This article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of public support for the sustainable development of local communities. It contains a review of the literature on aviation relationships with local development and business models of regional carriers. Research includes a case study and a comparative analysis of this type of support in the EU environment. Therefore, the collected data came from own research and information provided by the European Commission. The research question posed in the paper concerns the legitimacy and efficiency of this type of support in the context of the legal framework, case study and statistical European analyses. The results make it possible to draw conclusions with respect to reporting such public services, average costs, as well as differences in interpretations of state aid legislation in this area. The key contribution of the paper to the scholarly literature is efficiency assessment for this type of support and identification of weaknesses in the data published by the European Commission on PSO. The summary presents recommendations for decision-makers and potential directions for further research.
{"title":"Regional aviation for local development in the context of public funds investment","authors":"Stefan Chabiera","doi":"10.48295/et.2022.86.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.86.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of public support for the sustainable development of local communities. It contains a review of the literature on aviation relationships with local development and business models of regional carriers. Research includes a case study and a comparative analysis of this type of support in the EU environment. Therefore, the collected data came from own research and information provided by the European Commission. The research question posed in the paper concerns the legitimacy and efficiency of this type of support in the context of the legal framework, case study and statistical European analyses. The results make it possible to draw conclusions with respect to reporting such public services, average costs, as well as differences in interpretations of state aid legislation in this area. The key contribution of the paper to the scholarly literature is efficiency assessment for this type of support and identification of weaknesses in the data published by the European Commission on PSO. The summary presents recommendations for decision-makers and potential directions for further research.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90964949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aims to investigate the impact of heavy vehicles (HVs) on traffic characteristics under platoon conditions on Indian highways. Traffic volume, speed, and time headway data were gathered from different highway sections using infra-red sensors. The mean relative speed criteria were used as an indicator of variability to estimate the critical time headway. The threshold value of a critical time headway of 4 sec was determined to represent vehicles into non-platoon followers and platoon followers. The speed-flow-density model curves were developed for two different traffic regimes, one without platoons and the other with platoons created by the HVs. The results show that under platoon conditions, the speed at capacity, density at capacity, and traffic capacity reduced by 11.2%, 12.5%, and 22.3%, respectively, compared to non-platoon conditions. Additionally, the average travel time and travel delay increased by 18.1 s/km and 12.7 s/km, respectively. The study’s findings emphasize the importance of considering platoon dynamics under the influence of HVs to better understand their impact on traffic characteristics.
{"title":"Assessing the impacts of heavy vehicles on traffic characteristics of highways under mixed traffic platooning conditions","authors":"Sandeep Singh","doi":"10.48295/et.2022.86.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.86.3","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to investigate the impact of heavy vehicles (HVs) on traffic characteristics under platoon conditions on Indian highways. Traffic volume, speed, and time headway data were gathered from different highway sections using infra-red sensors. The mean relative speed criteria were used as an indicator of variability to estimate the critical time headway. The threshold value of a critical time headway of 4 sec was determined to represent vehicles into non-platoon followers and platoon followers. The speed-flow-density model curves were developed for two different traffic regimes, one without platoons and the other with platoons created by the HVs. The results show that under platoon conditions, the speed at capacity, density at capacity, and traffic capacity reduced by 11.2%, 12.5%, and 22.3%, respectively, compared to non-platoon conditions. Additionally, the average travel time and travel delay increased by 18.1 s/km and 12.7 s/km, respectively. The study’s findings emphasize the importance of considering platoon dynamics under the influence of HVs to better understand their impact on traffic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73937984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A container terminal can be defined as a mass service system in which a multiphase service processes takes place. The terminal consists of three subsystems: quayside, yard and gate. In this paper, queuing theory as one of the operational research method is been used, to determine indicators of functioning the service system on the example of the container terminal of the port of Rijeka. Applying the queueing theory, the service phases that represent a bottleneck can be determined, as well as the phases in which the largest capacity surpluses are located. Finally, based on the current capacities the optimal turnover of the terminal was provided, without congestions and with the highest degree of terminal utilization. The basic conclusion is that the capacity of the system is limited by the capacity of the subsystem that has the smallest capacity, and in this case it is gate/truck and train operation area.
{"title":"Capacity utilization of the container terminal as multiphase service system","authors":"K. Babeli","doi":"10.48295/et.2022.86.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.86.4","url":null,"abstract":"A container terminal can be defined as a mass service system in which a multiphase service processes takes place. The terminal consists of three subsystems: quayside, yard and gate. In this paper, queuing theory as one of the operational research method is been used, to determine indicators of functioning the service system on the example of the container terminal of the port of Rijeka. Applying the queueing theory, the service phases that represent a bottleneck can be determined, as well as the phases in which the largest capacity surpluses are located. Finally, based on the current capacities the optimal turnover of the terminal was provided, without congestions and with the highest degree of terminal utilization. The basic conclusion is that the capacity of the system is limited by the capacity of the subsystem that has the smallest capacity, and in this case it is gate/truck and train operation area.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91115605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Along with multiple classes of vehicles, frequent signalized intersections on the urban roads and the platoons thus created add complexity to the estimation of Passenger Car Units (PCU). Under such scenarios of interrupted traffic, a new approach based on platoon movement of vehicles is introduced for the realistic estimation of PCU values for urban roads by incorporating the appropriate vehicle behavior and interactions. The PCU values were derived by finding the trade-off between the speed reduction caused by the flow of passenger cars and other vehicle classes, as per the given definition by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL). However, the speed-flow, as well as the speed-density relations, were analyzed and found that later is preferred for the realistic estimation of PCUs for urban roads. The speed reduction is modeled using multiple linear regression with field data collected from typical urban roads characterized by platoon flow in Mumbai city (India).
{"title":"Estimation of PCU Values for Urban Roads by Considering the Effect of Signalized Intersections under Mixed Traffic Conditions","authors":"Jithin Raj","doi":"10.48295/et.2022.86.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.86.6","url":null,"abstract":"Along with multiple classes of vehicles, frequent signalized intersections on the urban roads and the platoons thus created add complexity to the estimation of Passenger Car Units (PCU). Under such scenarios of interrupted traffic, a new approach based on platoon movement of vehicles is introduced for the realistic estimation of PCU values for urban roads by incorporating the appropriate vehicle behavior and interactions. The PCU values were derived by finding the trade-off between the speed reduction caused by the flow of passenger cars and other vehicle classes, as per the given definition by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL). However, the speed-flow, as well as the speed-density relations, were analyzed and found that later is preferred for the realistic estimation of PCUs for urban roads. The speed reduction is modeled using multiple linear regression with field data collected from typical urban roads characterized by platoon flow in Mumbai city (India).","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83839949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive traffic signal controllers offer better signal time management especially when the traffic flow pattern is not uniform on all approaches. Traditional adaptive traffic controller use upstream or advance vehicle detection which works well in situations where traffic follows good lane discipline. However, when the spacing between intersections increases or in the case of complex geometry these systems may not be efficient. This is primarily because of the inability of traffic flow models to accurately estimate the traffic demand from the upstream detectors. Using stop-line detector information is best suited in such traffic conditions as they do not require any explicit prediction models. Furthermore, there are many intersections which works using stop-line detectors with preset maximum green timings as vehicle actuated controllers. These controllers can be easily converted into truly adaptive by changing their maximum green timings continuously with respect to changing traffic flow pattern. Hence, this paper proposes an adaptive traffic control model which uses stop-line detector information instead of upstream detector. The model aims at real-time allocation of green time through reinforcement learning; an approach originated from the machine learning community. This approach has the ability to learn relationships between signal control actions and their effect on the queue while pursuing the goal of maximizing throughput which is a distinct improvement over the traditional vehicle actuated system. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed model a typical four-way intersection with four-phase scheme is evaluated for various flow conditions with the proposed model as well as with the traditional vehicle actuated system. The results show improvement over traditional system, especially when the flow is near the capacity.
{"title":"Adaptive Signal Control of an Isolated Intersection Using Stop-Line Detection","authors":"S. Nuli","doi":"10.48295/et.2022.86.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.86.1","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive traffic signal controllers offer better signal time management especially when the traffic flow pattern is not uniform on all approaches. Traditional adaptive traffic controller use upstream or advance vehicle detection which works well in situations where traffic follows good lane discipline. However, when the spacing between intersections increases or in the case of complex geometry these systems may not be efficient. This is primarily because of the inability of traffic flow models to accurately estimate the traffic demand from the upstream detectors. Using stop-line detector information is best suited in such traffic conditions as they do not require any explicit prediction models. Furthermore, there are many intersections which works using stop-line detectors with preset maximum green timings as vehicle actuated controllers. These controllers can be easily converted into truly adaptive by changing their maximum green timings continuously with respect to changing traffic flow pattern. Hence, this paper proposes an adaptive traffic control model which uses stop-line detector information instead of upstream detector. The model aims at real-time allocation of green time through reinforcement learning; an approach originated from the machine learning community. This approach has the ability to learn relationships between signal control actions and their effect on the queue while pursuing the goal of maximizing throughput which is a distinct improvement over the traditional vehicle actuated system. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed model a typical four-way intersection with four-phase scheme is evaluated for various flow conditions with the proposed model as well as with the traditional vehicle actuated system. The results show improvement over traditional system, especially when the flow is near the capacity.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84492589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study develops trip generation models for shopping malls in Mumbai, one of the fast-developing cities. A total of eighteen shopping malls are selected to develop trip generation models using regression analysis. The factors that found significant in weekdays and weekend trip attraction models include built-up area, number of screen and seats in multiplex, number of kiosk and stores, number of parking spaces and gross floor area. Based on the video data collected at two shopping malls, it was found that the peak period is from 6 PM to 9 PM. The findings of this study can be used analyze the impacts of newly constructed shopping malls and plan transportation infrastructure in and around a shopping mall.
{"title":"Trip Generation for shopping malls in Developing Cities","authors":"Sanu Meena","doi":"10.48295/et.2022.86.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.86.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study develops trip generation models for shopping malls in Mumbai, one of the fast-developing cities. A total of eighteen shopping malls are selected to develop trip generation models using regression analysis. The factors that found significant in weekdays and weekend trip attraction models include built-up area, number of screen and seats in multiplex, number of kiosk and stores, number of parking spaces and gross floor area. Based on the video data collected at two shopping malls, it was found that the peak period is from 6 PM to 9 PM. The findings of this study can be used analyze the impacts of newly constructed shopping malls and plan transportation infrastructure in and around a shopping mall.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86131627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 15-minute city seems to represent a new way of looking at the city and responding to many current challenges, including climate change, aging population, and most recently Covid-19. However, if the 15-minute city idea is useful to guarantee an adequate supply of basic services, its basic principles cannot be adaptable to what we consider a city, especially to the big city. To this end, the paper considers the 15-minute city idea as an approach to be applied to the neighbourhood scale, in which the suitable supply of basic services and pedestrian paths and spaces allows to increase accessibility to places and the quality of life of the inhabitants. In this perspective, the work provides a methodology, based mainly on spatial analysis, aimed at defining 15-minute neighbourhoods by adopting a systemic approach. The methodology is tested on some suburbs located in the cities of Naples and London, whose different morphological, settlement and functional characteristics make them a significant experimentation test.
{"title":"15-minute neighbourhood accessibility: a comparison between Naples and London","authors":"F. Gaglione","doi":"10.48295/et.2021.85.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2021.85.5","url":null,"abstract":"The 15-minute city seems to represent a new way of looking at the city and responding to many current challenges, including climate change, aging population, and most recently Covid-19. However, if the 15-minute city idea is useful to guarantee an adequate supply of basic services, its basic principles cannot be adaptable to what we consider a city, especially to the big city. To this end, the paper considers the 15-minute city idea as an approach to be applied to the neighbourhood scale, in which the suitable supply of basic services and pedestrian paths and spaces allows to increase accessibility to places and the quality of life of the inhabitants. In this perspective, the work provides a methodology, based mainly on spatial analysis, aimed at defining 15-minute neighbourhoods by adopting a systemic approach. The methodology is tested on some suburbs located in the cities of Naples and London, whose different morphological, settlement and functional characteristics make them a significant experimentation test.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75614495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work demonstrates an experience in estimating the threshold value of journey distances travelled by transit passengers using generalized polynomial function. The threshold value of journey distances may be defined as that distance beyond which passengers might no more be interested to travel by their reported mode. A knowledge on this threshold value is realized to be useful to limit the upper-most slab of transit fare, while preparing of a length-based fare matrix table. Theoretically, the threshold value can be obtained at that point on the cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) curve of journey distances at which the maximum rate of change of the slope of curve occurs. In this work, the CFD curve of the journey distance values is empirically modelled using Newton’s Polynomial Interpolation method, which helps to overcome various challenges usually encountered while an assumption of a theoretical probability distribution is considered a priori for the CFD.
{"title":"Threshold value estimation of journey-distance using generalized polynomial function","authors":"Roy Subhojit","doi":"10.48295/et.2021.84.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2021.84.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present work demonstrates an experience in estimating the threshold value of journey distances travelled by transit passengers using generalized polynomial function. The threshold value of journey distances may be defined as that distance beyond which passengers might no more be interested to travel by their reported mode. A knowledge on this threshold value is realized to be useful to limit the upper-most slab of transit fare, while preparing of a length-based fare matrix table. Theoretically, the threshold value can be obtained at that point on the cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) curve of journey distances at which the maximum rate of change of the slope of curve occurs. In this work, the CFD curve of the journey distance values is empirically modelled using Newton’s Polynomial Interpolation method, which helps to overcome various challenges usually encountered while an assumption of a theoretical probability distribution is considered a priori for the CFD.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81750874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traffic safety is a challenge and a very serious problem on a global level due to the high number of traffic fatalities and injuries. In the driving context, road users’ personality characteristics, attitudes and behaviour may influence how individuals, especially young people, respond to certain driving situation. Young drivers are among the most vulnerable road users, particularly during the first few months of independent driving. While they represent only a small percentage of licensed drivers, they are more likely to be involved in fatal and injury crashes than older ones. The main aim of this paper is to explore differences of attitudes between young adults and others. The results are presented in regard to road users' age (under 24 years old and older), with both, gender and driving experience as control variables. The study showed that the perception of the overall safety situation differs related to different age group.
{"title":"Road users’ attitudes and perception on selected road safety issues – age-related comparison","authors":"V. Pajković","doi":"10.48295/et.2021.85.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2021.85.7","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic safety is a challenge and a very serious problem on a global level due to the high number of traffic fatalities and injuries. In the driving context, road users’ personality characteristics, attitudes and behaviour may influence how individuals, especially young people, respond to certain driving situation. Young drivers are among the most vulnerable road users, particularly during the first few months of independent driving. While they represent only a small percentage of licensed drivers, they are more likely to be involved in fatal and injury crashes than older ones. The main aim of this paper is to explore differences of attitudes between young adults and others. The results are presented in regard to road users' age (under 24 years old and older), with both, gender and driving experience as control variables. The study showed that the perception of the overall safety situation differs related to different age group.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88306190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A model is proposed for allocating safety resources to various hazard sites. Due to budget constraints, allocation of resources for necessary countermeasures is a critical issue in safety improvement programs. Therefore, the Decision Maker needs a tool that can prioritize the identified countermeasures looking at several objectives, the most important of which are: reducing the number of accidents and minimizing the costs. A number of countermeasures could be implemented simultaneously in the same location and this was considered, so that the solution that best optimizes the objectives was selected. Since the considered objectives are not commensurable, a new methodology with interactive multi-objective optimization in the case of 0-1 integer variables was proposed, based on the application of a logical preference model built using dominance-based Rough Set Approach (IMO-DRSA). Finally, an application of the methodology is presented considering a sample of Italian urban intersections and a set of mutually exclusive alternatives at each location.
{"title":"Road Safety Resource Allocation Using Interactive Multiobjective Optimization","authors":"M. Augeri","doi":"10.48295/et.2021.84.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48295/et.2021.84.4","url":null,"abstract":"A model is proposed for allocating safety resources to various hazard sites. Due to budget constraints, allocation of resources for necessary countermeasures is a critical issue in safety improvement programs. Therefore, the Decision Maker needs a tool that can prioritize the identified countermeasures looking at several objectives, the most important of which are: reducing the number of accidents and minimizing the costs. A number of countermeasures could be implemented simultaneously in the same location and this was considered, so that the solution that best optimizes the objectives was selected. Since the considered objectives are not commensurable, a new methodology with interactive multi-objective optimization in the case of 0-1 integer variables was proposed, based on the application of a logical preference model built using dominance-based Rough Set Approach (IMO-DRSA). Finally, an application of the methodology is presented considering a sample of Italian urban intersections and a set of mutually exclusive alternatives at each location.","PeriodicalId":45410,"journal":{"name":"European Transport-Trasporti Europei","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86956211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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