Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2023-05-17DOI: 10.1177/17585732231176423
Perry Liu, Irrum Afzal, Vipin Asopa, Nick D Clement, Vipul Patel
Background: The minimal clinically important difference, minimal important change, minimal detectable change and patient-acceptable symptom state are poorly defined for the Oxford Shoulder Score following shoulder arthroplasty. The study's aim was to calculate their values.
Methods: One hundred patients underwent shoulder arthroplasty and completed pre and 1-year postoperative Oxford Shoulder Score. Patient satisfaction was assessed at 1-year using a visual analogue scale from 0 to 100: 'very satisfied' (>80), 'satisfied' (>60-80), and 'unsatisfied' (≤60). The difference between patients recording 'unsatisfied' (n = 11) and 'satisfied' (n = 16) was used to define the minimal clinically important difference. MICcohort was calculated as the change in Oxford Shoulder Score for those satisfied (>60). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the MICindividual and patient-acceptable symptom state. Distribution-based methodology was used for the minimal detectable change.
Results: The minimal clinically important difference was 6.9 (95% confidence interval 0.7-13.1, p = 0.039). The MICcohort was 11.6 (95% confidence interval 6.8-16.4) and MICindividual 13. The minimal detectable change was 6.6 and the patient-acceptable symptom state was defined as ≥29.
Discussion: The minimal clinically important difference and minimal important change can assess whether there is a clinical difference between two groups and whether a cohort/patient has had a meaningful change in their Oxford Shoulder Score, respectively. These were greater than measurement error (minimal detectable change), suggesting a real change. The patient-acceptable symptom state can be used as a marker of achieving satisfaction.
背景：肩关节置换术后牛津肩关节评分的最小临床重要差异、最小重要变化、最小可检测变化和患者可接受症状状态的定义尚不明确。本研究的目的是计算其数值：方法：100 名患者接受了肩关节置换术，并完成了术前和术后 1 年的牛津肩关节评分。术后1年的患者满意度采用0至100的视觉模拟评分法进行评估："非常满意"（>80）、"满意"（>60-80）和 "不满意"（≤60）。记录 "不满意"（11 人）和 "满意"（16 人）的患者之间的差异被用来定义最小临床重要性差异。MICcohort计算的是满意（>60）患者的牛津肩关节评分变化。接收者工作特征曲线分析用于确定 MIC 个人和患者可接受的症状状态。最小可检测变化采用基于分布的方法：最小临床重要性差异为 6.9（95% 置信区间为 0.7-13.1，P = 0.039）。队列 MIC 为 11.6（95% 置信区间为 6.8-16.4），个体 MIC 为 13。最小可检测到的变化为 6.6，患者可接受的症状状态定义为≥29.讨论：讨论：最小临床重要差异和最小重要变化可分别评估两组之间是否存在临床差异，以及同组/患者的牛津肩关节评分是否发生了有意义的变化。这两个指标均大于测量误差（最小可检测变化），表明存在实际变化。患者可接受的症状状态可作为达到满意度的标志。
{"title":"Changes and thresholds in the Oxford Shoulder Score following shoulder arthroplasty: Minimal clinically important difference, minimal important and detectable changes, and patient-acceptable symptom state.","authors":"Perry Liu, Irrum Afzal, Vipin Asopa, Nick D Clement, Vipul Patel","doi":"10.1177/17585732231176423","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17585732231176423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The minimal clinically important difference, minimal important change, minimal detectable change and patient-acceptable symptom state are poorly defined for the Oxford Shoulder Score following shoulder arthroplasty. The study's aim was to calculate their values.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred patients underwent shoulder arthroplasty and completed pre and 1-year postoperative Oxford Shoulder Score. Patient satisfaction was assessed at 1-year using a visual analogue scale from 0 to 100: 'very satisfied' (>80), 'satisfied' (>60-80), and 'unsatisfied' (≤60). The difference between patients recording 'unsatisfied' (<i>n</i> = 11) and 'satisfied' (<i>n</i> = 16) was used to define the minimal clinically important difference. MIC<sub>cohort</sub> was calculated as the change in Oxford Shoulder Score for those satisfied (>60). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the MIC<sub>individual</sub> and patient-acceptable symptom state. Distribution-based methodology was used for the minimal detectable change.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimal clinically important difference was 6.9 (95% confidence interval 0.7-13.1, <i>p</i> = 0.039). The MIC<sub>cohort</sub> was 11.6 (95% confidence interval 6.8-16.4) and MIC<sub>individual</sub> 13. The minimal detectable change was 6.6 and the patient-acceptable symptom state was defined as ≥29.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The minimal clinically important difference and minimal important change can assess whether there is a clinical difference between two groups and whether a cohort/patient has had a meaningful change in their Oxford Shoulder Score, respectively. These were greater than measurement error (minimal detectable change), suggesting a real change. The patient-acceptable symptom state can be used as a marker of achieving satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"75 1","pages":"507-517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11520022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87006715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prospects are considered of deploying batteries and fuel cells in order to reduce the carbon emissions from various modes of transport. It is proposed that the government has not done enough to advance these technologies and that Britain is lagging behind other countries. The adequacy of Britain’s future supplies of energy is called into question.
{"title":"THE ROLE OF BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS IN DECARBONISING THE UK ECONOMY","authors":"David Stephen Pollock","doi":"10.1017/nie.2024.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2024.4","url":null,"abstract":"The prospects are considered of deploying batteries and fuel cells in order to reduce the carbon emissions from various modes of transport. It is proposed that the government has not done enough to advance these technologies and that Britain is lagging behind other countries. The adequacy of Britain’s future supplies of energy is called into question.","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is a complex global issue that requires widespread understanding, support and collaboration for effective solutions. This research delves into the crucial role of communication in tackling climate change and reaching net-zero goals. Leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, we focus on 10 core climate change topics derived from social media conversations over time. This analysis underscores the importance of a holistic and interconnected approach, involving a diverse array of policies at local, national and global levels to combat climate change effectively and attain net-zero objectives. We offer key policy suggestions that can significantly contribute to this vital cause.
{"title":"CLIMATE-RELATED DISCUSSIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA: CRITICAL LESSONS FOR POLICYMAKERS","authors":"Anandadeep Mandal, Akshay Kaushal, Animesh Acharjee","doi":"10.1017/nie.2024.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2024.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is a complex global issue that requires widespread understanding, support and collaboration for effective solutions. This research delves into the crucial role of communication in tackling climate change and reaching net-zero goals. Leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, we focus on 10 core climate change topics derived from social media conversations over time. This analysis underscores the importance of a holistic and interconnected approach, involving a diverse array of policies at local, national and global levels to combat climate change effectively and attain net-zero objectives. We offer key policy suggestions that can significantly contribute to this vital cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141259198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Offshore wind farms (OWF) are now in operation and increasingly under construction as scalable, sustainable energy sources. In fact OWFs are currently the cheapest form of new energy projects in Europe. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for OWF has fallen drastically due to decades of innovation facilitated by both taxpayer and private sector funding. This emerging industry is experiencing massive worldwide growth with the potential to accelerate the decarbonization of regional and the global economy as well as bring a reliable source of green hydrogen into commercial use, all with minimal disruption to ecosystems and impacts on biodiversity. This paper provides a historical perspective of wind energy harnessing and shows that wind turbines are the oldest, largest and one of the smartest machines. We also highlight the potential of offshore wind energy to provide new solutions to (a) meet clean energy demand for a growing world population, (b) improve energy security of nations through other downstream technologies such as production and storage of dispatchable fuel (such as green hydrogen battery storage) and (c) through supply complementarity improve resilience of nuclear power plants in high-seismic-activity areas. Offshore wind industry can also become a gold standard for future industries, and the paper provides insights into the new green economics and jobs and factories for the future. We show that environment-friendly regulation is driving innovations even further to enhance sustainability of OWF. Examples include material recycling, landfill ban on blade disposal and ecofriendly low-noise offshore construction to protect biodiversity.
{"title":"GREENER IS CHEAPER: AN EXAMPLE FROM OFFSHORE WIND FARMS","authors":"Subhamoy Bhattacharya, Dan Kammen","doi":"10.1017/nie.2024.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2024.5","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore wind farms (OWF) are now in operation and increasingly under construction as scalable, sustainable energy sources. In fact OWFs are currently the cheapest form of new energy projects in Europe. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for OWF has fallen drastically due to decades of innovation facilitated by both taxpayer and private sector funding. This emerging industry is experiencing massive worldwide growth with the potential to accelerate the decarbonization of regional and the global economy as well as bring a reliable source of green hydrogen into commercial use, all with minimal disruption to ecosystems and impacts on biodiversity. This paper provides a historical perspective of wind energy harnessing and shows that wind turbines are the oldest, largest and one of the smartest machines. We also highlight the potential of offshore wind energy to provide new solutions to (a) meet clean energy demand for a growing world population, (b) improve energy security of nations through other downstream technologies such as production and storage of dispatchable fuel (such as green hydrogen battery storage) and (c) through supply complementarity improve resilience of nuclear power plants in high-seismic-activity areas. Offshore wind industry can also become a gold standard for future industries, and the paper provides insights into the new green economics and jobs and factories for the future. We show that environment-friendly regulation is driving innovations even further to enhance sustainability of OWF. Examples include material recycling, landfill ban on blade disposal and ecofriendly low-noise offshore construction to protect biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141171376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several decades ago, Sig Prais concluded that the root cause of the UK’s poor industrial performance was the poor quality of education and training. In this lecture, I will make a related argument, focussing on the lack of opportunity in the United Kingdom for workers who have not succeeded in the formal education system and the long-lasting impacts this has on their economic, health and social wellbeing. I will highlight the importance of providing opportunities for continued training over a worker’s lifetime for appropriate skills that are valued in the workplace in order to achieve inclusive growth.
{"title":"POLICIES FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH","authors":"Rachel Griffith","doi":"10.1017/nie.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several decades ago, Sig Prais concluded that the root cause of the UK’s poor industrial performance was the poor quality of education and training. In this lecture, I will make a related argument, focussing on the lack of opportunity in the United Kingdom for workers who have not succeeded in the formal education system and the long-lasting impacts this has on their economic, health and social wellbeing. I will highlight the importance of providing opportunities for continued training over a worker’s lifetime for appropriate skills that are valued in the workplace in order to achieve inclusive growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2023 marks the tercentenary of the birth of Adam Smith. A towering figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, his writings helped to establish the discipline we now refer to as Political Economy. Indeed, many of his ideas remain the foundation of economic theories still in use today. It is this ongoing relevance, and the lessons we can take from Smith’s methods, that binds the papers in this Special Issue together. The Special Issue draws upon excellent contributions from renowned scholars covering a wide array of Smith’s contributions to economics and political economy.
{"title":"INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON ADAM SMITH@300","authors":"Sayantan Ghosal, Anton Muscatelli, Graeme Roy","doi":"10.1017/nie.2023.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2023.29","url":null,"abstract":"2023 marks the tercentenary of the birth of Adam Smith. A towering figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, his writings helped to establish the discipline we now refer to as Political Economy. Indeed, many of his ideas remain the foundation of economic theories still in use today. It is this ongoing relevance, and the lessons we can take from Smith’s methods, that binds the papers in this Special Issue together. The Special Issue draws upon excellent contributions from renowned scholars covering a wide array of Smith’s contributions to economics and political economy.","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139373440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Smith promoted free banking—private, competitive, convertible banknotes. He also supported restrictions on banks. We study Smith’s views and the era in which they developed, suggesting his ‘regulations’ were a backstop against banks’ risks to depositors but primarily monetary stability. In modern parlance, Smith supported macroprudential regulations to underpin monetary stability, as did Friedman and Schwartz the US FDIC. We discuss why Smith’s vision for banking went unrealised. Bank regulation became microprudential and ran aground in 2008/2009. The prominence of macroprudential regulation now provides a chance to reorientate regulation to support monetary stability. Early signs are not promising.
{"title":"ADAM SMITH AND THE BANKERS: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT","authors":"Alfred Duncan, Charles Nolan","doi":"10.1017/nie.2023.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2023.24","url":null,"abstract":"Adam Smith promoted free banking—private, competitive, convertible banknotes. He also supported restrictions on banks. We study Smith’s views and the era in which they developed, suggesting his ‘regulations’ were a backstop against banks’ risks to depositors but primarily monetary stability. In modern parlance, Smith supported macroprudential regulations to underpin monetary stability, as did Friedman and Schwartz the US FDIC. We discuss why Smith’s vision for banking went unrealised. Bank regulation became microprudential and ran aground in 2008/2009. The prominence of macroprudential regulation now provides a chance to reorientate regulation to support monetary stability. Early signs are not promising.","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139373377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Smith saw the division of labour and specialisation as the driver of ‘universal opulence’, a process limited by the scope of the market. He also believed that competition was essential to ensure growth benefited the public. Yet eventually there could be a trade-off between these two mechanisms. In today’s era of global production networks, the markets at certain links in supply chains may support just one specialised supplier; and in winner-take-all digital markets there is a single supplier even at global scale. When the scope of the market is global, there may be a trade-off between specialisation and competition.
{"title":"ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND ADAM SMITH’S DILEMMA","authors":"Diane Coyle","doi":"10.1017/nie.2023.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2023.21","url":null,"abstract":"Adam Smith saw the division of labour and specialisation as the driver of ‘universal opulence’, a process limited by the scope of the market. He also believed that competition was essential to ensure growth benefited the public. Yet eventually there could be a trade-off between these two mechanisms. In today’s era of global production networks, the markets at certain links in supply chains may support just one specialised supplier; and in winner-take-all digital markets there is a single supplier even at global scale. When the scope of the market is global, there may be a trade-off between specialisation and competition.","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"106 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For path-breaking insights on how prices can guide the efficient allocation of resources and how innovation and investment can spur economic growth, Adam Smith is justly renowned. He was, however, well aware of problems posed by market dominance—specifically in banking and, more generally, wherever getting to the scale that delivers increasing returns leads to monopolistic behaviour. For the historical record, we draw on the recent wide-ranging survey by Acemoglu and Johnson on how the benefits of innovation have been spread across society since the Industrial Revolution. We also consider these issues in the context of geo-political competition.
{"title":"ON THE PROMISES AND PERILS OF SMITHIAN GROWTH: FROM PIN FACTORY TO AI","authors":"Marcus Miller","doi":"10.1017/nie.2023.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2023.28","url":null,"abstract":"For path-breaking insights on how prices can guide the efficient allocation of resources and how innovation and investment can spur economic growth, Adam Smith is justly renowned. He was, however, well aware of problems posed by market dominance—specifically in banking and, more generally, wherever getting to the scale that delivers increasing returns leads to monopolistic behaviour. For the historical record, we draw on the recent wide-ranging survey by Acemoglu and Johnson on how the benefits of innovation have been spread across society since the Industrial Revolution. We also consider these issues in the context of geo-political competition.","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"29 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NIE volume 264 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/nie.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45594,"journal":{"name":"National Institute Economic Review","volume":"4 2-3","pages":"f1 - f3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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