The study used fluorescence microscopy to examine changes in cytoskeleton configuration during development of the embryo suspensor in Gagea lutea and to describe them in tandem with the development of the embryo proper. During the early phase of embryo suspensor development, tubulin and actin filaments were observed in the cytoplasm of the basal cell from the micropylar to the chalazal ends of the cell. Around the nucleus of the basal cell were clusters of numerous microtubules. These accumulations of tubulin arrays congregated near the nucleus surface; numerous bundles of microtubules radiated from the nucleus envelope. At this time, microfilaments formed a delicate network in the cytoplasm of the basal cell. In the fully differentiated embryo suspensor, microtubules were observed at the chalazal end of the basal cell. Numerous bundles of microtubules were visualized in the cytoplasm adjacent to the wall separating the basal cell from the embryo proper. Microfilaments formed a dense network which uniformly filled the basal cell cytoplasm. There were some foci of F-actin material in the vicinity of the nucleus surface and at the chalazal end of the basal cell. In all studied phases of embryo suspensor development a prominent cortical network of actin and tubulin skeleton was observed in embryo proper cells.
{"title":"Suspensor Development in Gagea Lutea (L.) Ker Gawl., with Emphasis on the Cytoskeleton","authors":"J. Świerczyńska, J. Bohdanowicz","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0023","url":null,"abstract":"The study used fluorescence microscopy to examine changes in cytoskeleton configuration during development of the embryo suspensor in Gagea lutea and to describe them in tandem with the development of the embryo proper. During the early phase of embryo suspensor development, tubulin and actin filaments were observed in the cytoplasm of the basal cell from the micropylar to the chalazal ends of the cell. Around the nucleus of the basal cell were clusters of numerous microtubules. These accumulations of tubulin arrays congregated near the nucleus surface; numerous bundles of microtubules radiated from the nucleus envelope. At this time, microfilaments formed a delicate network in the cytoplasm of the basal cell. In the fully differentiated embryo suspensor, microtubules were observed at the chalazal end of the basal cell. Numerous bundles of microtubules were visualized in the cytoplasm adjacent to the wall separating the basal cell from the embryo proper. Microfilaments formed a dense network which uniformly filled the basal cell cytoplasm. There were some foci of F-actin material in the vicinity of the nucleus surface and at the chalazal end of the basal cell. In all studied phases of embryo suspensor development a prominent cortical network of actin and tubulin skeleton was observed in embryo proper cells.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many Asteraceae species have been introduced into horticulture as ornamental or interesting exotic plants. Some of them, including Solidago and Galinsoga , are now aggressive weeds; others such as Ratibida are not. Special modifications of the ovule tissue and the occurrence of nutritive tissue have been described in several Asteraceae species, including invasive Taraxacum species. This study examined whether such modifications might also occur in other genera. We found that the three genera examined – Galinsoga ( G. quadriradiata ), Solidago ( S. canadensis , S. rigida , S. gigantea ) and Ratibida ( R. pinnata ) – differed in their nutritive tissue structure. According to changes in the integument, we identified three types of ovules in Asteraceae: “Taraxacum” type (recorded in Taraxacum , Bellis , Solidago , Chondrilla ), with well-developed nutritive tissue having very swollen cell walls of spongy structure; “Galinsoga” type (in Galinsoga ), in which the nutritive tissue cells have more cyto- plasm and thicker cell walls than the other integument parenchyma cells, and in which the most prominent character of the nutritive tissue cells is well-developed rough ER; and “Ratibida” type (in Ratibida ), in which the nutritive tissue is only slightly developed and consists of large highly vacuolated cells. Our study and future investigations of ovule structure may be useful in phylogenetic analyses.
{"title":"Comparative anatomy of ovules in Galinsoga, Solidago and Ratibida (Asteraceae)","authors":"J. Kolczyk, P. Stolarczyk, B. Płachno","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Many Asteraceae species have been introduced into horticulture as ornamental or interesting exotic plants. Some of them, including Solidago and Galinsoga , are now aggressive weeds; others such as Ratibida are not. Special modifications of the ovule tissue and the occurrence of nutritive tissue have been described in several Asteraceae species, including invasive Taraxacum species. This study examined whether such modifications might also occur in other genera. We found that the three genera examined – Galinsoga ( G. quadriradiata ), Solidago ( S. canadensis , S. rigida , S. gigantea ) and Ratibida ( R. pinnata ) – differed in their nutritive tissue structure. According to changes in the integument, we identified three types of ovules in Asteraceae: “Taraxacum” type (recorded in Taraxacum , Bellis , Solidago , Chondrilla ), with well-developed nutritive tissue having very swollen cell walls of spongy structure; “Galinsoga” type (in Galinsoga ), in which the nutritive tissue cells have more cyto- plasm and thicker cell walls than the other integument parenchyma cells, and in which the most prominent character of the nutritive tissue cells is well-developed rough ER; and “Ratibida” type (in Ratibida ), in which the nutritive tissue is only slightly developed and consists of large highly vacuolated cells. Our study and future investigations of ovule structure may be useful in phylogenetic analyses.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) JIM13, JIM15 and MAC207, we investigated the temporal and spatial dis- tribution of some arabinogalactan protein (AGP) epitopes in cells of the Bellis perennis L. anther at different developmental stages. AGP epitopes recognized by JIM13 were detected in the protoplasts of tapetal cells, divid- ing microsporocytes, and microspores; AGP epitopes recognized by JIM15 were present in the cytoplasm of tapetal cells only at the stage with tetrads of microspores in the anther loculus. AGP epitopes recognized by MAC207 were present in the cells of different somatic tissues of the flower bud, but after asymmetric mitosis in the microspore they appeared abundantly in the protoplasts of immature pollen and were still present in mature pollen grains. Callose, revealed by mAb, appeared at the same stage of microsporocyte division as AGPs labelled with JIM13 and JIM15. We discuss the differences in callose and AGP localization and the possible role of the latter during anther development.
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS DURING MICROSPOROGENESIS IN THE ANTHER OF BELLIS PERENNIS L. (ASTERACEAE)","authors":"B. Chudzik, E. Szczuka, B. Zarzyka, A. Leszczuk","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) JIM13, JIM15 and MAC207, we investigated the temporal and spatial dis- tribution of some arabinogalactan protein (AGP) epitopes in cells of the Bellis perennis L. anther at different developmental stages. AGP epitopes recognized by JIM13 were detected in the protoplasts of tapetal cells, divid- ing microsporocytes, and microspores; AGP epitopes recognized by JIM15 were present in the cytoplasm of tapetal cells only at the stage with tetrads of microspores in the anther loculus. AGP epitopes recognized by MAC207 were present in the cells of different somatic tissues of the flower bud, but after asymmetric mitosis in the microspore they appeared abundantly in the protoplasts of immature pollen and were still present in mature pollen grains. Callose, revealed by mAb, appeared at the same stage of microsporocyte division as AGPs labelled with JIM13 and JIM15. We discuss the differences in callose and AGP localization and the possible role of the latter during anther development.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Zielińska, Krystyna Matusiak-Mikulin, Krzysztof Grabski, Anna Heda, Aleksandra Krzykowska, Z. Tukaj
Conditioned medium (CM) is a general term describing media in which cells have already been cultivated for some time. Such media, usually clarified by filtration, have been used by plant biotechnologists as additives supporting the growth of cell suspensions, organs and whole plants. This study examined the effect of CM obtained from green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus on the growth and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana in culture in vitro. Plants where cultured on CM diluted 1.25-, 2and 5-fold with MS medium. The increase in fresh and dry weight was highest in tobacco and Arabidopsis cultured on CM/2 and CM/1.25 media. Those two concentrations also increased the amount of chlorophylls in both plants tested. CM improved parameter PI (reflecting the photosynthetic "vitality" of the organism) and electron transport efficiency, and increased the fraction of active reaction centers. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo suggests that the improvement of these plants grown in the presence of algal CM may result from stimulation of photosynthesis. Algal CM offers a convenient, cheap, universal supplement for stimulating the growth of higher plants in vitro.
{"title":"Growth Improvement of Nicotiana and Arabidopsis In Vitro by Microalgal Conditioned Media","authors":"E. Zielińska, Krystyna Matusiak-Mikulin, Krzysztof Grabski, Anna Heda, Aleksandra Krzykowska, Z. Tukaj","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Conditioned medium (CM) is a general term describing media in which cells have already been cultivated for some time. Such media, usually clarified by filtration, have been used by plant biotechnologists as additives supporting the growth of cell suspensions, organs and whole plants. This study examined the effect of CM obtained from green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus on the growth and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana in culture in vitro. Plants where cultured on CM diluted 1.25-, 2and 5-fold with MS medium. The increase in fresh and dry weight was highest in tobacco and Arabidopsis cultured on CM/2 and CM/1.25 media. Those two concentrations also increased the amount of chlorophylls in both plants tested. CM improved parameter PI (reflecting the photosynthetic \"vitality\" of the organism) and electron transport efficiency, and increased the fraction of active reaction centers. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo suggests that the improvement of these plants grown in the presence of algal CM may result from stimulation of photosynthesis. Algal CM offers a convenient, cheap, universal supplement for stimulating the growth of higher plants in vitro.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During greening, excised etiolated barley leaves and cucumber cotyledons that were depleted of exogenous Ca 2+ by a chelating agent (ethylene glycol-bis (beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N`N`-tetraacetic acid, EGTA) showed ~50% reduced chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation and ~30% accumulation of apoprotein of the light-harvesting chloro- phyll a/b-binding protein complex of photosystem II (LHCPII). The Ca 2+ channel blocker lanthanum chloride (LaCl 3 ) applied to cucumber cotyledons reduced LHCPII accumulation more than EGTA did. In both plant mate- rials, cytokinins enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by 50–60% and this effect was completely canceled by EGTA application. Hormones significantly increased LHCPII accumulation but EGTA application reduced that effect in barley leaves by ~30% and in cucumber cotyledons by ~80%. A similar effect was observed in LaCl 3 treated cotyledons. CaCl 2 application boosted chlorophyll accumulation in both plant materials. CaCl 2 applied together with cytokinin reduced the hormonal effect on chlorophyll accumulation by ~38% in barley leaves and 23% in cucumber cotyledons, but almost totally inhibited cytokinin-stimulated LHCPII accumulation. Our results indicate that calcium variously mediates the effect of cytokinin on chlorophyll and LHCPII accumulation. Cytokinin-induced enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation seems totally dependent on the exogenous pool of Ca 2+ , while Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent pathways are involved in the hormonal effect on LHCPII accumulation. The effect of cytokinin on the increase of light-induced LHCPII accumulation appears to be sensitive to exogenously applied Ca 2+ , which almost totally blocked the hormonal effect. Our results give indirect evidence that the responses to cytokinin and light act on different events leading to Chl and LHCPII accumulation.
{"title":"Calcium Variously Mediates the Effect of Cytokinin on Chlorophyll and LHCPII Accumulation During Greening in Barley Leaves and Cucumber Cotyledons","authors":"J. Legocka, E. Sobieszczuk-Nowicka","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0017","url":null,"abstract":"During greening, excised etiolated barley leaves and cucumber cotyledons that were depleted of exogenous Ca 2+ by a chelating agent (ethylene glycol-bis (beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N`N`-tetraacetic acid, EGTA) showed ~50% reduced chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation and ~30% accumulation of apoprotein of the light-harvesting chloro- phyll a/b-binding protein complex of photosystem II (LHCPII). The Ca 2+ channel blocker lanthanum chloride (LaCl 3 ) applied to cucumber cotyledons reduced LHCPII accumulation more than EGTA did. In both plant mate- rials, cytokinins enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by 50–60% and this effect was completely canceled by EGTA application. Hormones significantly increased LHCPII accumulation but EGTA application reduced that effect in barley leaves by ~30% and in cucumber cotyledons by ~80%. A similar effect was observed in LaCl 3 treated cotyledons. CaCl 2 application boosted chlorophyll accumulation in both plant materials. CaCl 2 applied together with cytokinin reduced the hormonal effect on chlorophyll accumulation by ~38% in barley leaves and 23% in cucumber cotyledons, but almost totally inhibited cytokinin-stimulated LHCPII accumulation. Our results indicate that calcium variously mediates the effect of cytokinin on chlorophyll and LHCPII accumulation. Cytokinin-induced enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation seems totally dependent on the exogenous pool of Ca 2+ , while Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent pathways are involved in the hormonal effect on LHCPII accumulation. The effect of cytokinin on the increase of light-induced LHCPII accumulation appears to be sensitive to exogenously applied Ca 2+ , which almost totally blocked the hormonal effect. Our results give indirect evidence that the responses to cytokinin and light act on different events leading to Chl and LHCPII accumulation.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ioannis Nikolaos Xynias, Antonios Koufalis, E. Gouli-vavdinoudi, D. Roupakias
The effect of two in planta factors (growth conditions, genotype) and two in vitro factors (time of embryo rescue, embryo rescue medium) on doubled haploid (DH) plant production in bread wheat via maize technique was investigated in nine F 1 hybrids produced after crossing four bread wheat cultivars. During the first year one group of F 1 plants was grown in a field and at the proper stage pollinated with maize pollen (sweet corn popu- lation). In parallel, a second group of F 1 plants was grown in a growth chamber and pollinated as in the former group. In the second growing season the experiment was repeated but only field-grown plants were used. All the produced haploid embryos were cultured in three different media and the resulting 146 haploid plants were subsequently treated with aqueous solution of colchicine. Finally, 86 doubled haploid plants were obtained. We noted that the growing conditions of the parental plants and the intervening time between day of pollination and day of embryo rescue influenced the percentage of haploid embryo production. Culture medium also influenced haploid and doubled haploid plant production. The two media (MS/2, B5) were found equally effective. Most of the haploid embryos originated from the Penios × Acheloos cross, whereas most of the doubled haploid plants were produced from the KVZ × Penios cross. Doubled haploid plants were produced from all crosses. Culture, doubled haploid, embryos, haploid, maize technique, Triticum aestivum L.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Doubled Haploid Plant Production Via Maize Technique in Bread Wheat","authors":"Ioannis Nikolaos Xynias, Antonios Koufalis, E. Gouli-vavdinoudi, D. Roupakias","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0022","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of two in planta factors (growth conditions, genotype) and two in vitro factors (time of embryo rescue, embryo rescue medium) on doubled haploid (DH) plant production in bread wheat via maize technique was investigated in nine F 1 hybrids produced after crossing four bread wheat cultivars. During the first year one group of F 1 plants was grown in a field and at the proper stage pollinated with maize pollen (sweet corn popu- lation). In parallel, a second group of F 1 plants was grown in a growth chamber and pollinated as in the former group. In the second growing season the experiment was repeated but only field-grown plants were used. All the produced haploid embryos were cultured in three different media and the resulting 146 haploid plants were subsequently treated with aqueous solution of colchicine. Finally, 86 doubled haploid plants were obtained. We noted that the growing conditions of the parental plants and the intervening time between day of pollination and day of embryo rescue influenced the percentage of haploid embryo production. Culture medium also influenced haploid and doubled haploid plant production. The two media (MS/2, B5) were found equally effective. Most of the haploid embryos originated from the Penios × Acheloos cross, whereas most of the doubled haploid plants were produced from the KVZ × Penios cross. Doubled haploid plants were produced from all crosses. Culture, doubled haploid, embryos, haploid, maize technique, Triticum aestivum L.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extensive studies have been performed to elucidate the role of brassinosteroids (BRs), an important class of phy- tohormone in plant growth, development, and photomorphogenesis. Different wavelengths of light recognized by photoreceptors play a crucial role in plant development. The role of different photoreceptors in BR signaling has not been analyzed. Here we used photoreceptor single mutants, double mutants and even a quadruple mutant to analyze BR-dependent hypocotyl growth and gene regulation. All the photoreceptor mutants differed from the controls in their response to BR, and hypocotyl elongation as well as BR marker gene regulation were inhibited by application of propiconazole (PCZ), a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. In addition, altered Phytochrome and Cryptochrome expression in brassinosteroid insensitive 1 mutant bri1-5 and brassinazole-resistant 1 dominant mutant bzr1-D indicated that BR negatively regulates photoreceptors in transcriptional levels. This is the first study to investigate the connections between BR and photoreceptors in Arabidopsis .
{"title":"Interaction Between Photoreceptors and BR Signaling in Arabidopsis","authors":"Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, D. Yao, Y. Xuan","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive studies have been performed to elucidate the role of brassinosteroids (BRs), an important class of phy- tohormone in plant growth, development, and photomorphogenesis. Different wavelengths of light recognized by photoreceptors play a crucial role in plant development. The role of different photoreceptors in BR signaling has not been analyzed. Here we used photoreceptor single mutants, double mutants and even a quadruple mutant to analyze BR-dependent hypocotyl growth and gene regulation. All the photoreceptor mutants differed from the controls in their response to BR, and hypocotyl elongation as well as BR marker gene regulation were inhibited by application of propiconazole (PCZ), a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. In addition, altered Phytochrome and Cryptochrome expression in brassinosteroid insensitive 1 mutant bri1-5 and brassinazole-resistant 1 dominant mutant bzr1-D indicated that BR negatively regulates photoreceptors in transcriptional levels. This is the first study to investigate the connections between BR and photoreceptors in Arabidopsis .","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69076760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stellaria holostea is a clonal herb highly confined to well-established deciduous forests. This study examined whether its genetic diversity and spatial genetic organization in urban forest islands is similar to the values from well-established populations outside urban landscape. We studied four populations in Warsaw and two populations from well preserved forests outside the city. Genetic diversity was greater in populations from well-preserved forests than from forests heavily exploited in the past. High clonal diversity indices indicate that the studied populations did not lose the ability to reproduce sexually. The small populations in urban forests differed from the remaining sites in spatial organization. High overall FST (0.24) and the lack of correlation between genetic and geographic distance between the studied populations indicate limited gene flow. Urban forests may be of great value for conservation of S. holostea and other ancient forest species as they may still harbor substantial genetic variability despite their isolation.
{"title":"GENETIC DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL GENETIC STRUCTURE OF STELLARIA HOLOSTEA POPULATIONS FROM URBAN FOREST ISLANDS","authors":"M. Wódkiewicz, B. Gruszczyńska","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Stellaria holostea is a clonal herb highly confined to well-established deciduous forests. This study examined whether its genetic diversity and spatial genetic organization in urban forest islands is similar to the values from well-established populations outside urban landscape. We studied four populations in Warsaw and two populations from well preserved forests outside the city. Genetic diversity was greater in populations from well-preserved forests than from forests heavily exploited in the past. High clonal diversity indices indicate that the studied populations did not lose the ability to reproduce sexually. The small populations in urban forests differed from the remaining sites in spatial organization. High overall FST (0.24) and the lack of correlation between genetic and geographic distance between the studied populations indicate limited gene flow. Urban forests may be of great value for conservation of S. holostea and other ancient forest species as they may still harbor substantial genetic variability despite their isolation.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2014-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69075509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Góralski, M. Bal, P. Gacek, Tomasz Orzechowski, Agnieszka Kosecka-Wierzejska
The chromosome numbers and frequency of polyploids were compared in life forms of Asteraceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae. Both parameters were higher in Poaceae and Rosaceae than in Asteraceae. Among the life forms, longlived plants including perennials and woody plants (shrubs and trees) generally had higher chromosome numbers and consequently polyploid frequencies than short-lived species (annuals and biennials). The families surveyed have different frequencies of life forms. Asteraceae and Rosaceae are both dicots, but the life forms in Asteraceae are more similar to Poaceae than to Rosaceae. To separate the influence of life form, in a series of tests we compared life forms from the same families. These results also showed that long-lived forms generally have more chromosomes than short-lived ones.
{"title":"Chromosome Numbers and Polyploidy in Life Forms of Asteraceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae in Polish Flora","authors":"G. Góralski, M. Bal, P. Gacek, Tomasz Orzechowski, Agnieszka Kosecka-Wierzejska","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0001","url":null,"abstract":"The chromosome numbers and frequency of polyploids were compared in life forms of Asteraceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae. Both parameters were higher in Poaceae and Rosaceae than in Asteraceae. Among the life forms, longlived plants including perennials and woody plants (shrubs and trees) generally had higher chromosome numbers and consequently polyploid frequencies than short-lived species (annuals and biennials). The families surveyed have different frequencies of life forms. Asteraceae and Rosaceae are both dicots, but the life forms in Asteraceae are more similar to Poaceae than to Rosaceae. To separate the influence of life form, in a series of tests we compared life forms from the same families. These results also showed that long-lived forms generally have more chromosomes than short-lived ones.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2014-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69075850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cell pattern and ultrasculpture were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in bulb tunics of 46 Allium species to determine the diagnostic value of micromorphological characters. The study examined the diversity of these characters, evaluated their usefulness at different taxonomic levels (species, section, subgenus), and considered the results in relation to the recent intrageneric classification of the genus. Detailed characteristics are provided for the investigated species, and taxa showing the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in bulb tunic cells are indicated. The results suggest that several bulb tunic characters are of taxonomic significance in Allium as their variation between specimens of the same species was negligible; they can be useful elements of species descriptions and determination keys. Allium subgenus Allium shows considerable variation of bulb tunic ultrasculpture and hexagonal or elongated cell patterns. Differences in ultrasculpture are sufficient to distinguish species within the Amerallium subgenus. Three subgenera ( Anguinum , Butomissa , Reticulatobulbosa ) are characterized by fibrous tunics with reticulate ultrasculpture. Rectangular to elliptic cells with thick walls, giving the bulb tunic an almost perforated structure, are characteristic for Allium subgenus Cepa . No specific pattern was found for Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum and Polyprason . The only representative of subgenus Microscordum ( Allium monanthum ) showed distinct herringbone ultrasculpture. The bulbs of Allium subgenus Rhizirideum representatives can be distinguished by their linear ultrasculpture following the long axis of the elongated cells. Allium bulb tunic ultrasculpture and cell pattern show some degree of variability. These characters are of potential use in taxonomic delimitation, species determination and further study of the relation- ships between Amerallium
{"title":"Cell Pattern and Ultrasculpture of Bulb Tunics of Selected Allium Species (Amaryllidaceae) and their Diagnostic Value","authors":"K. Rola","doi":"10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ABCSB-2014-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Cell pattern and ultrasculpture were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in bulb tunics of 46 Allium species to determine the diagnostic value of micromorphological characters. The study examined the diversity of these characters, evaluated their usefulness at different taxonomic levels (species, section, subgenus), and considered the results in relation to the recent intrageneric classification of the genus. Detailed characteristics are provided for the investigated species, and taxa showing the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in bulb tunic cells are indicated. The results suggest that several bulb tunic characters are of taxonomic significance in Allium as their variation between specimens of the same species was negligible; they can be useful elements of species descriptions and determination keys. Allium subgenus Allium shows considerable variation of bulb tunic ultrasculpture and hexagonal or elongated cell patterns. Differences in ultrasculpture are sufficient to distinguish species within the Amerallium subgenus. Three subgenera ( Anguinum , Butomissa , Reticulatobulbosa ) are characterized by fibrous tunics with reticulate ultrasculpture. Rectangular to elliptic cells with thick walls, giving the bulb tunic an almost perforated structure, are characteristic for Allium subgenus Cepa . No specific pattern was found for Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum and Polyprason . The only representative of subgenus Microscordum ( Allium monanthum ) showed distinct herringbone ultrasculpture. The bulbs of Allium subgenus Rhizirideum representatives can be distinguished by their linear ultrasculpture following the long axis of the elongated cells. Allium bulb tunic ultrasculpture and cell pattern show some degree of variability. These characters are of potential use in taxonomic delimitation, species determination and further study of the relation- ships between Amerallium","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2014-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69075918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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