Two main theoretical strands suggest causal explanations for the shifts in the de-escalation dynamics of conflicts, in which parties that had been unwilling to sit together at the negotiating table ultimately agreed to do so and eventually signed an agreement. The first is the ripeness strand which embodies three loosely related subtheories, and the second, a corollary of it, is the readiness strand which is based on readiness theory. By applying readiness theory to two case studies of mediated negotiations which ended in agreement in Aceh (2005) and Sudan (2005), this study illustrates the value of the readiness strand as an integrative analytical framework for examining the negotiation process from prenegotiation to negotiation and agreement. This type of multicausal and dynamic analysis, which considers gradual changes in the variables throughout the process, offers insights for researchers as well as for practitioners.
{"title":"Readiness Theory: A New Approach to Understanding Mediated Prenegotiation and Negotiation Processes Leading to Peace Agreements","authors":"A. Schiff","doi":"10.1111/ncmr.12175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12175","url":null,"abstract":"Two main theoretical strands suggest causal explanations for the shifts in the de-escalation dynamics of conflicts, in which parties that had been unwilling to sit together at the negotiating table ultimately agreed to do so and eventually signed an agreement. The first is the ripeness strand which embodies three loosely related subtheories, and the second, a corollary of it, is the readiness strand which is based on readiness theory. By applying readiness theory to two case studies of mediated negotiations which ended in agreement in Aceh (2005) and Sudan (2005), this study illustrates the value of the readiness strand as an integrative analytical framework for examining the negotiation process from prenegotiation to negotiation and agreement. This type of multicausal and dynamic analysis, which considers gradual changes in the variables throughout the process, offers insights for researchers as well as for practitioners.","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ncmr.12175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43974740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. McCarter, Shirli Kopelman, Thomas A. Turk, Candace E. Ybarra
In organizations, conflict revolves around the use of shared resources. Research on property rights, territoriality, and social dilemmas suggests that to reduce such conflict, organizations could facilitate the psychological privatization of commons resources. We introduce a model that helps understand how psychologically privatizing organizational commons resources—to prevent the overuse problem of the tragedy of the commons (Hardin, G. Science, 162, 1968, 1243)—can lead to the emergence of another resource dilemma. We develop a model that illustrates how resource complexity and group complexity increase psychological marking and defending behaviors. These behaviors potentially lead to a problem of resource underuse—a tragedy of the anticommons (Heller, M. A. Harvard Law Review, 111, 1998, 621)—in organizational settings. The conceptual model, integrating insights from research on property rights, territoriality, and social dilemmas with law and social psychology, provides a bottom-up behavioral explanation of the emergence of the tragedy of the anticommons in organizations and outlines opportunities for future research.
在组织中，冲突围绕着共享资源的使用。对财产权、属地和社会困境的研究表明，为了减少这种冲突，组织可以促进公共资源的心理私有化。我们引入了一个模型，该模型有助于理解在心理上私有化组织公地资源——以防止公地悲剧的过度使用问题（Hardin，G.Science，1621968，1243）——如何导致另一种资源困境的出现。我们开发了一个模型，说明资源复杂性和群体复杂性如何增加心理标记和防御行为。这些行为可能会导致组织环境中资源利用不足的问题——一场反公共的悲剧（Heller，M.a.Harvard Law Review，111998621）。该概念模型将产权、属地性和社会困境研究的见解与法律和社会心理学相结合，为组织中反公共悲剧的出现提供了自下而上的行为解释，并为未来的研究提供了机会。
{"title":"Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth: Toward a Theory for How the Tragedy of the Anticommons Emerges in Organizations","authors":"M. McCarter, Shirli Kopelman, Thomas A. Turk, Candace E. Ybarra","doi":"10.1111/ncmr.12174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12174","url":null,"abstract":"In organizations, conflict revolves around the use of shared resources. Research on property rights, territoriality, and social dilemmas suggests that to reduce such conflict, organizations could facilitate the psychological privatization of commons resources. We introduce a model that helps understand how psychologically privatizing organizational commons resources—to prevent the overuse problem of the tragedy of the commons (Hardin, G. Science, 162, 1968, 1243)—can lead to the emergence of another resource dilemma. We develop a model that illustrates how resource complexity and group complexity increase psychological marking and defending behaviors. These behaviors potentially lead to a problem of resource underuse—a tragedy of the anticommons (Heller, M. A. Harvard Law Review, 111, 1998, 621)—in organizational settings. The conceptual model, integrating insights from research on property rights, territoriality, and social dilemmas with law and social psychology, provides a bottom-up behavioral explanation of the emergence of the tragedy of the anticommons in organizations and outlines opportunities for future research.","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ncmr.12174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48671773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Restorative justice (RJ) processes offer a way to address multifaceted harms caused by wrongdoing. Yet, questions remain about people’s attitudes toward restorative processes such as victim–offender conferences (VOCs) and the factors that influence those attitudes. This study examined whether beliefs about youth and adult redeemability and decisionmaking competence influence perceptions of justice outcomes, VOC effectiveness, VOC appropriateness, VOC support, and VOC participation willingness. Analysis of survey data gathered from 207 participants through Amazon MTurk suggests that perceived redeemability and to a lesser extent decision-making competence significantly shape outcomeand process-related beliefs and evaluations. Namely, the more people believe that offenders are redeemable, the more they are likely to support restorative outcomes, perceive VOCs to be effective and appropriate, support the use of VOCs, and be willing to participate in a VOC. The study’s findings are useful for potentially shaping people’s understanding of and support for RJ.
{"title":"The Influence of Belief in Offender Redeemability and Decision‐Making Competence on Receptivity to Restorative Justice","authors":"Gregory D. Paul","doi":"10.1111/ncmr.12176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12176","url":null,"abstract":"Restorative justice (RJ) processes offer a way to address multifaceted harms caused by wrongdoing. Yet, questions remain about people’s attitudes toward restorative processes such as victim–offender conferences (VOCs) and the factors that influence those attitudes. This study examined whether beliefs about youth and adult redeemability and decisionmaking competence influence perceptions of justice outcomes, VOC effectiveness, VOC appropriateness, VOC support, and VOC participation willingness. Analysis of survey data gathered from 207 participants through Amazon MTurk suggests that perceived redeemability and to a lesser extent decision-making competence significantly shape outcomeand process-related beliefs and evaluations. Namely, the more people believe that offenders are redeemable, the more they are likely to support restorative outcomes, perceive VOCs to be effective and appropriate, support the use of VOCs, and be willing to participate in a VOC. The study’s findings are useful for potentially shaping people’s understanding of and support for RJ.","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ncmr.12176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47912382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article pays tribute to Anatol Rapoport. Rapoport’s contributions spanned scientific disciplines and included the application of mathematical models to biology and the social sciences, alongside metatheoretical work bridging semantics, ethics, and philosophy. Known for formulating the “Tit for Tat” strategy, his approach to game theory reflected a nuanced understanding of knowledge, wisdom, and ethics; the differences, for example, between modeling behavior — what works as an algorithm in a structured game — and solving complex human social interactions. While developing a science of human conflict, Rapoport focused on simple ideas to promote cooperation; his ultimate goal was to foster world peace. A career overview alongside testimonials by scholars and family provide a glimpse of Anatol Rapoport, the scientist and the person. The legacy and thinking of Anatol Rapoport continue to resonate and reverberate today whenever we conduct rigorous scholarship toward transforming conflict into peaceful harmony, whether among people or nations. This article celebrates the scholarly contributions of Anatol Rapoport, the Lifetime Achievement Award recipient for the International Association for Conflict Management (IACM) in 1996. Rapoport was a leading figure in systems sciences, studies in conflict and cooperation, and peace research. While his formal academic training was in mathematics, his writing was also eloquent and innovative when it focused on metatheoretical ideas and philosophy. His research spanned scientific
{"title":"Tit for Tat and Beyond: The Legendary Work of Anatol Rapoport","authors":"Shirli Kopelman","doi":"10.1111/ncmr.12172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12172","url":null,"abstract":"This article pays tribute to Anatol Rapoport. Rapoport’s contributions spanned scientific disciplines and included the application of mathematical models to biology and the social sciences, alongside metatheoretical work bridging semantics, ethics, and philosophy. Known for formulating the “Tit for Tat” strategy, his approach to game theory reflected a nuanced understanding of knowledge, wisdom, and ethics; the differences, for example, between modeling behavior — what works as an algorithm in a structured game — and solving complex human social interactions. While developing a science of human conflict, Rapoport focused on simple ideas to promote cooperation; his ultimate goal was to foster world peace. A career overview alongside testimonials by scholars and family provide a glimpse of Anatol Rapoport, the scientist and the person. The legacy and thinking of Anatol Rapoport continue to resonate and reverberate today whenever we conduct rigorous scholarship toward transforming conflict into peaceful harmony, whether among people or nations. This article celebrates the scholarly contributions of Anatol Rapoport, the Lifetime Achievement Award recipient for the International Association for Conflict Management (IACM) in 1996. Rapoport was a leading figure in systems sciences, studies in conflict and cooperation, and peace research. While his formal academic training was in mathematics, his writing was also eloquent and innovative when it focused on metatheoretical ideas and philosophy. His research spanned scientific","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ncmr.12172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43505640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Racial Diversity in Decision‐making Groups: The Moderating Role of Relationship Conflict","authors":"Brian Manata","doi":"10.1111/ncmr.12173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ncmr.12173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43248579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Task Conflict on Relationship Quality: The Mediating Role of Relational Behavior","authors":"Wenxue Lu, Wenqian Guo","doi":"10.1111/NCMR.12150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/NCMR.12150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/NCMR.12150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44862715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Reif, F. A. Kunz, Katharina G. Kugler, F. Brodbeck
In the substantial body of research on gender differences in the initiation of negotiation, the findings consistently favor men (Kugler et al., 2018). We propose that this research itself is gendered because negotiation research has traditionally focused on masculine negotiation contexts. In the current study, we replicate the gender effect in initiating negotiations (favoring men) and provide an empirically based selection of “masculine,” “feminine,” and “neutral” negotiation contexts, which can be used for future negotiation research. We show that the negotiation context shapes gender differences such that in specific social contexts, women tend to have even higher initiation intentions compared to men. Negotiation contexts generally seem to differ regarding their affordance to negotiate. We offer a possible explanation for gender effects on initiation intentions by uncovering the mediating role of expectancy considerations across all negotiation contexts, especially in masculine contexts, and instrumentality considerations in specific masculine and feminine contexts.
{"title":"Negotiation Contexts: How and Why They Shape Women's and Men's Decision to Negotiate","authors":"J. Reif, F. A. Kunz, Katharina G. Kugler, F. Brodbeck","doi":"10.1111/NCMR.12153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/NCMR.12153","url":null,"abstract":"In the substantial body of research on gender differences in the initiation of negotiation, the findings consistently favor men (Kugler et al., 2018). We propose that this research itself is gendered because negotiation research has traditionally focused on masculine negotiation contexts. In the current study, we replicate the gender effect in initiating negotiations (favoring men) and provide an empirically based selection of “masculine,” “feminine,” and “neutral” negotiation contexts, which can be used for future negotiation research. We show that the negotiation context shapes gender differences such that in specific social contexts, women tend to have even higher initiation intentions compared to men. Negotiation contexts generally seem to differ regarding their affordance to negotiate. We offer a possible explanation for gender effects on initiation intentions by uncovering the mediating role of expectancy considerations across all negotiation contexts, especially in masculine contexts, and instrumentality considerations in specific masculine and feminine contexts.","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/NCMR.12153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44223211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Friedman, Robin L. Pinkley, W. Bottom, Wu Liu, M. Gelfand
Negotiation scholars generally model agreement as the terminal "endpoint" of the process. From this perspective, parties instantaneously realize their outcomes when agreement is reached. Although this conception may also reflect the understanding of some negotiators (those with what we call a "fixed agreement" mindset), we argue that others actually envision agreement as one step in an ongoing process (what we call a "fluid agreement" mindset). To spur research on this topic, we report initial progress on development of a new measure of agreement fluidity. Basic psychometric properties for this measure were established using six correlational samples that demonstrate aspects of both discriminant and convergent validity. Fixed agreement mindset appears to predict important behaviors during and after the negotiation process.
{"title":"Implicit Theories of Negotiation: Developing a Measure of Agreement Fluidity","authors":"R. Friedman, Robin L. Pinkley, W. Bottom, Wu Liu, M. Gelfand","doi":"10.1111/NCMR.12166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/NCMR.12166","url":null,"abstract":"Negotiation scholars generally model agreement as the terminal \"endpoint\" of the process. From this perspective, parties instantaneously realize their outcomes when agreement is reached. Although this conception may also reflect the understanding of some negotiators (those with what we call a \"fixed agreement\" mindset), we argue that others actually envision agreement as one step in an ongoing process (what we call a \"fluid agreement\" mindset). To spur research on this topic, we report initial progress on development of a new measure of agreement fluidity. Basic psychometric properties for this measure were established using six correlational samples that demonstrate aspects of both discriminant and convergent validity. Fixed agreement mindset appears to predict important behaviors during and after the negotiation process.","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/NCMR.12166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43996297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Culture, Communication, and Conflict Management","authors":"Wendi L. Adair","doi":"10.1111/NCMR.12165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/NCMR.12165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45732,"journal":{"name":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/NCMR.12165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42628761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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