Abstract Despite the tremendous growth in research on gender stereotyping in the context of entrepreneurship, scholarly understanding of this phenomenon is far from complete. Accordingly, the overarching goal of this paper is to stimulate greater attention to topics that warrant fuller consideration. Of the many paths worth pursuing, we focus on those that we term “Investigating Intersectionalities”, “Mapping Masculinities”, and “Revealing Rationales”. In our coverage of each, we describe the recommended route’s essence and intellectual origins, summarize extant work within the entrepreneurship literature, and raise illustrative questions for future research. We hope our efforts to demarcate these paths encourage their pursuit.
{"title":"Research on Gender Stereotyping and Entrepreneurship: Suggestions for Some Paths Worth Pursuing","authors":"Jennifer E. Jennings, V. Tonoyan","doi":"10.1515/erj-2022-0235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0235","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite the tremendous growth in research on gender stereotyping in the context of entrepreneurship, scholarly understanding of this phenomenon is far from complete. Accordingly, the overarching goal of this paper is to stimulate greater attention to topics that warrant fuller consideration. Of the many paths worth pursuing, we focus on those that we term “Investigating Intersectionalities”, “Mapping Masculinities”, and “Revealing Rationales”. In our coverage of each, we describe the recommended route’s essence and intellectual origins, summarize extant work within the entrepreneurship literature, and raise illustrative questions for future research. We hope our efforts to demarcate these paths encourage their pursuit.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"187 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89982727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper explores women’s entrepreneurship policy and practice in three different countries: Canada, Ireland and the U.S. We focus specifically on policies relating to access to financial capital, and ask: How are ‘access to financial capital’ policies and practices operationalized at national and regional level? We draw on institutional theory to identify gaps in policy and practice, and to highlight similarities and differences between countries. We contribute a novel perspective on women’s entrepreneurship policy by drawing attention to the underlying institutional pillars and the importance of institutional fit in informing a coherent and future-looking policy framework. Our findings enhance understanding of how ‘access to financial capital’ policies and practices geared toward women entrepreneurs reflect different institutional contexts.
{"title":"Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy and Access to Financial Capital in Different Countries: An Institutional Perspective","authors":"C. Henry, S. Coleman, B. Orser, L. Foss","doi":"10.1515/erj-2022-0234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0234","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores women’s entrepreneurship policy and practice in three different countries: Canada, Ireland and the U.S. We focus specifically on policies relating to access to financial capital, and ask: How are ‘access to financial capital’ policies and practices operationalized at national and regional level? We draw on institutional theory to identify gaps in policy and practice, and to highlight similarities and differences between countries. We contribute a novel perspective on women’s entrepreneurship policy by drawing attention to the underlying institutional pillars and the importance of institutional fit in informing a coherent and future-looking policy framework. Our findings enhance understanding of how ‘access to financial capital’ policies and practices geared toward women entrepreneurs reflect different institutional contexts.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":"227 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76097156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The topics of gender and entrepreneurship have been of great scholarly interest since the eighties. In this invited editorial, we provide an overview of the evolution of the field of gender and entrepreneurship. Specifically, we consider the evolution of the field by highlighting the importance of context and the need to consider gender in all future research examining’ entrepreneurial activity. Drawing on a contextualized approach we provide an overview of the six articles in this curated special issue with the aim of increasing our understanding of women’s entrepreneurial activity. Finally, we conclude with some suggestions for future research. We hope this invited editorial will spur deeper research at the intersections between gender and entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Gender and Entrepreneurship in the New Era: New Perspectives on the Role of Gender and Entrepreneurial Activity","authors":"M. Mustafa, L. Treanor","doi":"10.1515/erj-2022-0228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0228","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The topics of gender and entrepreneurship have been of great scholarly interest since the eighties. In this invited editorial, we provide an overview of the evolution of the field of gender and entrepreneurship. Specifically, we consider the evolution of the field by highlighting the importance of context and the need to consider gender in all future research examining’ entrepreneurial activity. Drawing on a contextualized approach we provide an overview of the six articles in this curated special issue with the aim of increasing our understanding of women’s entrepreneurial activity. Finally, we conclude with some suggestions for future research. We hope this invited editorial will spur deeper research at the intersections between gender and entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"213 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80595236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Czakon, Patrycja Klimas, V. Tiberius, J. Ferreira, P. Veiga, S. Kraus
Abstract Although entrepreneurial failure (EF) is a fairly recent topic in entrepreneurship literature, the number of publications has been growing dynamically and particularly rapidly. Our systematic review maps and integrates the research on EF based on a multi-method approach to give structure and consistency to this fragmented field of research. The results reveal that the field revolves around six thematic clusters of EF: 1) Soft underpinnings of EF, 2) Contextuality of EF, 3) Perception of EF, 4) Two-sided effects of EF, 5) Multi-stage EF effects, and 6) Institutional drivers of EF. An integrative framework of the positive and negative effects of entrepreneurial failure is proposed, and a research agenda is suggested.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Failure: Structuring a Widely Overlooked Field of Research","authors":"W. Czakon, Patrycja Klimas, V. Tiberius, J. Ferreira, P. Veiga, S. Kraus","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0328","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although entrepreneurial failure (EF) is a fairly recent topic in entrepreneurship literature, the number of publications has been growing dynamically and particularly rapidly. Our systematic review maps and integrates the research on EF based on a multi-method approach to give structure and consistency to this fragmented field of research. The results reveal that the field revolves around six thematic clusters of EF: 1) Soft underpinnings of EF, 2) Contextuality of EF, 3) Perception of EF, 4) Two-sided effects of EF, 5) Multi-stage EF effects, and 6) Institutional drivers of EF. An integrative framework of the positive and negative effects of entrepreneurial failure is proposed, and a research agenda is suggested.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91131913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract How do emerging economy SMEs develop Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE)? Emerging economies represent different institutional contexts to those found in developed economies. Currently our understanding of CE and its emergence is rooted in Western-based assumptions. Consequently, our understanding of the inter-relationship between the emerging economy institutional environments and the SME environment and how they shape corporate entrepreneurial process remains lacking. In response to such gaps in our understanding, this study draws on both Institutional and Contingency theories to explore how CE is developed among African SMEs. Drawing on evidence from four indepth case studies of Kenyan SMEs, our findings reveal a complex process wherein elements of the Kenyan institutional environment shape the internal organization and CE related activities of Kenyan SMEs. Our study extends and enriches previous models of CE and deepen our understanding of how and why context matters for CE.
{"title":"The Development of Corporate Entrepreneurship among Emerging Economy SMEs: Insights from Both Institutional and Contingency Theory","authors":"M. Mustafa","doi":"10.1515/erj-2022-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How do emerging economy SMEs develop Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE)? Emerging economies represent different institutional contexts to those found in developed economies. Currently our understanding of CE and its emergence is rooted in Western-based assumptions. Consequently, our understanding of the inter-relationship between the emerging economy institutional environments and the SME environment and how they shape corporate entrepreneurial process remains lacking. In response to such gaps in our understanding, this study draws on both Institutional and Contingency theories to explore how CE is developed among African SMEs. Drawing on evidence from four indepth case studies of Kenyan SMEs, our findings reveal a complex process wherein elements of the Kenyan institutional environment shape the internal organization and CE related activities of Kenyan SMEs. Our study extends and enriches previous models of CE and deepen our understanding of how and why context matters for CE.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78838062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Given the limited studies in the literature to understand entrepreneurial well-being, in this study, we aimed to answer the questions “what kind of resources does an entrepreneur need to experience a high level of well-being?” and “what would be the possible consequences of an entrepreneur’s well-being?” To elaborate the entrepreneurial well-being concept further, we conducted in-depth interviews with 20 male, married, and opportunity-driven entrepreneurs operating technology enterprises in Turkey. Based on the thematic analysis of the interviews, we ended up with six resources for their well-being (i.e., individual factors, family life, entrepreneurial success, network, the team, and investment) and five areas on which their well-being is impactful (i.e., individual, family, societal, employees, and business). Despite its limitations, our study contributes significantly to entrepreneurial well-being literature and paves the way for further research.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Well-being: An Exploratory Study for Positive Entrepreneurship","authors":"Neslihan Turnalar-Çetinkaya, Güler İslamoğlu","doi":"10.1515/erj-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given the limited studies in the literature to understand entrepreneurial well-being, in this study, we aimed to answer the questions “what kind of resources does an entrepreneur need to experience a high level of well-being?” and “what would be the possible consequences of an entrepreneur’s well-being?” To elaborate the entrepreneurial well-being concept further, we conducted in-depth interviews with 20 male, married, and opportunity-driven entrepreneurs operating technology enterprises in Turkey. Based on the thematic analysis of the interviews, we ended up with six resources for their well-being (i.e., individual factors, family life, entrepreneurial success, network, the team, and investment) and five areas on which their well-being is impactful (i.e., individual, family, societal, employees, and business). Despite its limitations, our study contributes significantly to entrepreneurial well-being literature and paves the way for further research.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89447334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Lobo, C. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, P. Veiga, Stephan Gerschewski
Abstract Family firms (FFs) tend to display specific characteristics that differentiate them from non-family companies. In addition to the importance that FFs hold for the economic structure of many countries, their characteristics have motivated a wide range of research studies, including succession, corporate governance, and strategic management. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of resources (i.e. internationalisation networks), capabilities (i.e. employee characteristics and knowledge), and market orientation (i.e. internationalisation motivations), and how these facets influence the international performance of FFs. To this end, we administered a web-based questionnaire to a sample of 212 small and medium-sized FFs based in Portugal. In terms of the research methodology, we applied structural equation modelling (SEM) to test our hypotheses. We found that not only do resources and capabilities return a positive impact on internationalisation motivations, but also the combination of resources and capabilities and internationalisation motivations can positively influence the international performance of FFs. Our research contributes both to theory and FF management practises by analysing the strategic orientations adopted in internationalisation processes and the empirical relevance held by resources and capabilities. More specifically, we find that proactivity (i.e. internationalisation motivations), a network of contacts (i.e. resources) and assuming risks, mitigated by knowledge about the external market (i.e. capabilities), can enable the achievement of superior international performance for FFs.
{"title":"The Determinants of International Performance for Family Firms: Understanding the Effects of Resources, Capabilities, and Market Orientation","authors":"C. Lobo, C. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, P. Veiga, Stephan Gerschewski","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0334","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Family firms (FFs) tend to display specific characteristics that differentiate them from non-family companies. In addition to the importance that FFs hold for the economic structure of many countries, their characteristics have motivated a wide range of research studies, including succession, corporate governance, and strategic management. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of resources (i.e. internationalisation networks), capabilities (i.e. employee characteristics and knowledge), and market orientation (i.e. internationalisation motivations), and how these facets influence the international performance of FFs. To this end, we administered a web-based questionnaire to a sample of 212 small and medium-sized FFs based in Portugal. In terms of the research methodology, we applied structural equation modelling (SEM) to test our hypotheses. We found that not only do resources and capabilities return a positive impact on internationalisation motivations, but also the combination of resources and capabilities and internationalisation motivations can positively influence the international performance of FFs. Our research contributes both to theory and FF management practises by analysing the strategic orientations adopted in internationalisation processes and the empirical relevance held by resources and capabilities. More specifically, we find that proactivity (i.e. internationalisation motivations), a network of contacts (i.e. resources) and assuming risks, mitigated by knowledge about the external market (i.e. capabilities), can enable the achievement of superior international performance for FFs.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"1998 1","pages":"773 - 811"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82776405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles Fahinde, Alexis Abodohoui, Radjabu Mayuto, Zhan Su
Abstract In this paper, we proposed an analytical framework based on the institutional theory to analyze the effect of institutional context on the impact of entrepreneurship education (EE). The influence of institutional environment was captured through three variables, namely perceived government support, perceived cultural norms, and social legitimacy of entrepreneurship. Based on a sample of 788 respondents from two African countries, our results show that beyond EE, institutional context is equally a determining factor of students’ entrepreneurial intention. Thus, a favorable institutional environment increases the students’ entrepreneurial intention. Our results also reveal that the positive effect of EE is higher when government policies are conducive to entrepreneurship development while it is lower when socio-cultural context (cultural norms, social legitimacy) is conducive to entrepreneurship. Thus, this study shows that informal institutions have a contingency effect while formal institutions play a complementary role in the impact of EE on students’ entrepreneurial intention.
{"title":"How Does Institutional Context Influence Entrepreneurship Education Outcomes? Evidence from Two African Countries","authors":"Charles Fahinde, Alexis Abodohoui, Radjabu Mayuto, Zhan Su","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0458","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we proposed an analytical framework based on the institutional theory to analyze the effect of institutional context on the impact of entrepreneurship education (EE). The influence of institutional environment was captured through three variables, namely perceived government support, perceived cultural norms, and social legitimacy of entrepreneurship. Based on a sample of 788 respondents from two African countries, our results show that beyond EE, institutional context is equally a determining factor of students’ entrepreneurial intention. Thus, a favorable institutional environment increases the students’ entrepreneurial intention. Our results also reveal that the positive effect of EE is higher when government policies are conducive to entrepreneurship development while it is lower when socio-cultural context (cultural norms, social legitimacy) is conducive to entrepreneurship. Thus, this study shows that informal institutions have a contingency effect while formal institutions play a complementary role in the impact of EE on students’ entrepreneurial intention.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87277315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this study is to test how different dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affect the growth and performance of SMEs in the short term in a rapidly changing business environment. In addition, a scale for measuring EO is tested in the SME context. The data (n = 260) was gathered from Finnish SMEs, and analyzed with structural equation modelling. The results show that EO has two dimensions in SMEs: innovativeness and risk-taking. Proactiveness and innovativeness measure the same phenomenon. Results show that innovativeness has a significant and positive effect on SME performance but not on SME growth. Risk-taking, in turn, has a positive effect on SME growth but not on performance. However, the relationship depends on how growth and performance are defined. Further, the results showed that EO should be seen as multidimensional and be measured by two lower-order dimensions reflecting managerial behaviors and attitudes. This study contributes to theory formation by showing EO as a two-dimensional construct among SMEs and suggests managerial implications by showing the effects of innovativeness and risk-taking on SME growth and SME performance. Further, the results show the importance of EO in the short term, as the current business environment can be described as a time of rapid and unpredictable change, when strategic decision-making requires quick decisions to seize opportunities and counter threats.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Orientation, Firm Growth and Performance in SMEs: Testing the Scale of EO in SME Context","authors":"Kirsti Sorama, Sanna Joensuu-Salo","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0175","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study is to test how different dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affect the growth and performance of SMEs in the short term in a rapidly changing business environment. In addition, a scale for measuring EO is tested in the SME context. The data (n = 260) was gathered from Finnish SMEs, and analyzed with structural equation modelling. The results show that EO has two dimensions in SMEs: innovativeness and risk-taking. Proactiveness and innovativeness measure the same phenomenon. Results show that innovativeness has a significant and positive effect on SME performance but not on SME growth. Risk-taking, in turn, has a positive effect on SME growth but not on performance. However, the relationship depends on how growth and performance are defined. Further, the results showed that EO should be seen as multidimensional and be measured by two lower-order dimensions reflecting managerial behaviors and attitudes. This study contributes to theory formation by showing EO as a two-dimensional construct among SMEs and suggests managerial implications by showing the effects of innovativeness and risk-taking on SME growth and SME performance. Further, the results show the importance of EO in the short term, as the current business environment can be described as a time of rapid and unpredictable change, when strategic decision-making requires quick decisions to seize opportunities and counter threats.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"601 - 629"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74070426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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