Ansiedad y Estres-Anxiety and Stress最新文献

The aim of this research is to analyse the effects of listening to subjectively pleasant/unpleasant music for the listener on the levels of anxiety measured by the STAI trait/sate inventory. Twenty participants indicated the music that was subjectively pleasant/unpleasant. The STAI was administered before and after listening to music in the experimental situation. Results seem to indicate that listening to music modifies the perception of state anxiety, generating a positive mood and reducing anxiety after listening to pleasant music and the opposite effects with unpleasant music; the silent condition produced slightly higher levels of anxiety. Therefore, musical preferences are a very useful tool for psychotherapy in order to cope with anxiety and mood induction.

Background and objective

Adapting successfully to aging facilitates the achievement of integrity. Coping strategies are key in this adaptation process and, depending on the type of strategies applied, integrity or despair can be achieved. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping strategies and age with the dimensions of integrity and despair in a sample of older adults.

Materials and methods

Coping strategies, integrity and despair were assessed in a sample of 325 healthy older adults. Multiple linear regressions were performed to study which variables were related to integrity and despair.

Results

Integrity showed significant and positive relationships with positive reappraisal and focusing on the problem strategies and gender, and negative with seeking social support; despair showed positive relationships with negative self-focus and over emotional expression, and negative with age.

Conclusions

Problem-oriented strategies facilitate the achievement of integrity by facilitating the adaptive process, while some emotion-oriented strategies are maladaptive and encourage despair.

Introduction

Trianes and Morales (2010) report that children show a differential use of coping strategies according to the problem or situation. Frydenberg, Deans and O’Brien (2012) conclude that not all responses are effective for all situations, given that children are building their coping repertoire, over time. However, there is little research in this subject with preschoolers, so the objective of this study was to know if there is a relationship between the different areas of daily stress in preschoolers (family, school, social and fantasies) and the coping styles (emotional, dysfunctional, avoidance and functional) they use.

Method

The materials used were the Daily Stress Scales (Monjarás y Lucio, 2018), and Coping for Preschoolers. One hundred and fifteen preschoolers participated and correlations were analyzed.

Results

There is a relationship between the different areas of daily stress and the emotional, dysfunctional and avoidance coping styles. No relationship was found between the different areas of daily stress and functional coping. Emotional and avoidance coping styles show the highest correlations with the different areas of daily stress. In accordance with Frydenberg (2017), coping styles cannot be classified universally as adaptive and maladaptive during the preschool years.

Introduction and objectives

This study analyzes the relationship between parental styles (indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful) with the short- and long-term pattern of personal and social adjustment in children, teenagers and adults.

Material and methods

The sample consisted of 2,119 Spanish children (59.2% female), 623 adolescents (12-18 years), 591 young adults (19-35 years), 509 middle-aged adults (36-59 years) and 396 older adults (60 years or more). Families were classified into one of four parental typologies (indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian and neglectful) based on their scores in the two main dimensions (acceptance/implication and severity/imposition). Children's personal and social adjustment was measured with family self-concept, self-esteem, aggressiveness, sexist prejudice, and internalization of social values of universalism.

Results

The results showed a common short- and long-term pattern between parental styles and personal and social adjustment. The indulgent style was associated with equal or even better scores on personal and social adjustment than the authoritative style, while the lower scores corresponded to the authoritarian and neglectful parental styles.

Conclusions

The findings are discussed considering the relevance of the cultural context in which parental socialization occurs.

Introduction and objectives

By its very nature, emergencies involve high-risk situations. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the stress generated and the degree of control perceived in emergency personnel with the variables of sex, age, level of studies, professional branch and seniority and, in turn, to compare these results with the data from the Inventory of Coping Responses in Adults (CRI-A) in the general Spanish population.

Material and methods

The study involved 120 professionals and volunteers from different civil and military institutions in the emergency area. A sociodemographic questionnaire was used, as well as the scale on stress and perceived control of the CRI-A Inventory through the mental representation of an extreme situation.

Results

None of the sociodemographic variables obtained significant differences in relation to the intensity of the stress generated. Regarding the degree of perceived control, men reported higher average scores than women. When comparing both samples, emergency personnel showed significant differences with respect to the Spanish population in general, with lower average scores in the level of stress and also in the degree of perceived control.

Conclusions

Given the controversy found in the literature regarding sex and the stress generated and degree of perceived control, the evidence shows differences in favor of men. Consequently, it is suggested that training in emotional management and risk perception be implemented. As for the differences found with respect to the general population, it is also suggested that education plans be established in emergencies.

Objective

The clinical case of a 22-year-old woman, C.G, with generalized anxiety disorder is described, with the purpose of evaluating the effect of the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of emotional disorders to reduce anxiety.

Method

This is a single case design, pre-post treatment. The evaluation instruments used for the diagnosis and subsequent establishment of the treatment were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorusch, and Lushene), the Hamilton Anxiety Assessment Scale (Hamilton, 1959; Lobo et al., 2002), the Pennsylvania State Concerns Questionnaire (Comeche, Díaz, and Vallejo, 1995; Meyer, Miller, Metzger and Borkovec, 1990), and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Steer, and Brown, 2011).

Results

According to post-treatment tests, specifically Pennsylvania State Concerns Questionnaire (Comeche, Díaz, and Vallejo, 1995; Meyer, Miller, Metzger and Borkovec, 1990), C.G. It no longer meets the criteria or reaches the score (from 77 to 40) for the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder.

Conclusions

After the treatment, a clear improvement is observed with a significant reduction in the number of anticipations, which confirms the effectiveness of the transdiagnosis treatment for this case.

Gender violence demonstrates the inequality, subordination and the power in relations of men over women, which could generate neuropsychological deficits and psychopathological symptoms. In order to analyze these consequences, an investigation was carried out with 34 women (17 victims of gender-based violence aged between 25 and 60). The assessment tools used for this research study have been divided into 2: on the one hand, neuropsychological measures composed of: TMT A, TMT B, letters and numbers, Corsi cubes, HVLT and d2 Attention Test. These tools have been used to measure processing speed, attention and memory. On the other hand, psychopathological tests STAI, BDI-II, ISA and EGEP-5 have been used to measure anxiety, depression, abuse and post-traumatic stress respectively. After the data analysis, the results demonstrated that the abuse is related to greater neuropsychological deficits and psychopathological symptoms. In addition, high levels of stress were associated with a worse working memory. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in relation to the type of abuse in psychopathological symptoms, but they appeared in some neuropsychological variables such as long-term memory and working visual memory. The data obtained in this study point out the necessity to focus the attention on the cause of these differences since they could be related to physical and psychological abuse, as well as the effects that these cognitive deficits and the increase in levels of anxiety and depression have on battered women's quality of life.

Introduction

Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) is a symptomatology that affects a large number of musicians and their execution. Personality traits such as sociodemographic variables seem to influence this condition.

Objective

Analyze which personality traits influence the MPA and determine whether it can be predicted by sex, the family of the instrument practiced, acting as a soloist, or the type of training received.

Material and method

The sample was composed of 72 musicians, between 16 and 54 years old (M = 24.11, SD = 9.03). They were administered the KMPAI-E to measure stage anxiety and NEO-FFI to measure personality. A bivariate correlation and a multiple regression analysis were performed.

Results

The results showed a positive correlation between MPA and neuroticism (p < .01) and a negative correlation with extraversion (p < .01) and responsibility (p < .05). Likewise, the instrument family and sex were determined as predictive variables of MPA. In terms of sex, there were significant differences (p < .01) in MPA, with women obtaining the highest scores. Regarding the instrument family, there was a significant difference with the plucked string (p < .05). Being a soloist and the type of training did not predict MPA.

Conclusions

A personality prone to neuroticism and introversion seems to have an influence on the MPA. Likewise, the fact of being a woman and practicing plucked string instruments could predict MPA.

Introduction

Routine outcome monitoring or systematic client feedback (SCF) continues to garner empirical support. The Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) is one application of SCF with significant research support but no studies have been conducted in Spain. This investigation describes the effects of PCOMS in routine practice via a comparison to published PCOMS studies.

Material and methods

In a retrospective observational study, PCOMS was implemented with 42 clients treated in routine psychotherapy. Outcomes were measured by the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) and descriptively compared to PCOMS studies included in a meta-analysis and a PCOMS benchmarking study regarding reliable and/or clinically significant change, no change, and deterioration.

Results

The current study achieved similar rates of reliable and clinically significant change (73.8%) to the benchmarking study (65.6%) and the RCTs (67.5%). Regarding no change rates, the current study (23.8%) mirrored results of the RCTs (25.6%) and was better than the benchmarking study (35.4%). The current study incurred a low 2.4% deterioration rate compared to a 10.7% and 7.0% rate of the benchmarking study and RCTs, respectively.

Conclusions

While not without flaws, this pilot study offers some evidence that the improved outcomes associated with PCOMS may also occur in psychotherapy settings in Spain.

Introduction and objectives

Distress tolerance is defined as the ability to experience and resist negative psychological states. Recently it has been studied in relation to different psychopathological aspects, but not enough in relation to other non-clinical variables, including age. This research arises due to the growing interest in including distress tolerance in clinical research and the scarcity of studies in Spanish in this regard. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale in a Mexican sample; and to assess their relationship with perceived stress and compare their scores by age groups.

Materials and methods

The study consists of 2 convenience samples, the first of 225 people, with an average age of 34.1 years (SD = 13.9), 71.6% women and 28.4% men. Sample 2 is composed of 384 university students, with an average age of 19.4 years (SD = 3.1) 73.2% women and 26.8% men.

Results

We found adequate values of reliability in both samples. The 4 factor structure with a second order structure was confirmed. The correlations between most of the distress tolerance subscales were significant in both samples, as well as the negative correlation between perceived stress and distress tolerance. The scores were equivalent among the different age groups.

Conclusions

It is concluded that this is a scale with adequate psychometric properties and that the Spanish version is suitable to be used in the Mexican population and possibly in the Latin population.