International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine最新文献

Ochratoxin A (OTA) formation prevention is not usually available so counteracting strategies are urgent. This study investigated the toxic effects of OTA on Nile tilapia with trials to neutralize these effects by using some feed additives. Supplements used as one percent (Garlen Extra4, Nigella sativa, Garlen Extra4 plus Nigella sativa and a commercial mycotoxins binder, Fero Bind Pro) were added to 500 ppb/kg OTA-contaminated diet. Fish were fed at 3% body weight per day for 10 weeks. The clinical signs recorded in OTA – intoxicated positive control group were sluggish swimming and off food before death with reduction in survivability (53%) and growth performance. Several post-mortem lesions were in liver, kidneys and spleen. Serum levels of ALT, AST, creatinine and urea were significantly increased with reduction in total protein, albumin and globulin in ochratoxicated fish group compared to the negative control group. Concerning the pathological changes that have been noticed in ochratoxin treated fish were almost completely alleviated in examined tissues of fish that were fed on diet with Garlen Extra4 plus Nigella sativa or Nigella sativa and partially in fish that were fed on diet with Garlen Extra4 or Fero Bind Pro, respectively. Best detoxifying results were obtained by using 30 g/kg Nigella sativa plus 0.1 g/kg Garlen Extra4 followed by Nigella sativa, Garlen Extra4 then Fero Bind Pro as a commercial Mycotoxins binder. It could be concluded that inclusions of 30 g/kg Nigella sativa plus 0.1 g/kg Garlen Extra4 in Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) diets could partially reduce OTA toxic effects.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of local anesthesia and the number of incisions performed on the physiological blood profile of piglets after surgical castration. A total of 60 male piglets were divided into five groups of 12 each, based on the surgical method employed and the use, or not, of local anesthesia, as follows: surgical castration using one horizontal incision in both testicles with (C1+L) and without (C1) local anesthesia; surgical castration using two vertical scrotal incisions with and without local anesthesia (C2+L and C2); and control piglets which were removed from their pens and held head-down by their hind limbs for approximately 90 s to simulate castration (SIM). Reference blood samples were drawn 24 h before castration (RV), immediately after surgery or simulated castration (PC), and at 24 and 48 h post-castration, to determine physiological profiles including; pH, hematocrit, glucose, electrolytes, lactate, pCO₂ (mmHg), SO₂ (mmHg), and bicarbonate. Results showed increases in lactate and hematocrit immediately after surgical or simulated castration with decreases in pH, HCO₃− and base excess (BE). Surgical castration produced marked alterations of the physiological profile, detected by reduced pH and HCO₃, higher lactate levels and BE alterations. These changes indicated metabolic acidosis that was greater in the piglets castrated surgically with one horizontal incision than in those castrated with two vertical incisions. More research is needed on the use of lidocaine during surgical castration, as it showed no effect on physiological profile in this study, but did alter hematocrit values.

Nanotechnology is no longer a concept or a theory of the new world, it has turned into a new enabling technology over the years, with tremendous potential to revolutionize agriculture and livestock sector all over the globe. Moreover, nanotechnology provides new tools for molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, veterinary physiology and reproduction, giving more promising solutions in both pathogen detection and therapy, engineering of agriculture, incredible results in animal and food systems and many more. Nanotechnology means manipulation, reduction and synthesis of materials at nano scale. Nanoparticles have distinct unique morphological characteristics which are quite different from their original bulk form. Recently, nanoparticles have been produced by industries for commercial applications having huge benefits. Since nanotechnology serves various fields of science and technology, the fabrication of nanoparticles using the biological route is becoming the need of the day. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles attracts the attentions of many researchers and industries to study microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae and others as perfect biological factories for the fabrication of different nanoparticles. Among the different bionanofactories, the fungal system has emerged as an efficient most suitable system synthesizing metal nanoparticles by different mechanisms and for many reasons mentioned later. This review highlights the term “Myconanotechnology” in an attempt to direct more attention on fungi as a potential effective green approach in nanotechnology through conducting a SWOT analysis consisting of strengths, weaknesses, future opportunities of myconanosynthesis and probable constraints through eliciting questions for the possibility of using them in a large scale production.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the activity of Lactococcus garvieae of dairy origin against pathogenic bacteria during cheese manufacture and its suitability and safety as a probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For these purposes, Lactococcus garvieae isolated from raw cow milk was tested to control the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated cheese during storage under refrigeration. Also a feeding experiment was conducted on 120 Oreochromis niloticus using a diet containing Lactococcus garvieae as a probiotic bacteria against pathogenic S. aureus. The findings of this study showed that Lactococcus garvieae of dairy origin produced inhibitory substances against pathogenic microorganisms. The selected strain had a good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated cheese during refrigerated storage. Concerning fish experiment, it showed no evidence of disease in fish that were fed a diet containing Lactococcus garvieae, and showed a higher survival rate than others. Further investigations for purification of the produced inhibitory substance and confirming that is a bacteriocin-like substance are needed. Nonetheless, it is the first report of using L. garvieae of dairy origin as a probiotic for controlling the pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus in Oreochromis niloticus.

Newcastle disease (ND) is an endemic disease in Oman’s poultry industry and impacts negatively on food security. However, little is known regarding the potential risks of the disease in backyard poultry. The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in backyard chickens and the herd-level risk factors in Oman. In total, 1383 serum samples were collected from chickens in 139 flocks from nine governorates. Information on associated risk factors was assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The samples were tested using commercial indirect ELISA kits.A logistic regression model was applied to assess the associated risk factors. The bird and flock-level NDV seroprevalence was 33.8% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 12.8–38.6%) and 57.1% (95% CI: 35.7–71.4%), respectively. The highest seroprevalence of antibody to NDV at bird and flock levels was recorded in North Ash Sharqiyah (38.6%) and Al Buraimi (71.4%), respectively. Also, the lowest seroprevalence at bird and flock levels was recorded in Musandam (12.8%) and South Al Batinah (35.7%), respectively. A significant difference in NDV seroprevalence at flock and bird levels was only recorded in Ad Dakhliyah. Factors associated with higher seroprevalence to NDV included absence of a veterinarian in the farm (OR = 5.3; 95% CI: 2.1, 11.7), usage of dead ND vaccine (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2–4.2), employment of non-permanent staff (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 1.5, 10.6) and free entry of visitors (OR = 6.2; 95% CI: 2.0, 20.3). In conclusion, the results of this study revealed a high exposure of backyard chickens to NDV and the identified risk factors could be vital in the prevention and control of the disease in Oman.

In the present work, macrorestriction analysis was applied to characterize 44 S. uberis field strains isolated from lactating cows suffering from mastitis in three dairy herds in Hesse State, Germany. Analysis of the obtained data by Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that most of the isolates originating from different herds and cows were not related to each other. However, identical macrorestriction patterns were noted in 12 of 13 mastitic quarters in healing process, in three quarters even over the whole sampling period indicating persistent infection. In the present work, PFGE could detect variable levels of similarity ranging from 76 to 100%. The macrorestriction analyses revealed the presence of 10 S. uberis PFGE pattern with more than four bands difference. PFGE profiles with minor differences (only one to three bands) were considered to be subtypes. The use of sensitive genotyping methods like macrorestriction analyses by PFGE enables the differentiation among new and persistent infections. Nevertheless minor changes in macrorestriction profiles could occur which are clearly distinguishable from totally unrelated strains.

There are varieties of surgical approaches reported for equine splenectomy and all of them were dealing with the most reachable situation of splenic hilus and easy handling of the spleen. The aim of this work was to establish the normal ultrasound parameters of spleen in donkeys (normal echogenicity, hilus situation, topographic location and correlation with neighboring organs) as a guide to select the best approach for total splenectomy in donkeys. Splenic ultrasound was carried out on six normal donkeys before experimental total splenectomy in the standing position. The splenic topographic location was recorded among 4 rows including 30 squares. These animals were divided into two groups according to the surgical approach of total splenectomy. Total splenectomy after left 16^th and 17^th ribs partial resection in standing position was carried out in group1 and group 2, respectively. Ultrasonographically, the spleen had homogenously echogenic pattern and appeared hyperechoic to the liver. Only one third of the spleen was located in front of the 16^th rib where the hilus and splenic blood vessels were nearly under the 16^th rib. The splenic artery and splenic vein were ultrasonographically visualized between the left 16^th and 17^th ribs 10–15 cm from dorsal midline. This area was the site of the important ligation during total splenectomy. In conclusion, ultrasonography guidance for total splenectomy in donkeys assisted the surgical findings and proved that technique following partial resection of the 17^th rib at the standing position is the most convenient surgical approach for total splenectomy in donkeys.

Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important diseases of poultry. This study determined the preponderance of chicken Eimeria in southern Nigeria and assessed the parasite’s resistance to three anticoccidial drugs: Amprolium hydrochloride; Amprolium hydrochloride + Sulfaquinoxaline-Sodium; and Toltrazuril. Multiplex PCR amplification of the SCAR region was used to confirm Eimeria preponderance. Resistance was assessed following the inoculation of 2.32 × 10⁵ infective oocysts into broilers. Data on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and fecal oocyst shed were recorded. At 7 days post inoculation 9 birds per treatment were sacrificed and assessed for macroscopic lesions in four intestinal regions. Percent optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA), Anticoccidial index (ACI) and Anticoccidial sensitivity test (AST) were used to access resistance. The preponderance of Eimeria spp. were E. tenella (77%), E. necatrix (55%), E. acervulina (44%) and E. mitis (11%), with multi-species infection occurring in 55% of samples assessed. Fecal oocyst shedding was low (P < 0.05) in the medicated groups. Lesions in the cecal region were present in all infected groups regardless of treatment and accounted for 27.8% of lesion scores by severity and 37.5% of lesion scores by frequency. Overall, lesion scores were less (P < 0.05) in birds of the medicated groups compared with the infected-unmedicated group. The high preponderance of E. tenella in the field, and the occurrence of cecal lesions – caused mainly by E. tenella- despite drug administration, indicate resistance in populations of this species in our isolate. Based-on the POAA, ACI and AST values, the Eimeria isolate showed reduced sensitivity to toltrazuril.

Retinoic acid, vitamin A metabolite, plays a role in oocyte development and maturation in different ways including gene expression alteration and/or prohibiting oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cisRA) on the quality and maturation rate of buffalo oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs, n = 460) were collected from ovaries of slaughtered buffalos. Varying concentrations of 9-cisRA (0, 5, 50, and 200 nM) were added to the maturation medium, and the following parameters were analyzed: (i) maturation and cleavage rates, (ii) mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, (iii) expression level of antioxidant-related genes (PRDX1, SOD1, CAT, HOMX1, and GPX4) using RT-qPCR. Maturation rate was significantly improved in 5 nM 9-cisRA oocyte group (95.8%, P < .05) compared to control and other treatment groups (86.7% in control group). The same oocyte group exhibited significantly higher mitochondrial membrane potential activity and lower ROS accumulation level compared to other treatment groups. Antioxidant-related genes were up-regulated in oocytes matured with 5 or 50 nM 9-cisRA compared to control and 200 nM 9-cisRA groups. In contrast, 200 nM of 9-cisRA showed a clear down-regulation for antioxidant-related genes except for PRDX1. In conclusion, supplementation of 9-cisRA with a lower concentration (5 nM) to the buffalo oocytes maturation media promotes maturation rate through a protection mechanism that maintains adequate levels of antioxidant-related transcripts and improves mitochondrial activity. However, 9-cisRA has no significant effect on the cleavage rate of the treated oocytes.

Hydroxyapatite is an important biomaterial and main mineral component found in bones for potential clinical applications. Moringa oleifera, a common plant in which all parts are edible and rich in iron content. This study reported the chemically synthesized Hydroxyapatite and green synthesis of Hydroxyapatite nanorods using the aqueous flower extract of Moringa oleifera by microwave assisted method. The synthesized Moringa oleifera flower extract Hydroxyapatite nanorods were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Photo Luminescence spectroscopy (PL), Thermo Gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In addition, the antimicrobial activity of these nanorods was assessed. Moringa oleifera flower extract Hydroxyapatite nanorods were crystalline in nature, rod like structure with a mean particle size of 41 nm. The antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods was greater against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. Furthermore, Moringa oleifera extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods showed a very good antifungal activity against three common pathogenic fungi including; Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger.