The study investigates the empirical relationship between indirect taxes and economic growth in Pakistan. For estimation, the annual time series data (1974 to 2010) was used. The main purpose of the research is to find the long-run and short-run relationship between indirect taxes and economic growth. Philips Perron and Augmented Dickey fuller unit root tests were used to check the stationarity of every variable in the study. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for cointegrations (developed in 2001) was applied to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship among the variables. Indirect taxes have negative and significant effect on economic growth in long-run while its coefficents in short-run were insignificant. Due to one per cent increase in indirect taxes, economic growth would decrease by 1.68 per cent. ECM coefficient of indirect taxes shows 45 per cent speed of adjustment in a year. According to the research results it is imperative to decrease indirect taxes and increase the direct taxes, if we want to augment the economic growth. Currently, contribution of direct taxes out of total tax revenue is only 33 per cent and the share of indirect taxes is 63 per cent, while it should be reversed if economic growth has to increase.
{"title":"Taxes and economic growth: an empirical analysis of Pakistan","authors":"Shahzad Ahmad, M. H. Sial","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08062","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the empirical relationship between indirect taxes and economic growth in Pakistan. For estimation, the annual time series data (1974 to 2010) was used. The main purpose of the research is to find the long-run and short-run relationship between indirect taxes and economic growth. Philips Perron and Augmented Dickey fuller unit root tests were used to check the stationarity of every variable in the study. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for cointegrations (developed in 2001) was applied to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship among the variables. Indirect taxes have negative and significant effect on economic growth in long-run while its coefficents in short-run were insignificant. Due to one per cent increase in indirect taxes, economic growth would decrease by 1.68 per cent. ECM coefficient of indirect taxes shows 45 per cent speed of adjustment in a year. According to the research results it is imperative to decrease indirect taxes and increase the direct taxes, if we want to augment the economic growth. Currently, contribution of direct taxes out of total tax revenue is only 33 per cent and the share of indirect taxes is 63 per cent, while it should be reversed if economic growth has to increase.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
his study explores the educational effects of promoting reading at public kindergartens in Yunlin County, Taiwan. The research subjects were the teachers and parents of upper-kindergarten students (5-6 years old) from 10 public kindergartens in Yunlin County, to which 400 questionnaires were distributed; 322 valid questionnaires were collected for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using a linear regression model and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network model. The study found that the total amount of reading was a factor affecting “reading habits”, “language proficiency,” “comprehension abilities”, “independent reading proficiency”, “conscious behavior”, and “reading interest”. This study’s results and recommendations can serve as reference for professionals in preschool and kindergarten education.
{"title":"The effects of promoting reading on children’s education outcomes: a case study of public kindergartens in Yunlin County, Taiwan","authors":"Yi Liu","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08065","url":null,"abstract":"his study explores the educational effects of promoting reading at public kindergartens in Yunlin County, Taiwan. The research subjects were the teachers and parents of upper-kindergarten students (5-6 years old) from 10 public kindergartens in Yunlin County, to which 400 questionnaires were distributed; 322 valid questionnaires were collected for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using a linear regression model and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network model. The study found that the total amount of reading was a factor affecting “reading habits”, “language proficiency,” “comprehension abilities”, “independent reading proficiency”, “conscious behavior”, and “reading interest”. This study’s results and recommendations can serve as reference for professionals in preschool and kindergarten education.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68500296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
he current rate of unemployment among graduates in Malaysia has initiated the Malaysian government to look into entrepreneurship as a possible solution and this has led to the introduction of entrepreneurship education in most of the higher educational institutions. The research topic is, ‘Effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in developing entrepreneurial intentions among the Malaysian university students’. A theoretical framework has been proposed to identify the research issues and gaps. The research design is purely quantitative using a structured questionnaire which was tested among 4 entrepreneurial-focused universities. The study investigates entrepreneurship education variables of curricula, teaching methodologies, universities roles against entrepreneurial intentions using attitude and stakeholder support systems as mediating variables. Data was collected from 396 respondents and analysed using the SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. The structural model was tested using a two-stage process. The model was tested using a CFA for goodness-of-fit indices and the direct and indirect effect of the mediating variables on the exogenous variables towards the endogenous through the application of a path analysis technique. Data analysis has been discussed, together with the implications and theory and practice. The paper discusses the conclusion and findings of the study and theoretical, methodological and practical contributions.
{"title":"The effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in developing entrepreneurial intentions among Malaysian university students: (a research findings on the structural equation modeling)","authors":"Parimala Rengiah","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08063","url":null,"abstract":"he current rate of unemployment among graduates in Malaysia has initiated the Malaysian government to look into entrepreneurship as a possible solution and this has led to the introduction of entrepreneurship education in most of the higher educational institutions. The research topic is, ‘Effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in developing entrepreneurial intentions among the Malaysian university students’. A theoretical framework has been proposed to identify the research issues and gaps. The research design is purely quantitative using a structured questionnaire which was tested among 4 entrepreneurial-focused universities. The study investigates entrepreneurship education variables of curricula, teaching methodologies, universities roles against entrepreneurial intentions using attitude and stakeholder support systems as mediating variables. Data was collected from 396 respondents and analysed using the SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. The structural model was tested using a two-stage process. The model was tested using a CFA for goodness-of-fit indices and the direct and indirect effect of the mediating variables on the exogenous variables towards the endogenous through the application of a path analysis technique. Data analysis has been discussed, together with the implications and theory and practice. The paper discusses the conclusion and findings of the study and theoretical, methodological and practical contributions.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
espite the economic and social changes occurred in Brazil in the last decade, which created a favorable scenario for the prosperity of charitable giving, Brazilian philanthropic landscape still has to deal with some barriers, such as the lack of trust in nonprofit institutions, the absence of incentives for donation, and the change in family and personal values. This article theoretically discusses the phenomenon of philanthropy in Brazil under the guilt hypothesis and comes up with propositions that may inspire future research. We propose that activating a negative emotion, such as guilt, increases individuals’ donation intentions and the intended amount of donation to charitable organizations even more than positive emotions, such as empathy. We also propose that the activation of the emotion of guilt has a stronger effect on individuals that are high (versus low) in consumer materialism value. Finally, we discuss possible theoretical, managerial and public policy implications.
{"title":"When guilt induces charity: the emotional side of philanthropy","authors":"Ramona De Luca, Mateus Ferreira","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08064","url":null,"abstract":"espite the economic and social changes occurred in Brazil in the last decade, which created a favorable scenario for the prosperity of charitable giving, Brazilian philanthropic landscape still has to deal with some barriers, such as the lack of trust in nonprofit institutions, the absence of incentives for donation, and the change in family and personal values. This article theoretically discusses the phenomenon of philanthropy in Brazil under the guilt hypothesis and comes up with propositions that may inspire future research. We propose that activating a negative emotion, such as guilt, increases individuals’ donation intentions and the intended amount of donation to charitable organizations even more than positive emotions, such as empathy. We also propose that the activation of the emotion of guilt has a stronger effect on individuals that are high (versus low) in consumer materialism value. Finally, we discuss possible theoretical, managerial and public policy implications.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68500282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Najati A Younis, Hisham A. Almakanin, Mustafa F. Alkhawaldeh, Moayyad A Homidi
he purpose of the study is to investigate the extent of Parents’ of Autism children knowledge of behavior modification as perceived by them. Moreover, finding if there are any significant statistical differences at the level of (α =0.05) in the extent of Parents’ of Autism children knowledge of behavior modification attributed to gender and affection duration. The sample of the study consisted of (139) parents with children of Autism disorder in public and private centers in Amman city responded to a test developed by the researchers. The findings of the study showed that the means ranged from (5.84-7.12) as methods of improving desired behavior ranked first followed by reducing undesired behavior. While, behavior modification principles came lastly. Moreover, there are significant statistical differences at the level of (α =0.05) attributed to gender in all domains and the tool as a whole except for reducing undesired behavior methods as differences were in the favor of females. Meanwhile, there were no differences attributed to affection duration.
{"title":"The extent of parents’ of autism children knowledge of behavior modification as perceived by them","authors":"Najati A Younis, Hisham A. Almakanin, Mustafa F. Alkhawaldeh, Moayyad A Homidi","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08052","url":null,"abstract":"he purpose of the study is to investigate the extent of Parents’ of Autism children knowledge of behavior modification as perceived by them. Moreover, finding if there are any significant statistical differences at the level of (α =0.05) in the extent of Parents’ of Autism children knowledge of behavior modification attributed to gender and affection duration. The sample of the study consisted of (139) parents with children of Autism disorder in public and private centers in Amman city responded to a test developed by the researchers. The findings of the study showed that the means ranged from (5.84-7.12) as methods of improving desired behavior ranked first followed by reducing undesired behavior. While, behavior modification principles came lastly. Moreover, there are significant statistical differences at the level of (α =0.05) attributed to gender in all domains and the tool as a whole except for reducing undesired behavior methods as differences were in the favor of females. Meanwhile, there were no differences attributed to affection duration.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"31 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical overview of French artificial incubation in the backyard","authors":"Ouakoubo Gaston Gnabro","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"38 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
angladesh is a pioneer and home of conceptualizing microcredit program. It has undertaken a number of such programs to reduce poverty and bring about socio-economic changes in the rural community. Bangladesh is one of the populous countries of the world and a high percentage of the population suffers from abject poverty. Poor rural families of Bangladesh take microcredit from different non-government organizations (NGOs) for reducing poverty and increase the standard of their life. Microcredit makes some socio-economic changes on rural population including the reduction of income inequality, unemployment, consumption etc. Moreover, microcredits from the NGOs are spent on income generating activities and hence increase the income of rural population as well as making their saving habit. The microcredit has also positive impacts on health, education, nutrition, population growth, life expectancies and economic welfare of the poor rural family. This paper examines the socio-economic impacts of microcredit on rural family in four villages named Malonchi, Khoyershoti, Dipchor, and Monipur under Pabna Sadar, Pabna, Bangladesh.
{"title":"Socio-economic impacts of microcredit on rural areas in Bangladesh: An econometric analysis","authors":"Enamul Haque Md. Mahfuzur Rahman","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08053","url":null,"abstract":"angladesh is a pioneer and home of conceptualizing microcredit program. It has undertaken a number of such programs to reduce poverty and bring about socio-economic changes in the rural community. Bangladesh is one of the populous countries of the world and a high percentage of the population suffers from abject poverty. Poor rural families of Bangladesh take microcredit from different non-government organizations (NGOs) for reducing poverty and increase the standard of their life. Microcredit makes some socio-economic changes on rural population including the reduction of income inequality, unemployment, consumption etc. Moreover, microcredits from the NGOs are spent on income generating activities and hence increase the income of rural population as well as making their saving habit. The microcredit has also positive impacts on health, education, nutrition, population growth, life expectancies and economic welfare of the poor rural family. This paper examines the socio-economic impacts of microcredit on rural family in four villages named Malonchi, Khoyershoti, Dipchor, and Monipur under Pabna Sadar, Pabna, Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
he purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of employees’ trust in leader, organizational commitment to turnover intention. The mediating effect of perceived ethical climate with regard to the relationship between the trust, commitment and turnover intention is also investigated. For this purpose, employees (N=717) were asked to complete a questionnaire, currently employed in insurance agents, located in Istanbul. The findings of the study reveal that employees that have confidence in their leader prefer to be less intentive on leaving their jobs. Furthermore, employees that are committed to their organizations either prefer to be less intentive on leaving their jobs. It is also found that, perceived ethical climate has a partial mediating effect on the interaction between the trust and turnover intention as well as the interaction between organizational commitment and turnover intention.
{"title":"THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF PERCEIVED ETHICAL CLIMATE ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT TRUST AND TURNOVER INTENTION INTERACTIONS A RESEARCH ON INSURANCE SECTOR","authors":"M. Ş. Ensari, M. E. Karabay","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08054","url":null,"abstract":"he purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of employees’ trust in leader, organizational commitment to turnover intention. The mediating effect of perceived ethical climate with regard to the relationship between the trust, commitment and turnover intention is also investigated. For this purpose, employees (N=717) were asked to complete a questionnaire, currently employed in insurance agents, located in Istanbul. The findings of the study reveal that employees that have confidence in their leader prefer to be less intentive on leaving their jobs. Furthermore, employees that are committed to their organizations either prefer to be less intentive on leaving their jobs. It is also found that, perceived ethical climate has a partial mediating effect on the interaction between the trust and turnover intention as well as the interaction between organizational commitment and turnover intention.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
etropolitan cities have distinctive characteristics distinguishing them from the country. People living in these big cities can have an urbanized character in terms of their lifestyles and personality traits. This study analyses the relationships and lifestyles of the persons living in metropolitan cities through Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s film Distant (2002). The film Distant is particularly analysed by benefiting from Georg Simmel’s considerations related to individuals taking material values as a criterion, having a “blasé attitude” and the individuality coming into prominence. The aim of this study is to reveal how these urban behaviours which permeate individuals migrating to metropolis cities cause depersonalization.
{"title":"The metropolis and the individuals: an analysis through Nuri bilge Ceylan’s distant","authors":"Gözde Zengi̇n","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08055","url":null,"abstract":"etropolitan cities have distinctive characteristics distinguishing them from the country. People living in these big cities can have an urbanized character in terms of their lifestyles and personality traits. This study analyses the relationships and lifestyles of the persons living in metropolitan cities through Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s film Distant (2002). The film Distant is particularly analysed by benefiting from Georg Simmel’s considerations related to individuals taking material values as a criterion, having a “blasé attitude” and the individuality coming into prominence. The aim of this study is to reveal how these urban behaviours which permeate individuals migrating to metropolis cities cause depersonalization.","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"2673 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68499890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
his study aims to present and systematize the Non-Formal Environmental Education Program as a new Methodology for industrial workers, since this method was tested with the collaboration of industrial workers for the second time. The first application of the Non-Formal Environmental Education Program Approach for hands-on workers applied to cleaner production was in a primary aluminum industry, in the City of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. This case study answers the question whether or not a Non-Formal Environmental Education Program for industrial workers can contribute to minimize the core waste and the foundry dust sand waste generated in the core making branch.This research has an exploratory approach as there is little accumulated and systematized knowledge of Evaluation of Non-Formal Environmental Education Programs for industrial workers involved in Cleaner Production. The efficiency of the Non-Formal Environmental Education Program for core makers in achieving a cleaner industrial production with focus on the minimization of industrial solid waste, was evaluated by using theoretical and practical tools. The Non-Formal Environmental Education Program promoted a behavior change process in the industrial workers, which was a consequence of an increase in their environmental awareness level. The positive results of environmental performance indicators demonstrated an improvement in the environmental quality of the workstations, a minimization of 2.5% in foundry wastes, core waste and foundry dust sand waste. T EUROPEAN LAW REVIEW ISSN: 0307-5400 www.sweetmaxwell.org Volume 8; Issue 4; Jun-Aug2016; Page No. 07-24 8
{"title":"Evaluation of non-formal environmental education training program for industrial workers applied to cleaner production in Brazil","authors":"Lênia Ribeiro de Souza Vieira Carlos Alberto","doi":"10.21859/EULAWREV-08042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21859/EULAWREV-08042","url":null,"abstract":"his study aims to present and systematize the Non-Formal Environmental Education Program as a new Methodology for industrial workers, since this method was tested with the collaboration of industrial workers for the second time. The first application of the Non-Formal Environmental Education Program Approach for hands-on workers applied to cleaner production was in a primary aluminum industry, in the City of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. This case study answers the question whether or not a Non-Formal Environmental Education Program for industrial workers can contribute to minimize the core waste and the foundry dust sand waste generated in the core making branch.This research has an exploratory approach as there is little accumulated and systematized knowledge of Evaluation of Non-Formal Environmental Education Programs for industrial workers involved in Cleaner Production. The efficiency of the Non-Formal Environmental Education Program for core makers in achieving a cleaner industrial production with focus on the minimization of industrial solid waste, was evaluated by using theoretical and practical tools. The Non-Formal Environmental Education Program promoted a behavior change process in the industrial workers, which was a consequence of an increase in their environmental awareness level. The positive results of environmental performance indicators demonstrated an improvement in the environmental quality of the workstations, a minimization of 2.5% in foundry wastes, core waste and foundry dust sand waste. T EUROPEAN LAW REVIEW ISSN: 0307-5400 www.sweetmaxwell.org Volume 8; Issue 4; Jun-Aug2016; Page No. 07-24 8","PeriodicalId":45752,"journal":{"name":"European Law Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"01-01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：