Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2250947
Christopher Dyer
ABSTRACT Bread was the most important item of diet in medieval England. Cereals were consumed in boiled form, but bread was preferred. Bread was not just convenient, but was also symbolic of well-being. Although breads were made from other cereals and legumes, wheat bread occupied a prime position, and in particular white wheat bread was regarded highly by consumers. Reasons are given for these attitudes, including the practical advantage that white bread was an efficient source of energy and was cost-effective. The political management of the corn trade and bread baking through such regulations as the assize of bread was intended to prevent unrest, but occasionally consumers organised ‘food riots’.
{"title":"A simple food with many meanings: bread in late medieval England","authors":"Christopher Dyer","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2250947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2250947","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bread was the most important item of diet in medieval England. Cereals were consumed in boiled form, but bread was preferred. Bread was not just convenient, but was also symbolic of well-being. Although breads were made from other cereals and legumes, wheat bread occupied a prime position, and in particular white wheat bread was regarded highly by consumers. Reasons are given for these attitudes, including the practical advantage that white bread was an efficient source of energy and was cost-effective. The political management of the corn trade and bread baking through such regulations as the assize of bread was intended to prevent unrest, but occasionally consumers organised ‘food riots’.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44999787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2253678
Matilda Holmes
ABSTRACT Medieval ecclesiastical estates have long been linked to vast flocks of wool-producing sheep that underpinned the wealth of the nation well into the sixteenth century. Recent surveys of English medieval animal remains have found evidence for an exceptionally high quantity of sheep at some of the earliest monastic communities established in England from the seventh century AD. The association between religious ideology and sheep is integral to teachings from the Bible, but sheep were also of economic value, and these ideas are considered alongside the changing meaning and value of flocks, and the increase in wool production in medieval England.
{"title":"The ‘Lamb of God’ in the early Middle Ages: a zooarchaeological perspective","authors":"Matilda Holmes","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2253678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2253678","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Medieval ecclesiastical estates have long been linked to vast flocks of wool-producing sheep that underpinned the wealth of the nation well into the sixteenth century. Recent surveys of English medieval animal remains have found evidence for an exceptionally high quantity of sheep at some of the earliest monastic communities established in England from the seventh century AD. The association between religious ideology and sheep is integral to teachings from the Bible, but sheep were also of economic value, and these ideas are considered alongside the changing meaning and value of flocks, and the increase in wool production in medieval England.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41431784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2250943
D. Banham
ABSTRACT The earliest culinary recipes written in the English language, or in England, are contained in the three main Old English medical collections, now known as Bald’s Leechbook, Leechbook III and the Lacnunga, dating from the tenth, or possibly late ninth, to eleventh centuries. These recipes reveal contemporary ideas about the suitability of various foods for people experiencing various conditions, but not for a generalised ‘healthy diet’, nor indeed for the diet of the population at large in England at the time. They form part of a fairly substantial body of dietary advice, drawing quite heavily on a Latin tradition that was common to most of Western Europe, which betrays clear traces of humoral theory.
{"title":"The earliest English culinary recipes: dietary advice in Old English medical texts","authors":"D. Banham","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2250943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2250943","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The earliest culinary recipes written in the English language, or in England, are contained in the three main Old English medical collections, now known as Bald’s Leechbook, Leechbook III and the Lacnunga, dating from the tenth, or possibly late ninth, to eleventh centuries. These recipes reveal contemporary ideas about the suitability of various foods for people experiencing various conditions, but not for a generalised ‘healthy diet’, nor indeed for the diet of the population at large in England at the time. They form part of a fairly substantial body of dietary advice, drawing quite heavily on a Latin tradition that was common to most of Western Europe, which betrays clear traces of humoral theory.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45497206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2250951
J. A. Galloway, Margaret Murphy
ABSTRACT The degree to which the townspeople of medieval Ireland enjoyed food security or experienced food insecurity forms the subject of this paper. Having outlined the context within which Irish medieval towns started to experience food insecurity, the paper then proceeds to examine responses to this situation. These include protection of the urban area, strategies for improved storage and transport of foodstuffs, the production of food within and immediately adjacent to urban space, the regulation of the food trades, the operation of food markets, inter-regional and international trade, and the engagement with sometimes hostile rural hinterlands.
{"title":"Food security and insecurity in medieval Irish towns","authors":"J. A. Galloway, Margaret Murphy","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2250951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2250951","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The degree to which the townspeople of medieval Ireland enjoyed food security or experienced food insecurity forms the subject of this paper. Having outlined the context within which Irish medieval towns started to experience food insecurity, the paper then proceeds to examine responses to this situation. These include protection of the urban area, strategies for improved storage and transport of foodstuffs, the production of food within and immediately adjacent to urban space, the regulation of the food trades, the operation of food markets, inter-regional and international trade, and the engagement with sometimes hostile rural hinterlands.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46126438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2250952
P. Schofield
ABSTRACT Food security is discussed with a particular focus on the decades either side of 1300, years characterised by poor weather and significant fluctuations in food availability, evident especially in the varied performance of grain harvests. Examining access to food and the vulnerability of the food supply in a period of particular pressure on food resources allows reflection on stresses on food availability in these decades as well as the range of approaches that individuals and institutions could employ in seeking to respond to them. The article discusses relative entitlement and contemporary perceptions of the same. While its focus is upon rural society and the experience of the peasantry, there will necessarily be some reference to the urban context, which cannot be separated from the experience of the countryside, and the attempts of institutions such as government to respond to issues relevant to food security in this period.
{"title":"Peasants and food security in England and Wales c.1300","authors":"P. Schofield","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2250952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2250952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Food security is discussed with a particular focus on the decades either side of 1300, years characterised by poor weather and significant fluctuations in food availability, evident especially in the varied performance of grain harvests. Examining access to food and the vulnerability of the food supply in a period of particular pressure on food resources allows reflection on stresses on food availability in these decades as well as the range of approaches that individuals and institutions could employ in seeking to respond to them. The article discusses relative entitlement and contemporary perceptions of the same. While its focus is upon rural society and the experience of the peasantry, there will necessarily be some reference to the urban context, which cannot be separated from the experience of the countryside, and the attempts of institutions such as government to respond to issues relevant to food security in this period.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46590313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2235367
Teresa Barucci
ABSTRACT This article analyses the decorated prefatory statements in two fifteenth-century books of the proctors of the German natio at the University of Paris as part of the discussion on the relationship between academic mobility and identity construction in medieval Europe. The article argues that the decorated statements – a virtually unexplored source – functioned as acts of self-presentation and ‘public identities’ for the proctors. Then, it discusses the complex role of geographical origins and related political, linguistic and cultural factors in the articulation of identity in the Parisian scholarly community. The relevance of the analysis for the debates surrounding the idea of ‘national identity’ in medieval Europe is also addressed.
{"title":"Self-presentation and geographical origin at the fifteenth-century University of Paris: an analysis of manuscript decoration","authors":"Teresa Barucci","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2235367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2235367","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyses the decorated prefatory statements in two fifteenth-century books of the proctors of the German natio at the University of Paris as part of the discussion on the relationship between academic mobility and identity construction in medieval Europe. The article argues that the decorated statements – a virtually unexplored source – functioned as acts of self-presentation and ‘public identities’ for the proctors. Then, it discusses the complex role of geographical origins and related political, linguistic and cultural factors in the articulation of identity in the Parisian scholarly community. The relevance of the analysis for the debates surrounding the idea of ‘national identity’ in medieval Europe is also addressed.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":"49 1","pages":"558 - 582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47120035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-13DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2235355
Catherine Rosbrook
ABSTRACT While studies of knowledge transmission in the central Middle Ages are abundant, much remains to be discovered about learning practices in an extra-institutional context. An exceptionally detailed example comes from the first portion of the Life of John of Gorze. It recounts John’s earliest encounters with asceticism, as he endeavoured to carve out a life pleasing to God. John learned to live ascetically through one-to-one interactions with a range of experienced individuals, many of them hermits, who comprised a ‘community of practice’. One community member observed the ascetic example of another and imitated it in their presence, through the process of active participation. This method of learning, which fostered experimentation and the exercise of reflection, belongs to a broader cultural preference within tenth-century Lotharingia for presence-based forms of knowledge transmission.
{"title":"To receive ‘the best form and example of living’: ascetic instruction in the Life of John of Gorze","authors":"Catherine Rosbrook","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2235355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2235355","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While studies of knowledge transmission in the central Middle Ages are abundant, much remains to be discovered about learning practices in an extra-institutional context. An exceptionally detailed example comes from the first portion of the Life of John of Gorze. It recounts John’s earliest encounters with asceticism, as he endeavoured to carve out a life pleasing to God. John learned to live ascetically through one-to-one interactions with a range of experienced individuals, many of them hermits, who comprised a ‘community of practice’. One community member observed the ascetic example of another and imitated it in their presence, through the process of active participation. This method of learning, which fostered experimentation and the exercise of reflection, belongs to a broader cultural preference within tenth-century Lotharingia for presence-based forms of knowledge transmission.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":"49 1","pages":"447 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43535481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2232377
A. Maiorov
ABSTRACT This article explores the little studied role of the Rus princes and the Rus prelates of the Byzantine Church in the establishment of immediate contacts between the papal court and the rulers of the Nicene Empire in the mid thirteenth century. These resulted in a new round of negotiations for the union of the Roman Church and the Byzantine Church. At the heart of these contacts was not only the mutual desire of the Latins and Greeks to restore church unity, but also the action of a third force, namely the political ambitions of the Mongol khan toward Christian rulers of the West and, above all, the pope. These rulers took the initiative to turn to him with a proposal for peace in the aftermath of the devastating Mongol invasion that reached Central Europe in 1241–2.
{"title":"A medieval effort toward unity: Latins, Greeks, Russians and the Mongol Khan","authors":"A. Maiorov","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2232377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2232377","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the little studied role of the Rus princes and the Rus prelates of the Byzantine Church in the establishment of immediate contacts between the papal court and the rulers of the Nicene Empire in the mid thirteenth century. These resulted in a new round of negotiations for the union of the Roman Church and the Byzantine Church. At the heart of these contacts was not only the mutual desire of the Latins and Greeks to restore church unity, but also the action of a third force, namely the political ambitions of the Mongol khan toward Christian rulers of the West and, above all, the pope. These rulers took the initiative to turn to him with a proposal for peace in the aftermath of the devastating Mongol invasion that reached Central Europe in 1241–2.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":"49 1","pages":"495 - 515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46481708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2230581
Kristine Tanton
ABSTRACT In the Middle Ages, angels were a constant presence and participated with the faithful in praising God. Due to the manifold roles played by angels in Christian theology, it is not surprising that they were a popular subject for church decoration. At the abbey church of Sainte-Foy at Conques, the attention paid to and regard for angels was expressed to an exceptional degree and therefore provide an excellent case study through which to understand how monumental sculpture communicated monastic identity and exegesis. This article considers the formal attributes and spatial arrangement of the sculpted angels at Conques as they relate to early medieval monastic conceptions of angels’ function and role within the heavenly community, providing the monks with a celestial model to negotiate the boundaries between the active and contemplative life as articulated by Gregory the Great and the Venerable Bede.
{"title":"A monastic angelology in stone: the sculpted angels at Conques","authors":"Kristine Tanton","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2230581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2230581","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the Middle Ages, angels were a constant presence and participated with the faithful in praising God. Due to the manifold roles played by angels in Christian theology, it is not surprising that they were a popular subject for church decoration. At the abbey church of Sainte-Foy at Conques, the attention paid to and regard for angels was expressed to an exceptional degree and therefore provide an excellent case study through which to understand how monumental sculpture communicated monastic identity and exegesis. This article considers the formal attributes and spatial arrangement of the sculpted angels at Conques as they relate to early medieval monastic conceptions of angels’ function and role within the heavenly community, providing the monks with a celestial model to negotiate the boundaries between the active and contemplative life as articulated by Gregory the Great and the Venerable Bede.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":"49 1","pages":"467 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48666796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2023.2228801
G. Halfond
ABSTRACT The literary corpus of Bishop Gregory of Tours (538–94) abounds in references to wine and vineyards. While these references have been mined by historians for insight into early medieval agriculture and commerce, comparatively scant attention has been paid to Gregory’s own complex attitude towards wine. The bishop of Tours was well aware that sin frequently accompanied an excessive desire for wine, although he took pains to insist that it was not the beverage itself that caused iniquity. As a natural by-product of Creation, wine in Gregory’s view only became problematic when valued solely for the pleasure and wealth that it could represent. Conversely, when consumed with proper gratitude towards its Creator, it could provide nourishment, pleasure and even good health. Consequently, Gregory frequently utilised wine and grapevines in his writings as symbols for God’s plenty, which nevertheless only hinted at the true pleasures to be found in Heaven.
{"title":"Representing the mysteries of the vine: drinking wine with Gregory of Tours","authors":"G. Halfond","doi":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2228801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2023.2228801","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The literary corpus of Bishop Gregory of Tours (538–94) abounds in references to wine and vineyards. While these references have been mined by historians for insight into early medieval agriculture and commerce, comparatively scant attention has been paid to Gregory’s own complex attitude towards wine. The bishop of Tours was well aware that sin frequently accompanied an excessive desire for wine, although he took pains to insist that it was not the beverage itself that caused iniquity. As a natural by-product of Creation, wine in Gregory’s view only became problematic when valued solely for the pleasure and wealth that it could represent. Conversely, when consumed with proper gratitude towards its Creator, it could provide nourishment, pleasure and even good health. Consequently, Gregory frequently utilised wine and grapevines in his writings as symbols for God’s plenty, which nevertheless only hinted at the true pleasures to be found in Heaven.","PeriodicalId":45579,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY","volume":"49 1","pages":"427 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46122185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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