the rural areas of the state. The
{"title":"Book Reviews : Daniel W. Crowell, The SEWA Movement and Rural Development: The Banaskantha and Kutch Experience, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 2003, 236 pp","authors":"N. S. Sen Gupta","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200205","url":null,"abstract":"movement specific to women started in the state of Gujarat, India. An effort, which started in the urban centre of Ahmedabad with women workers and small time entrepreneurs, has today spread its wings far and wide. Under the leadership of Elaben Bhatt, who associated herself with the Textile Labour Association (TLA) and forged the way to give women the voice they required, this organisation today has over 200,000 members of which almost two-thirds hails from the rural areas of the state. The","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"51 1","pages":"243 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
and the processes they must adopt to bring other stakeholders together and work towards a long-term agenda has been highlighted well. The chapter on SEWA in the new millennium looks like a strategic plan document SEWA has formulated for its intervention in the new millennium. The experience it has gained in the last one decade gave the organisation a belief that change is possible and that the poor, given the necessary support, can bring about change. This chapter focuses on four critical areas and explains in brief how the organisation plans to use them. The strategy it proposes is: capital formation among poor; capacity building ; access to social security and collective strength through organisation. It also understands that all these are interdependent and hence must be integrated. This integration is what the organisation will look for while it envisages its development programme, decides on the target group and implements the same. This chapter has come up so well and is an instructive read for leaders of development organisations-what-so-ever be the organisational size. Personally, the book has opened up my thinking process and has given
{"title":"Book Reviews : N.S. Srinivasan and G. Balasubramanian, Brain Reengineering—TheArt of being Mentally Tough, New Delhi, Response Books, 2003, 220 pp","authors":"Venkatesh Pamu","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200206","url":null,"abstract":"and the processes they must adopt to bring other stakeholders together and work towards a long-term agenda has been highlighted well. The chapter on SEWA in the new millennium looks like a strategic plan document SEWA has formulated for its intervention in the new millennium. The experience it has gained in the last one decade gave the organisation a belief that change is possible and that the poor, given the necessary support, can bring about change. This chapter focuses on four critical areas and explains in brief how the organisation plans to use them. The strategy it proposes is: capital formation among poor; capacity building ; access to social security and collective strength through organisation. It also understands that all these are interdependent and hence must be integrated. This integration is what the organisation will look for while it envisages its development programme, decides on the target group and implements the same. This chapter has come up so well and is an instructive read for leaders of development organisations-what-so-ever be the organisational size. Personally, the book has opened up my thinking process and has given","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"247 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What motivates entrepreneurs to learn and grow in their business is a question the answer to which has been attempted in this article. Similarly, answers to some questions like the existence of specific processes which help in generating motives for learning, the mechanisms adopted by entrepreneurs to acquire knowledge for growing their businesses, and so on, have been attempted. We all know that solving novel problems is one way which helps entrepreneurs acquire requisite knowledge. These problems are seen to proliferate more in rapidly changing environments and as businesses grow. This article is based on an empirical research which makes an attempt to uncover the processes that generate the necessary motivation to learn. It categorises learning motives and also identifies the basic external and internal learning activities which are practised by entrepreneurs. The benefits that can accrue to those who become familiar with and utilise these findings are also discussed at length. The article finally suggests an agenda for future research on entrepreneurial learning.
{"title":"What Makes Entrepreneurs Learn and How Do They Do It?","authors":"J. Young, D. L. Sexton","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200201","url":null,"abstract":"What motivates entrepreneurs to learn and grow in their business is a question the answer to which has been attempted in this article. Similarly, answers to some questions like the existence of specific processes which help in generating motives for learning, the mechanisms adopted by entrepreneurs to acquire knowledge for growing their businesses, and so on, have been attempted. We all know that solving novel problems is one way which helps entrepreneurs acquire requisite knowledge. These problems are seen to proliferate more in rapidly changing environments and as businesses grow. This article is based on an empirical research which makes an attempt to uncover the processes that generate the necessary motivation to learn. It categorises learning motives and also identifies the basic external and internal learning activities which are practised by entrepreneurs. The benefits that can accrue to those who become familiar with and utilise these findings are also discussed at length. The article finally suggests an agenda for future research on entrepreneurial learning.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"155 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In most of the mainstream literature, entrepreneurs are portrayed as extremely individualistic actors. A study to validate this interpretation was carried out with entrepreneurs from two countries—Tanzania and Indonesia. The author in this paper draws out the conclusion that the 'lonely rider' image is not only found in the literature, but also actually seen among entrepreneurs. It seems to be a common feature that entrepreneurs attach very little importance to relationships with other actors in their social environment. However, while analysing the 'historical records' on how these entrepreneurs established their enterprises it was seen that entrepreneurs in both countries did exploit their personal relations with friends, colleagues and family members and that too to a substantial degree. It is in this context, the author argues, that the network per spective which emphasises the role of individual relations as social capital presents a more accurate image of entrepreneurs and their enterprises. Although many similarities were found between Tanzanian and Indonesian entrepreneurs regarding their utilisation of these networks, some basic differences were also noted. This paper is based on a qualitative case study approach. The author has used interviews as his main data collection technique.
{"title":"The Entrepreneurial Self-Image","authors":"Arne Olav Øyhus","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200203","url":null,"abstract":"In most of the mainstream literature, entrepreneurs are portrayed as extremely individualistic actors. A study to validate this interpretation was carried out with entrepreneurs from two countries—Tanzania and Indonesia. The author in this paper draws out the conclusion that the 'lonely rider' image is not only found in the literature, but also actually seen among entrepreneurs. It seems to be a common feature that entrepreneurs attach very little importance to relationships with other actors in their social environment. However, while analysing the 'historical records' on how these entrepreneurs established their enterprises it was seen that entrepreneurs in both countries did exploit their personal relations with friends, colleagues and family members and that too to a substantial degree. It is in this context, the author argues, that the network per spective which emphasises the role of individual relations as social capital presents a more accurate image of entrepreneurs and their enterprises. Although many similarities were found between Tanzanian and Indonesian entrepreneurs regarding their utilisation of these networks, some basic differences were also noted. This paper is based on a qualitative case study approach. The author has used interviews as his main data collection technique.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"201 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an increasing trend towards globalisation of R&D activities in high technology firms. The paper delineates the forces which influence this trend and then presents an analysis of the complexities and opportunities the process offers in the context of the regional cluster of Bangalore in India. The paper relies mainly on a sample of high technology firms, both multinational and local, and tries to understand how they behave in this cluster. The paper then attempts to draw some broader conclusions on the nature of this phenomenon, both from the management of technology angle as well as from the science and technology policy perspectives.
{"title":"Globalised Research and Development: A Case Study of Bangalore, India","authors":"Kartik Kumaramangalam","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200204","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing trend towards globalisation of R&D activities in high technology firms. The paper delineates the forces which influence this trend and then presents an analysis of the complexities and opportunities the process offers in the context of the regional cluster of Bangalore in India. The paper relies mainly on a sample of high technology firms, both multinational and local, and tries to understand how they behave in this cluster. The paper then attempts to draw some broader conclusions on the nature of this phenomenon, both from the management of technology angle as well as from the science and technology policy perspectives.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"225 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65275373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between entrepreneurial proactiveness and business performance has often been implicitly assumed to be positive. The thrust in this argument is the firm's ability to anticipate needs in the marketplace and also to anticipate the action of its competitors. However, very little research has been done to examine this relationship. The present study makes an attempt to examine this relationship. The study makes an attempt to identify the role of market orientation as a moder ating factor between entrepreneurial proactiveness and business performance. The paper presents the results of the study carried out in the Spanish ceramic tile sector. The study used validated scales to measure the entrepreneurial proactive ness and market orientation. The statistical technique used is path analysis. The research concluded that entrepreneurial proactiveness has a positive effect on market orientation, which again in turn has a positive effect on business profitability and sales growth.
{"title":"The Role of Market Orientation in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Proactiveness and Performance","authors":"Andreu Blesa, Maria Ripolles","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200101","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between entrepreneurial proactiveness and business performance has often been implicitly assumed to be positive. The thrust in this argument is the firm's ability to anticipate needs in the marketplace and also to anticipate the action of its competitors. However, very little research has been done to examine this relationship. The present study makes an attempt to examine this relationship. The study makes an attempt to identify the role of market orientation as a moder ating factor between entrepreneurial proactiveness and business performance. The paper presents the results of the study carried out in the Spanish ceramic tile sector. The study used validated scales to measure the entrepreneurial proactive ness and market orientation. The statistical technique used is path analysis. The research concluded that entrepreneurial proactiveness has a positive effect on market orientation, which again in turn has a positive effect on business profitability and sales growth.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65274912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An enabling institutional framework for entrepreneurship should reduce transaction costs and create incentives for innovations and long-term business perspectives. In Tanzania, a mismatch is observed between economic policy reforms and restructuring of the institutional framework. The transition from state-centred to market-led development, if not properly managed, provides disincentives. This is particularly true with most of the small-scale entre preneurs. The mismatch between the slowly changing institutional framework and the fast moving economic policy reforms constrains entrepreneurial endeavour and also raises transaction costs. Based on in-depth interviews with fifteen entrepreneurs, a number of prohibitive taxes and regulations had been identified. Main policy recommendations made are a 'one-stop' regis tration system to be established, the taxing system is streamlined, and that net working and resources pooling are facilitated.
{"title":"Institutional Barriers to Small-scale Business Development: A Need for Flexibility in Tanzanian Tax and Regulatory Systems","authors":"Estomih J. Nkya","doi":"10.1177/097135570301200103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570301200103","url":null,"abstract":"An enabling institutional framework for entrepreneurship should reduce transaction costs and create incentives for innovations and long-term business perspectives. In Tanzania, a mismatch is observed between economic policy reforms and restructuring of the institutional framework. The transition from state-centred to market-led development, if not properly managed, provides disincentives. This is particularly true with most of the small-scale entre preneurs. The mismatch between the slowly changing institutional framework and the fast moving economic policy reforms constrains entrepreneurial endeavour and also raises transaction costs. Based on in-depth interviews with fifteen entrepreneurs, a number of prohibitive taxes and regulations had been identified. Main policy recommendations made are a 'one-stop' regis tration system to be established, the taxing system is streamlined, and that net working and resources pooling are facilitated.","PeriodicalId":45394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship","volume":"12 1","pages":"43 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/097135570301200103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65274966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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