Spoken in a multilingual environment characterised by continuous contacts with other languages, Singapore English (SgE) is a singular object of study. Its modal system has also been developing in independent ways compared to inner-circle varieties, e.g. British English, its historical ancestor. Different approaches have attempted to explain such developments, including the substratist and the grammaticalisation approaches. The present paper explores both these approaches with the aim of examining the role that they may have in the development of the (semi-)modal verbs of necessity in SgE. Using some corpus analysis conducted on informal data, it will be shown why the substratist approach does not seem sufficient to explain the relatively frequent non-epistemic uses of must in SgE. It will be discussed how SgE must could be instead replicating older dynamic uses, typical of Middle English times (1100–1500 CE), according to a process known as replica grammaticalisation as recapitulation (Ziegeler 2014).
{"title":"Necessity modal development in Singapore English","authors":"Carmelo Alessandro Basile","doi":"10.1075/eww.22019.bas","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22019.bas","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spoken in a multilingual environment characterised by continuous contacts with other languages, Singapore English\u0000 (SgE) is a singular object of study. Its modal system has also been developing in independent ways compared to inner-circle\u0000 varieties, e.g. British English, its historical ancestor. Different approaches have attempted to explain such developments,\u0000 including the substratist and the grammaticalisation approaches. The present paper explores both these approaches with the aim of\u0000 examining the role that they may have in the development of the (semi-)modal verbs of necessity in SgE. Using some corpus analysis\u0000 conducted on informal data, it will be shown why the substratist approach does not seem sufficient to explain the relatively\u0000 frequent non-epistemic uses of must in SgE. It will be discussed how SgE must could be instead\u0000 replicating older dynamic uses, typical of Middle English times (1100–1500 CE), according to a process known as\u0000 replica grammaticalisation as recapitulation (Ziegeler 2014).","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45855197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Mailhammer (2021): English on Croker Island: The Synchronic and Diachronic Dynamics of Contact and Variation","authors":"D. Schreier","doi":"10.1075/eww.22046.sch","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22046.sch","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42276603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Schröder (2021): The Dynamics of English in Namibia: Perspectives on an Emerging Variety","authors":"Susan Coetzee-Van Rooy","doi":"10.1075/eww.22049.coe","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22049.coe","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46973450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English is the most used language in the Falkland Islands; however, Spanish was also spoken in the 19th century, when beef livestock farming was one of the economic engines of the Islands. Such businesses used to be managed by gauchos from South America, and their presence is still evident in the lexicon of Falkland Islands English. This article presents a novel methodological approach to the elaboration of loanwords corpora. Loanwords are later analysed in terms of their occurrence, frequency, appearance in dictionaries and the semantic fields they have penetrated. We have attempted to account for the volume of words that Spanish speakers lent to the Islands’ English. We observed that Spanish loanwords are mainly – though not exclusively – related to horse tack and horse types: it is clear from our data that most words are tightly connected to gauchos’ vernacular and not exclusively with their equestrian duties.
{"title":"The Spanish component of Falkland Islands English","authors":"Yliana V. Rodríguez, A. Elizaincín, P. González","doi":"10.1075/eww.21017.rod","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.21017.rod","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 English is the most used language in the Falkland Islands; however, Spanish was also spoken in the 19th century, when beef livestock farming was one of the economic engines of the Islands. Such businesses used to be managed by gauchos from\u0000 South America, and their presence is still evident in the lexicon of Falkland Islands English. This article presents a novel\u0000 methodological approach to the elaboration of loanwords corpora. Loanwords are later analysed in terms of their occurrence,\u0000 frequency, appearance in dictionaries and the semantic fields they have penetrated. We have attempted to account for the volume of\u0000 words that Spanish speakers lent to the Islands’ English. We observed that Spanish loanwords are mainly – though not exclusively –\u0000 related to horse tack and horse types: it is clear from our data that most words are tightly connected to gauchos’ vernacular and\u0000 not exclusively with their equestrian duties.","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46287360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous language attitude research in Hong Kong compared Hong Kong English (HKE) to exonormative standard Englishes, whereas this study uses five varieties of HKE with more or less localised features. One hundred English language teachers were listener judges in a verbal-guise experiment, and the results showed that most of the speakers received positive evaluations, particularly on solidarity dimensions. The speaker with most local features received the most negative evaluation, but the difference was most evident on status dimensions. Thus, speakers of HKE are seen as likeable, competent and proficient, which suggests that Hong Kong may have entered into the nativisation stage of Kachru’s (1983) model. We argue that the recognition of HKE demonstrated in this study should have implications for English language teaching. We propose adopting pedagogies grounded in local language and culture, which would encourage students and teachers to express themselves in localised English, and express a local identity.
{"title":"Teachers’ attitudes towards varieties of Hong Kong English","authors":"H. Ladegaard, K. Chan","doi":"10.1075/eww.21060.lad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.21060.lad","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous language attitude research in Hong Kong compared Hong Kong English (HKE) to exonormative standard\u0000 Englishes, whereas this study uses five varieties of HKE with more or less localised features. One hundred English language\u0000 teachers were listener judges in a verbal-guise experiment, and the results showed that most of the speakers received positive\u0000 evaluations, particularly on solidarity dimensions. The speaker with most local features received the most negative evaluation,\u0000 but the difference was most evident on status dimensions. Thus, speakers of HKE are seen as likeable, competent and proficient,\u0000 which suggests that Hong Kong may have entered into the nativisation stage of Kachru’s\u0000 (1983) model. We argue that the recognition of HKE demonstrated in this study should have implications for English\u0000 language teaching. We propose adopting pedagogies grounded in local language and culture, which would encourage students and\u0000 teachers to express themselves in localised English, and express a local identity.","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45706454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study adopts an onomasiological, alternation-based approach to the exploration of grammatical variation across World Englishes, using data sourced from the 1.9 billion-word Global Web-based English corpus. The macro-orientation of the study, which investigates a set of ten alternations known to be susceptible to diachronic change, facilitates identification of a number of general trends, including the typical advancement of the Inner Circle varieties and of the South-East Asian varieties, the hypercentrality of American English, and the epicentrality of Indian English in South Asia. Possible explanatory factors include colloquialisation, grammatical simplicity/complexity, developmental status, and areal proximity.
{"title":"Grammatical variation in World Englishes","authors":"P. Collins","doi":"10.1075/eww.21055.col","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.21055.col","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study adopts an onomasiological, alternation-based approach to the exploration of grammatical variation\u0000 across World Englishes, using data sourced from the 1.9 billion-word Global Web-based English corpus. The macro-orientation of the\u0000 study, which investigates a set of ten alternations known to be susceptible to diachronic change, facilitates identification of a\u0000 number of general trends, including the typical advancement of the Inner Circle varieties and of the South-East Asian varieties,\u0000 the hypercentrality of American English, and the epicentrality of Indian English in South Asia. Possible explanatory factors\u0000 include colloquialisation, grammatical simplicity/complexity, developmental status, and areal proximity.","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47391599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study considers the role of Spanish-to-English calques in a variety of English that has developed alongside Spanish in Miami (U.S.). Data were obtained from three sources: (1) a production experiment (translation task) conducted with two generations of Cuban Americans, (2) a perception experiment (acceptability task) conducted with Miami-based raters and raters from a national audience using Mechanical Turk, and (3) calques and related lexico-semantic phenomena culled from a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews conducted with Latinx college students. Results of the production task show that Spanish-dominant participants make robust use of calque expressions; second-generation participants use them less. Results of mixed linear effects regression analysis show that Miamians perceive of local expressions more favorably than national participants, though like national raters rank non-calque expressions more highly than calques. The approval of the Miami raters to the local expressions was driven primarily by six test items: (e.g. get down from the car).
{"title":"Spanish-influenced lexical phenomena in emerging Miami English","authors":"P. Carter, Kristen D’Alessandro Merii","doi":"10.1075/eww.22036.car","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22036.car","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study considers the role of Spanish-to-English calques in a variety of English that has developed alongside Spanish in Miami (U.S.). Data were obtained from three sources: (1) a production experiment (translation task) conducted with two generations of Cuban Americans, (2) a perception experiment (acceptability task) conducted with Miami-based raters and raters from a national audience using Mechanical Turk, and (3) calques and related lexico-semantic phenomena culled from a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews conducted with Latinx college students. Results of the production task show that Spanish-dominant participants make robust use of calque expressions; second-generation participants use them less. Results of mixed linear effects regression analysis show that Miamians perceive of local expressions more favorably than national participants, though like national raters rank non-calque expressions more highly than calques. The approval of the Miami raters to the local expressions was driven primarily by six test items: (e.g. get down from the car).","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47355254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the research literature on regional dialect levelling is substantial (e.g. Williams and Kerswill 1999; Britain 2002; Watt 2002; Jansen 2019), this process is under-explored and under-theorised when it comes to patterns of lexical usage. Using maid as a case-study, in this article I provide a detailed account of processes of lexical levelling in Cornwall. I consider the usage of maid from two perspectives, that of onomasiology and semasiology. From an onomasiological perspective, maid, as a variant of the concept woman, exhibits socio-stylistic reallocation, with attested usages of maid in this study being limited to older speakers in careful speech styles. From a semasiological perspective, two senses of maid, ‘woman’ and ‘female servant or attendant’, have undergone structural reallocation in apparent-time with maid ‘woman’ being the prototypical sense for older speakers but a more peripheral sense for their younger counterparts.
{"title":"Maid in Cornwall","authors":"Rhys J. Sandow","doi":"10.1075/eww.22013.san","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22013.san","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 While the research literature on regional dialect levelling is substantial (e.g. Williams and Kerswill 1999; Britain 2002; Watt 2002; Jansen 2019), this process is\u0000 under-explored and under-theorised when it comes to patterns of lexical usage. Using maid as a case-study, in\u0000 this article I provide a detailed account of processes of lexical levelling in Cornwall. I consider the usage of\u0000 maid from two perspectives, that of onomasiology and semasiology. From an onomasiological perspective,\u0000 maid, as a variant of the concept woman, exhibits socio-stylistic reallocation, with attested usages\u0000 of maid in this study being limited to older speakers in careful speech styles. From a semasiological\u0000 perspective, two senses of maid, ‘woman’ and ‘female servant or attendant’, have undergone structural\u0000 reallocation in apparent-time with maid ‘woman’ being the prototypical sense for older speakers but a more\u0000 peripheral sense for their younger counterparts.","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49554980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Steigertahl (2019): Englishes in Post-Independence Namibia. An Investigation of Variety Status and its Implications for English Language Teaching","authors":"G. Stell","doi":"10.1075/eww.21072.ste","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.21072.ste","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45502,"journal":{"name":"English World-Wide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47624981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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