International Journal of Law in Context最新文献

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Politicised Bureaucrats: Conflicting Loyalties, Professionalism and the Law in the Making of Public Services 政治化的官僚:公共服务中相互冲突的忠诚、专业和法律

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000246

Sophie Andreetta, A. Kolloch

Abstract Over recent years, public servants from across the world, from French nurses and Belgian social workers to Beninese judges, have been protesting their governments. These protests, some even overt, have erupted in response to specific policies imposed on them or needing to be enforced by them. This Special Issue, however, delves into diverse processes, strategies, actions and practices adopted by civil servants in delivering or administering a public service, be that health care, education, welfare and the like, by extension, seeking to redefine the state or the experience of the state (as a body of institutions, services, public policies, etc.) at the micro-level. Often daily practices of public servants when administering public services directly or indirectly challenge and undermine such legal and policy directives of the government that defy their own idea(l)s of stateness. These findings are drawn from recent works on the making of stateness, which explore the day-to-day work of public servants, especially their interaction with users and their exercise of discretion in implementing public policies. The studies focus on how public servants critically engage with the state and interrogate its policies, mainly to instil (or prevent) political change. A critical engagement with the conflicting loyalties of individual bureaucrats will expand our current understanding of street-level bureaucracies. That also entails observing and analysing their ambivalent responses to new governmental injunctions on a day-to-day basis and their attempts to reinterpret and redefine professionalism as they navigate their conflicting loyalties.

摘要近年来，来自世界各地的公务员，从法国护士、比利时社会工作者到贝宁法官，一直在抗议他们的政府。这些抗议活动，有些甚至是公开的，是针对强加给他们或需要他们执行的具体政策而爆发的。然而，本期特刊深入探讨了公务员在提供或管理公共服务时所采取的各种过程、战略、行动和做法，无论是医疗保健、教育、福利等，都试图在微观层面重新定义国家或国家（作为一个机构、服务、公共政策等的机构）的经验。公务员在管理公共服务时的日常做法往往直接或间接挑战和破坏政府的法律和政策指令，这些指令违背了他们自己的国家理念。这些发现来源于最近关于国家地位的研究，这些研究探讨了公务员的日常工作，特别是他们与用户的互动以及他们在执行公共政策时行使的自由裁量权。这些研究的重点是公务员如何批判性地与国家接触并质疑其政策，主要是为了灌输（或阻止）政治变革。对个别官僚相互矛盾的忠诚进行批判性的接触，将扩大我们目前对街头官僚机构的理解。这也需要观察和分析他们每天对新政府禁令的矛盾反应，以及他们在处理相互冲突的忠诚时试图重新解释和定义专业精神。

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引用次数: 0

IJC volume 18 issue 3 Cover and Front matter IJC第18卷第3期封面和封面问题

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000416

引用次数: 0

Situating ‘law’ as ‘culture’ in scholarly discourse on the International Criminal Court: a reflection on Fraser and McGonigle Leyh's Intersections of Law and Culture at the International Criminal Court 将“法律”定位为国际刑事法院学术话语中的“文化”——弗雷泽和麦戈尼格尔·莱赫的《国际刑事法院法律与文化的交叉》反思

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000295

Tomas Hamilton

Within the rich literature on the International Criminal Court (ICC), across international criminal law scholarship, transitional justice and international relations, the study of ‘law and culture’ has a lengthy pedigree. After the ICC came into operation on 1 July 2002, several years followed before the first monographs on the Court's law and culture were published, notably Sarah Nouwen's Complementarity in the Line of Fire (2013) and Phil Clark's Distant Justice (2018). This delay reflected the years of field-based research necessary for empirically minded scholars to usefully comment on the Court. The writing of these scholars was informed by long periods spent in the field in ICC situation countries, enabling them to bring a meaningful understanding of the lives of affected communities to their analysis of the Court's impact. Clark's book, for instance, was the culmination of eleven years of research and fieldwork in ICC situation countries (Clark, 2018). These extensive periods of contact with victims and survivors have brought fresh perspectives on the ICC to those of us whose work is, necessarily, focused on proceedings in The Hague and who are, inevitably, unable to claim genuine long-term familiarity with the local meaning of the Court's proceedings for those whose lives we believe or hope we are (positively) impacting. Well-executed field-based research has so much to offer because it can be at once intellectually distanced from court proceedings in The Hague, while intellectually proximate to the locus delicti of international criminal justice in affected communities.

在关于国际刑事法院的丰富文献中，在国际刑法学术、过渡时期司法和国际关系中，对“法律和文化”的研究有着悠久的渊源。国际刑事法院于2002年7月1日开始运作后，几年后，第一本关于国际刑事法院法律和文化的专著才出版，尤其是Sarah Nouwen的《火线上的互补性》（2013）和Phil Clark的《遥远的正义》（2018）。这一延迟反映了多年来有经验的学者对法院进行有益评论所需的实地研究。这些学者的写作得益于他们在国际刑事法院情况国家的长期实地考察，使他们能够对受影响社区的生活有意义的了解，从而分析国际刑事法院的影响。例如，克拉克的书是国际刑事法院情境国家11年研究和实地调查的成果（Clark，2018）。这些与受害者和幸存者的广泛接触为我们这些工作必然集中在海牙诉讼程序上的人带来了对国际刑事法院的新看法，而对于那些我们相信或希望我们（积极）影响他们生活的人来说，他们不可避免地无法声称真正长期熟悉国际刑事法院诉讼程序的当地意义。执行良好的实地研究有很多可以提供的，因为它可以在智力上与海牙的法庭程序保持距离，同时在智力上接近受影响社区的国际刑事司法犯罪地点。

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引用次数: 0

Charitable purposes and the shaping effects of money 慈善目的和金钱的塑造作用

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-08-18 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552322000313

Dave Cowan, Barbara Hardy

We address a curious omission from both the literature on the law of charity and socio-legal studies – the effect of apparently extraneous factors, such as politics and ideology, as well as the searching for money on the charitable purposes and identities of the public who are to benefit from the charity. This is a curious omission because even the law accepts that the idea of public benefit in charity law is a sociological concept, albeit one that has developed a technical meaning. We argue that approaching charitable purposes and public benefit as sociological concepts enables us to appreciate the tensions that those external factors produce as they re-shape those purposes and refashion the public who are to benefit. We refer to these factors under the rubric of the shaping effects of money. We use a case-study of the Canal and River Trust (CRT) to develop this argument. The trust was set up by the government as a charity to manage and control 2,000 miles of inland waterways in England and Wales. We draw on interviews with households who live on boats and ‘continuously cruise’ those boats on the canals to illustrate how their interests have been marginalised as the CRT has re-shaped itself as a well-being charity.

我们解决了关于慈善法和社会法律研究的文献中一个奇怪的遗漏——明显无关因素的影响，如政治和意识形态，以及对慈善目的和公众身份的金钱追求，这些公众将从慈善事业中受益。这是一个奇怪的遗漏，因为即使法律也承认慈善法中的公共利益概念是一个社会学概念，尽管它已经发展出了技术意义。我们认为，将慈善目的和公共利益视为社会学概念，使我们能够理解这些外部因素在重塑这些目的和重塑受益的公众时所产生的紧张关系。我们把这些因素称为货币的塑造效应。我们使用运河和河流信托基金(CRT)的案例研究来发展这一论点。该信托基金是由政府设立的慈善机构，负责管理和控制英格兰和威尔士2000英里的内陆水道。我们对那些住在船上的家庭进行了采访，并在运河上“不断巡航”这些船只，以说明他们的利益是如何被边缘化的，因为CRT将自己重新塑造为一个福利慈善机构。

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引用次数: 0

Bureaucracies under authoritarian pressure: legal destabilisation, politicisation and bureaucratic subjectivities in contemporary Turkey 威权压力下的官僚机构:当代土耳其的法律不稳定、政治化和官僚主体性

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000234

Erol Saglam

Abstract Drawing on ethnographic research across two street-level bureaucratic institutions in Istanbul, Turkey in the late 2010s, this paper traces the causes and implications of the politicisation of bureaucrats in the context of authoritarianisation. It argues that politicisation of bureaucrats cannot solely be taken as a reflection of the erosion of bureaucratic autonomy and capacity but must be explored further to reveal how bureaucrats cope with authoritarian pressure as well socio-legal destabilisations to preserve their institutional ethos. To this aim, I demonstrate how bureaucrats get politicised in response to authoritarian policies and, in turn, labour to uphold the rule of law despite politico-legal risks. The paper particularly focuses on how bureaucrats weave political solidarity and circulate anti-government discourses and how they use their knowledge of the legal-regulatory repertoire and archives to deter and ‘correct’ unlawful practices through their everyday work. The paper generates insights into the fashionings of political subjectivities and agency by bureaucrats through their labouring in the face of authoritarian interventions, legal disruptions and the increasing interactions with the citizenry. In doing this, my objective is to shed light on the everyday workings of authoritarian state and to get a better picture of the way the law is ‘made real’ (Latour, 2002) across mundane encounters between bureaucrats and the citizenry.

本文以2010年代末土耳其伊斯坦布尔两个街头官僚机构的民族志研究为基础，追溯了威权化背景下官僚政治化的原因和影响。它认为，官僚的政治化不能仅仅被视为官僚自治和能力受到侵蚀的反映，而必须进一步探索，以揭示官僚如何应对威权主义压力以及社会-法律不稳定，以保持其制度精神。为此，我展示了官僚如何在应对威权政策时变得政治化，反过来，他们如何不顾政治法律风险，努力维护法治。本文特别关注官僚如何组织政治团结和传播反政府言论，以及他们如何利用自己对法律监管的知识和档案，在日常工作中阻止和“纠正”非法行为。本文通过官僚在面对威权干预、法律干扰和与公民日益增加的互动时的努力，对政治主体性和机构的形成产生了深刻的见解。在这样做的过程中，我的目标是阐明专制国家的日常运作，并通过官僚和公民之间的世俗遭遇，更好地了解法律“成为现实”的方式(拉图尔，2002)。

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引用次数: 3

Failing, writing, litigating: daily practices of resistance in Belgian welfare bureaucracies 失败、写作、诉讼：比利时福利官僚机构的日常反抗实践

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1017/S174455232200026X

Sophie Andreetta

Abstract This paper builds on ethnographic fieldwork in Belgian welfare administrations to identify daily practices of resistance among Belgian ‘welfare bureaucrats’ who interrogate the new welfare and immigration law reforms that further restrict migrants’ access to social assistance. The contestation strategies are used to circumvent and sometimes break the formal and informal policy guidelines while still allowing them to perform and remain loyal to the state and to higher principles such as a commitment to the fundamental right to human dignity. Three main contestation strategies are identified: failing to provide certain services to demonstrate the absurdity of certain guidelines, writing reports against the administration and in favour of the user, and encouraging litigation against the federal agencies that employ them. These strategies show Belgian welfare workers’ commitment to providing a form of public service that aligns with their professional ethos rather than enforcing specific government policies.

本文建立在比利时福利管理部门的民族志田野调查的基础上，以确定比利时“福利官僚”之间的日常抵抗实践，他们质疑新的福利和移民法改革，进一步限制了移民获得社会援助的机会。争论策略被用来规避，有时甚至打破正式和非正式的政策指导方针，同时仍然允许他们执行并保持对国家和更高原则的忠诚，例如对人类尊严的基本权利的承诺。确定了三种主要的争论策略:未能提供某些服务以证明某些指导方针的荒谬性，撰写不利于管理而有利于用户的报告，以及鼓励对雇用他们的联邦机构提起诉讼。这些策略表明比利时福利工作者致力于提供一种与他们的职业精神相一致的公共服务形式，而不是执行特定的政府政策。

引用次数: 1

Translating politics into policy implementation: welfare frontline workers in polarised Brazil 将政治转化为政策实施:两极分化的巴西的福利一线工人

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000258

F. Eiró

Abstract How is policy implementation affected by increased polarisation and extreme shifts in politics? In order to address this question, the paper focuses on frontline workers’ (street-level bureaucrats’) interpretations of political shifts and how these are then translated into practice. Building on ethnographic fieldwork conducted among social workers in Northeast Brazil, the paper proposes a theoretical framework for analysing the influence of political landscapes on policy implementation by foregrounding the political processes in which these agents play a critical role. Drawing on empirical data, the paper proposes ideal types of possible outcomes of translation practices – counterbalance, collaboration, resistance – that function as a guiding framework for future research.

政治两极分化加剧和极端转变如何影响政策实施?为了解决这个问题，本文重点关注一线工人(街头官僚)对政治转变的解释，以及如何将这些解释转化为实践。基于对巴西东北部社会工作者进行的民族志田野调查，本文提出了一个理论框架，通过突出这些代理人发挥关键作用的政治过程，分析政治景观对政策实施的影响。根据实证数据，本文提出了翻译实践可能产生的理想结果类型——平衡、协作、抵制，为今后的研究提供了指导框架。

引用次数: 3

Magistrates marching in the streets: making and debating judicial independence and the rule of law in Benin 治安法官在街头游行：在贝宁制定和辩论司法独立和法治

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000283

A. Kolloch

Abstract Since 2012, judges and prosecutors in Benin have repeatedly protested against political interference and demanded compliance with their statutorily guaranteed independence. In 2014 and 2017, magistrates demonstrated in their judicial robes in the streets, protesting against the government's bill to deprive them of their right to strike and other freedoms. Benin has been described as a ‘success story of democracy’ (Stroh and Never, 2006, p. 1) and even as a ‘model democracy’ (cf. Kohnert, 1996, p. 78; Magnusson, 2001, p. 211; Bierschenk, 2009) since its peaceful transition to democratic conditions and its participation in a national conference in 1990/91. So why were magistrates in Benin demonstrating in the streets for the first time in the history of their profession? Based on fieldwork in Benin in 2009 and 2015 and archival research in 2017 in France, my paper analyses the change in the style of interactions between parts of the executive and parts of the judiciary in the history of the profession – a change from political negotiation to confrontation. Through their strikes and industrial action, magistrates fought for judicial independence; yet, at the same time they constructed legality and strengthened democracy because their actions emphasised the rule of law. My paper also considers the specifics of their strikes in the context of other striking civil servants. When magistrates, as bureaucrats, become politically active, it marks a transformation in their self-conception, as they are usually reserved and withdraw themselves from political and public spheres.

摘要自2012年以来，贝宁的法官和检察官多次抗议政治干预，并要求遵守法律保障的独立性。2014年和2017年，地方法官穿着司法长袍在街头示威，抗议政府剥夺他们罢工权和其他自由的法案。贝宁被描述为“民主的成功故事”（Stroh和Never，2006年，第1页），甚至是“民主典范”（参见Kohnert，1996年，第78页；Magnusson，2001年，第211页；Bierschenk，2009年），因为它和平过渡到民主条件并参加了1990/91年的一次全国会议。那么，为什么贝宁的地方法官在其职业历史上首次在街头示威呢？基于2009年和2015年在贝宁的实地调查以及2017年在法国的档案研究，我的论文分析了该行业历史上行政部门和司法部门之间互动风格的变化——从政治谈判到对抗的变化。地方法官通过罢工和劳工行动争取司法独立；然而，与此同时，由于他们的行动强调法治，他们构建了合法性并加强了民主。我的论文还结合其他罢工公务员的情况来考虑他们罢工的具体情况。当地方法官作为官僚在政治上变得活跃时，这标志着他们自我概念的转变，因为他们通常是保守的，并退出政治和公共领域。

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引用次数: 0

Changing the administration from within: criticism and compliance by junior bureaucrats in Niger's Refugee Directorate 从内部改变政府：尼日尔难民局初级官员的批评和遵守

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1017/S1744552322000271

L. Lambert

Abstract Research has rarely investigated the actions bureaucrats take to challenge the status quo of their organisation from within. Proposing a power-analytical approach to voice, exit and everyday resistance as political strategies of challenging the bureaucratic status quo, I study the difficulties of achieving organisational change in a context of structural constraints on junior bureaucrats’ reformative power. During field research in Niger's Refugee Directorate, I found that despite the associated risks, junior bureaucrats criticised their working conditions and, in confidential conversations, the administration. As precarious staff, they often combined criticism with compliance. In frequent acts of semi-private criticism amongst peers and with external actors, they problematised their working conditions and the state, but performed symbolic conformity in the everyday to avoid sanctions. This strategy nevertheless created autonomy for themselves and mobilised external actors for change-making. In rarer acts of direct criticism voiced to their superiors, the junior staff often complied with the same informal solidarities they vocally criticised.

摘要研究很少调查官僚们从内部挑战组织现状的行为。我提出了一种权力分析方法，将声音、退出和日常抵抗作为挑战官僚现状的政治策略，研究了在初级官僚改革权力受到结构性约束的背景下实现组织变革的困难。在尼日尔难民局的实地研究中，我发现，尽管存在相关风险，但初级官员还是批评了他们的工作条件，并在机密对话中批评了政府。作为不稳定的员工，他们经常将批评与合规结合起来。在同行和外部行为者之间频繁的半私人批评行为中，他们质疑自己的工作条件和国家，但在日常生活中表现出象征性的顺从，以避免制裁。尽管如此，这一战略还是为自己创造了自主权，并动员外部行为者进行变革。在向上级表达直接批评的罕见行为中，下级员工经常遵守他们口头批评的非正式团结。

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引用次数: 0

Distributing the costs of change: property transitions and pacts 分配变化的成本:财产转移和契约

IF 0.8 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Journal of Law in Context

Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1017/s1744552321000719

Rachael Walsh

In A Liberal Theory of Property (2021), Hanoch Dagan makes an important, thought-provoking contribution to property theory – one that unifies divergent, and at time apparently dichotomous, strands of thought in property theory and revives rich dormant ideas. Dagan persuasively centres property's justification and design on the value of autonomy and on the basic need for reciprocal recognition of the individual right to self-determination. He does so without excluding the relevance and significance of other property values, both public and private. The theory deepens existing debates within property scholarship about values such as freedom and personhood, and provides a wide-reaching analysis of how autonomy functions as property's telos. That telos is used to justify structural pluralism in property law and to delimit owners’ rights. In this way, for Dagan, property's justification determines the nature and ambit of private authority over resources.

在《自由财产理论》(2021)一书中，Hanoch Dagan对财产理论做出了重要的、发人深省的贡献——统一了财产理论中分歧的、有时明显是两分法的思想，并使丰富的休眠思想重新焕发活力。达甘令人信服地把财产的正当性和设计集中在自治的价值和相互承认个人自决权的基本需要上。他这样做时，并没有排除其他财产价值的相关性和重要性，无论是公共的还是私人的。该理论深化了财产学术界关于自由和人格等价值的现有争论，并提供了对自治权如何作为财产终极目标发挥作用的广泛分析。这一理论被用来证明物权法的结构多元化是合理的，并界定了所有者的权利。这样，在达根看来，财产的正当性决定了私人对资源的权力的性质和范围。

引用次数: 0

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