Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000520
{"title":"IJC volume 18 issue 4 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":"18 1","pages":"b1 - b3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41604333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000453
Larry Catá Backer, Matthew B. McQuilla
This paper examines the rise of algorithmic systems – that is, systems of data-driven governance (and social-credit-type) systems – in the form of ratings systems of business respecting human rights responsibilities. The specific context is rating or algorithmic systems emerging around national efforts to combat human trafficking through so-called Modern Slavery and Supply Chain Due Diligence legal. Section 2 provides a brief contextualisation of the problems and challenges of managing compliance with emerging law and norms against forced labour and, in its most extreme forms, modern slavery. Section 3 examines the landscape of such algorithmic private legal systems as it has developed to date in the context of forced labour ratings systems. There is a focus on the connection between the power to impose the normative basis of data analytics and the increasingly tightly woven-in connection between principal actors in this endeavour.
{"title":"The algorithmic law of business and human rights: constructing private transnational law of ratings, social credit and accountability measures","authors":"Larry Catá Backer, Matthew B. McQuilla","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000453","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the rise of algorithmic systems – that is, systems of data-driven governance (and social-credit-type) systems – in the form of ratings systems of business respecting human rights responsibilities. The specific context is rating or algorithmic systems emerging around national efforts to combat human trafficking through so-called Modern Slavery and Supply Chain Due Diligence legal. Section 2 provides a brief contextualisation of the problems and challenges of managing compliance with emerging law and norms against forced labour and, in its most extreme forms, modern slavery. Section 3 examines the landscape of such algorithmic private legal systems as it has developed to date in the context of forced labour ratings systems. There is a focus on the connection between the power to impose the normative basis of data analytics and the increasingly tightly woven-in connection between principal actors in this endeavour.","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":"1074 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000507
C. Daiute, Flora Di Donato
Contemporary asylum laws challenge the narratives of migrants and legal professional teams. Struggles arise in requirements to tell the right story defined by legal norms while storytelling in everyday life relies on sociocultural norms. Professionals working with socially and legally vulnerable populations, as in education and asylum cases, can bridge that gap if we understand narrating as a relational process with credibility and coherence developing over time in terms of the clients’ experience and institutional expectations. This paper presents dynamic storytelling methodology to guide such a process, applied successfully with a Roma community seeking inclusion in public education and used to interpret two unsuccessful asylum cases. Drawing on those examples, we conclude by proposing a socio-legal framework for collaborative lawyering in research on clinical legal training. The goal is a narrative process based on legal actors’ awareness that truth acquisition is a human sense-making process framed by human rights norms.
{"title":"Tensions between norms of everyday narrating and legal narrating","authors":"C. Daiute, Flora Di Donato","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000507","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Contemporary asylum laws challenge the narratives of migrants and legal professional teams. Struggles arise in requirements to tell the right story defined by legal norms while storytelling in everyday life relies on sociocultural norms. Professionals working with socially and legally vulnerable populations, as in education and asylum cases, can bridge that gap if we understand narrating as a relational process with credibility and coherence developing over time in terms of the clients’ experience and institutional expectations. This paper presents dynamic storytelling methodology to guide such a process, applied successfully with a Roma community seeking inclusion in public education and used to interpret two unsuccessful asylum cases. Drawing on those examples, we conclude by proposing a socio-legal framework for collaborative lawyering in research on clinical legal training. The goal is a narrative process based on legal actors’ awareness that truth acquisition is a human sense-making process framed by human rights norms.","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46903064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000489
Ian Williams
{"title":"Communal Justice in Shakespeare's England: Drama, Law, and Emotion By Penelope Geng, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021. 257 pp. ISBN: 9781487508043 $75.00 (hardback)","authors":"Ian Williams","doi":"10.1017/S1744552322000489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552322000489","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":"18 1","pages":"526 - 528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48462177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000477
Christophe Lazaro, M. Rizzi
In an era of global sanitary, economic and ecological crisis, beliefs in the predictive power of artificial intelligence (AI) progressively penetrate the legal and political spheres, in search of new ways to anticipate and govern the future. In this context, it is critical to understand the idiosyncratic nature of the interplay between governance and algorithmic logics of prediction. This contribution discusses how the association between governance and AI makes the future knowable in the present and shapes a programmatic way of formalising, justifying and deploying action in the here and now. We focus on three principles of institutional mobilisation in the face of uncertainty and indeterminacy: precaution, pre-emption and preparedness, each of which is affected by the use of AI relying on so-called ‘real-time predictions’. Drawing from risk theory and Science and Technology Studies, we argue that the current convergence between AI and governance is shaping a new sociotechnical imaginary, promoting a distinctive conception of life and of the future in the age of the Anthropocene.
{"title":"Predictive analytics and governance: a new sociotechnical imaginary for uncertain futures","authors":"Christophe Lazaro, M. Rizzi","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000477","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In an era of global sanitary, economic and ecological crisis, beliefs in the predictive power of artificial intelligence (AI) progressively penetrate the legal and political spheres, in search of new ways to anticipate and govern the future. In this context, it is critical to understand the idiosyncratic nature of the interplay between governance and algorithmic logics of prediction. This contribution discusses how the association between governance and AI makes the future knowable in the present and shapes a programmatic way of formalising, justifying and deploying action in the here and now. We focus on three principles of institutional mobilisation in the face of uncertainty and indeterminacy: precaution, pre-emption and preparedness, each of which is affected by the use of AI relying on so-called ‘real-time predictions’. Drawing from risk theory and Science and Technology Studies, we argue that the current convergence between AI and governance is shaping a new sociotechnical imaginary, promoting a distinctive conception of life and of the future in the age of the Anthropocene.","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42908496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000490
R. Houghton
{"title":"Inventions of Nemesis: Utopia, Indignation, and Justice By Douglas Mao, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2020. 284 pp. ISBN: 9780691212302 £20.99","authors":"R. Houghton","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000490","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47137712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-05-09DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35080
Tânia Baltazar, Nilabh S Kajave, Marco Rodriguez, Srija Chakraborty, Bo Jiang, Aleksander Skardal, Vipuil Kishore, Jordan S Pober, Mohammad Z Albanna
Xenogeneic sources of collagen type I remain a common choice for regenerative medicine applications due to ease of availability. Human and animal sources have some similarities, but small variations in amino acid composition can influence the physical properties of collagen, cellular response, and tissue remodeling. The goal of this work is to compare human collagen type I-based hydrogels versus animal-derived collagen type I-based hydrogels, generated from commercially available products, for their physico-chemical properties and for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we evaluated whether the native human skin type I collagen could be used in the three most common research applications of this protein: as a substrate for attachment and proliferation of conventional 2D cell culture; as a source of matrix for a 3D cell culture; and as a source of matrix for tissue engineering. Results showed that species and tissue specific variations of collagen sources significantly impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of collagen hydrogels including gelation kinetics, swelling ratio, collagen fiber morphology, compressive modulus, stability, and metabolic activity of hMSCs. Tumor constructs formulated with human skin collagen showed a differential response to chemotherapy agents compared to rat tail collagen. Human skin collagen performed comparably to rat tail collagen and enabled assembly of perfused human vessels in vivo. Despite differences in collagen manufacturing methods and supplied forms, the results suggest that commercially available human collagen can be used in lieu of xenogeneic sources to create functional scaffolds, but not all sources of human collagen behave similarly. These factors must be considered in the development of 3D tissues for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.
异种来源的 I 型胶原蛋白由于易于获得，仍然是再生医学应用的常见选择。人源和动物源有一些相似之处，但氨基酸组成的微小差异会影响胶原蛋白的物理性质、细胞反应和组织重塑。这项研究的目的是比较人类 I 型胶原蛋白水凝胶与动物来源的 I 型胶原蛋白水凝胶（由市售产品制成）的物理化学特性以及在组织工程和再生医学应用中的效果。具体来说，我们评估了原生人体皮肤 I 型胶原蛋白是否可用于该蛋白质最常见的三种研究应用：作为传统二维细胞培养的附着和增殖基质；作为三维细胞培养的基质来源；以及作为组织工程的基质来源。研究结果表明，胶原蛋白来源的物种和组织特异性变化会显著影响胶原蛋白水凝胶的物理、化学和生物特性，包括凝胶化动力学、膨胀率、胶原纤维形态、压缩模量、稳定性和 hMSCs 的代谢活性。与大鼠尾部胶原蛋白相比，用人皮胶原蛋白配制的肿瘤组织对化疗药物的反应不同。人皮胶原蛋白的性能与鼠尾胶原蛋白相当，并能在体内组装灌注人血管。尽管胶原蛋白的制造方法和供应形式存在差异，但研究结果表明，市售的人类胶原蛋白可以代替异种来源的胶原蛋白来制造功能性支架，但并非所有来源的人类胶原蛋白都有类似的表现。在开发用于药物筛选和再生医学应用的三维组织时，必须考虑这些因素。
{"title":"Native human collagen type I provides a viable physiologically relevant alternative to xenogeneic sources for tissue engineering applications: A comparative in vitro and in vivo study.","authors":"Tânia Baltazar, Nilabh S Kajave, Marco Rodriguez, Srija Chakraborty, Bo Jiang, Aleksander Skardal, Vipuil Kishore, Jordan S Pober, Mohammad Z Albanna","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.35080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jbm.b.35080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xenogeneic sources of collagen type I remain a common choice for regenerative medicine applications due to ease of availability. Human and animal sources have some similarities, but small variations in amino acid composition can influence the physical properties of collagen, cellular response, and tissue remodeling. The goal of this work is to compare human collagen type I-based hydrogels versus animal-derived collagen type I-based hydrogels, generated from commercially available products, for their physico-chemical properties and for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we evaluated whether the native human skin type I collagen could be used in the three most common research applications of this protein: as a substrate for attachment and proliferation of conventional 2D cell culture; as a source of matrix for a 3D cell culture; and as a source of matrix for tissue engineering. Results showed that species and tissue specific variations of collagen sources significantly impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of collagen hydrogels including gelation kinetics, swelling ratio, collagen fiber morphology, compressive modulus, stability, and metabolic activity of hMSCs. Tumor constructs formulated with human skin collagen showed a differential response to chemotherapy agents compared to rat tail collagen. Human skin collagen performed comparably to rat tail collagen and enabled assembly of perfused human vessels in vivo. Despite differences in collagen manufacturing methods and supplied forms, the results suggest that commercially available human collagen can be used in lieu of xenogeneic sources to create functional scaffolds, but not all sources of human collagen behave similarly. These factors must be considered in the development of 3D tissues for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":"13 1","pages":"2323-2337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11103545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80582953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000441
A. de Jonge
Launched in April 2018, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Smart Cities Network (ASCN) initiative raises important issues regarding the tensions between achieving smart city objectives on the one hand and protection of human rights on the other. The aim of this paper is to explore these tensions using a Knowledge Commons Framework analysis. I first analyse the three key pillars of the ASCN pilot city knowledge commons – knowledge resources, community attributes and governance ‘rules in use’ – using human rights criteria. I the apply the lessons of this analysis to two fundamental aspects of human experience in smart city contexts – mobility through transport systems and access to essential services through energy supply.
{"title":"Governance and human rights implications of ASEAN's Smart Cities Network: a knowledge commons analysis","authors":"A. de Jonge","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000441","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Launched in April 2018, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Smart Cities Network (ASCN) initiative raises important issues regarding the tensions between achieving smart city objectives on the one hand and protection of human rights on the other. The aim of this paper is to explore these tensions using a Knowledge Commons Framework analysis. I first analyse the three key pillars of the ASCN pilot city knowledge commons – knowledge resources, community attributes and governance ‘rules in use’ – using human rights criteria. I the apply the lessons of this analysis to two fundamental aspects of human experience in smart city contexts – mobility through transport systems and access to essential services through energy supply.","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47711730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000465
Pablo Marcello Baquero
Different organisations recently published reports identifying the challenges and potential solutions to ensure privacy in blockchain platforms. The proposed solutions frequently emphasise the role of privacy-compliance technologies to be incorporated into the blockchain design. Often, these solutions imply a techno-regulatory approach, ignoring that the level of privacy implemented in a blockchain involves legal and policy choices, disregarding the need to implement human participation and contestability in these platforms. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes to examine how privacy-compliance technologies can incorporate human participation and contestability: first, resorting to the interdisciplinary literature to examine how technological design could balance privacy with human oversight; second, discussing the challenges to ensure ex post contestability for aggrieved data subjects; third, examining the difficulties in identifying liable parties in a blockchain platform. The current disregard of the social and human element risks undermining the role of privacy-compliance technologies in the blockchain.
{"title":"Layers of privacy in the blockchain: from technological solutionism to human-centred privacy-compliance technologies","authors":"Pablo Marcello Baquero","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000465","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Different organisations recently published reports identifying the challenges and potential solutions to ensure privacy in blockchain platforms. The proposed solutions frequently emphasise the role of privacy-compliance technologies to be incorporated into the blockchain design. Often, these solutions imply a techno-regulatory approach, ignoring that the level of privacy implemented in a blockchain involves legal and policy choices, disregarding the need to implement human participation and contestability in these platforms. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes to examine how privacy-compliance technologies can incorporate human participation and contestability: first, resorting to the interdisciplinary literature to examine how technological design could balance privacy with human oversight; second, discussing the challenges to ensure ex post contestability for aggrieved data subjects; third, examining the difficulties in identifying liable parties in a blockchain platform. The current disregard of the social and human element risks undermining the role of privacy-compliance technologies in the blockchain.","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44998172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000428
{"title":"IJC volume 18 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1744552322000428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000428","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45455,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Context","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41948781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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