Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2277873
Milica Prokić
Goli Otok (Barren Island) was a site of the master political prison and forced labor camp of the socialist Yugoslavia between 1949 and 1956. The imprisoned, accused of siding with Stalin in the Tito–Stalin political rift, were sent to undergo ‘self-managed re-education’ through ‘socially beneficial labor’ in the island’s limestone quarries. The inmates were forced to build their own prison out of that very limestone – the first known human dwellings on the previously uninhabited island. They were also often forced to break, crumble and to carry massive stone loads from one place to another and back, with no constructive or productive purpose. However, the labor camp authorities also operated a lucrative business, oriented towards country-wide distribution, and sometimes towards international export of the island’s limestone. The quarried stone of the island therefore travelled more widely than its excavators, whose movements were limited to their island-prison. Set at the intersection of labor history and environmental history and drawing on the archival materials of the Yugoslav State Security Service, oral history interviews with the former prisoners, and their published and unpublished written memoirs, this paper examines the interrelations of the prison-island, its stone material, and the prisoners’ laboring bodies.
{"title":"‘We build barren island, barren island builds us’: of imprisoned humans and mobilized stone in the Yugoslav Cominformist labor camp (1949–1956)","authors":"Milica Prokić","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2277873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2277873","url":null,"abstract":"Goli Otok (Barren Island) was a site of the master political prison and forced labor camp of the socialist Yugoslavia between 1949 and 1956. The imprisoned, accused of siding with Stalin in the Tito–Stalin political rift, were sent to undergo ‘self-managed re-education’ through ‘socially beneficial labor’ in the island’s limestone quarries. The inmates were forced to build their own prison out of that very limestone – the first known human dwellings on the previously uninhabited island. They were also often forced to break, crumble and to carry massive stone loads from one place to another and back, with no constructive or productive purpose. However, the labor camp authorities also operated a lucrative business, oriented towards country-wide distribution, and sometimes towards international export of the island’s limestone. The quarried stone of the island therefore travelled more widely than its excavators, whose movements were limited to their island-prison. Set at the intersection of labor history and environmental history and drawing on the archival materials of the Yugoslav State Security Service, oral history interviews with the former prisoners, and their published and unpublished written memoirs, this paper examines the interrelations of the prison-island, its stone material, and the prisoners’ laboring bodies.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"29 50","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2280052
Marko Valenta, Jo Jakobsen, Margareta Gregurović, Drago Župarić-Iljić
This article explores the recent history of labour migration in post-independence Croatia. The time period under investigation is 1990–2023, which encompasses three decades during which the country has experienced complex migrations, in particular of labour migrants and refugees. The article’s ambition is twofold. First, it identifies changing elements of the Croatian migration system, exploring how it is embedded in the wider regional and international migration systems. Second, it proposes a pioneering typology of Croatian migrations and discusses their drivers. The article argues that the Croatian migrations have been significantly affected by the country’s changing affiliations to neighbouring states and the European Union. Several historical, socioeconomic and political junctions have enabled, driven and hampered labour migrations and other migratory flows of the Croatian migration system. It is evident that the war of independence, the poor socioeconomic situation in the post-war period and increased opportunities to emigrate to more developed parts of Europe have all contributed to the depopulation of Croatia and to ongoing changes in its migration system. It is also asserted that understanding the Croatian migration system necessitates a long-term perspective on the interactions between immigrant and emigrant flows, and on how they overlap with return migrations.
{"title":"Changes in the Croatian migration system: conceptualising the complexities of migrations, 1990-2023","authors":"Marko Valenta, Jo Jakobsen, Margareta Gregurović, Drago Župarić-Iljić","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2280052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2280052","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the recent history of labour migration in post-independence Croatia. The time period under investigation is 1990–2023, which encompasses three decades during which the country has experienced complex migrations, in particular of labour migrants and refugees. The article’s ambition is twofold. First, it identifies changing elements of the Croatian migration system, exploring how it is embedded in the wider regional and international migration systems. Second, it proposes a pioneering typology of Croatian migrations and discusses their drivers. The article argues that the Croatian migrations have been significantly affected by the country’s changing affiliations to neighbouring states and the European Union. Several historical, socioeconomic and political junctions have enabled, driven and hampered labour migrations and other migratory flows of the Croatian migration system. It is evident that the war of independence, the poor socioeconomic situation in the post-war period and increased opportunities to emigrate to more developed parts of Europe have all contributed to the depopulation of Croatia and to ongoing changes in its migration system. It is also asserted that understanding the Croatian migration system necessitates a long-term perspective on the interactions between immigrant and emigrant flows, and on how they overlap with return migrations.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":" 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135192910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2280048
Nebiha Guiga
The history of humanitarianism in the nineteenth century, and more specifically of the lifeboat movement, has so far paid limited attention to the role of rank-and-file, working-class volunteers and the ways in which they interacted with the broader moral framework of humanitarian causes. In order to contribute to this history, this article looks at social conflicts between lifeboat crews and local committees as related in inspection reports of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. It argues that these conflicts hinge on the double nature of lifeboat work as both labour and moral duty, the incommensurability of these two aspects and the ways in which different social actors interpret them. It frames these tensions under the concept of moral economy and argues that the practical implementation of the humanitarian imperative of lifesaving at sea is partly a result of tensions and negotiations of mutual monetary and non-monetary obligations of the various actors at play at station level.
{"title":"Between labour and moral duty: social conflicts, volunteer work and the moral economy of life-boating in the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (1850–1914)","authors":"Nebiha Guiga","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2280048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2280048","url":null,"abstract":"The history of humanitarianism in the nineteenth century, and more specifically of the lifeboat movement, has so far paid limited attention to the role of rank-and-file, working-class volunteers and the ways in which they interacted with the broader moral framework of humanitarian causes. In order to contribute to this history, this article looks at social conflicts between lifeboat crews and local committees as related in inspection reports of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. It argues that these conflicts hinge on the double nature of lifeboat work as both labour and moral duty, the incommensurability of these two aspects and the ways in which different social actors interpret them. It frames these tensions under the concept of moral economy and argues that the practical implementation of the humanitarian imperative of lifesaving at sea is partly a result of tensions and negotiations of mutual monetary and non-monetary obligations of the various actors at play at station level.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"117 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2272125
Selin Çağatay
ABSTRACTThis article explores the relationship between the Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions (Türk-İş) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) from the 1960s until the 1990s with a focus on the transnational collaboration of activists who organised educational activities for women workers and trade unionists to empower them as rights-seeking political subjects and strengthen their position within the trade union movement. Demonstrating how women’s trade union education evolved within the framework of local politics as well as global processes such as the Cold War and the emergence of a UN-led gender equality regime, it argues that global inequalities, geopolitical differences, and Türk-İş leaders’ ambivalent attitude towards women’s status in the trade union movement led to a loose, sporadic relationship between local activists and those from the west. At the same time, it was often these activists’ sustained efforts towards collaboration and the circulation of their agendas that pressured Türk-İş to invest in women’s empowerment in trade unions. Utilising archival and trade union sources as well as oral history interviews, the article integrates the work of women labour activists in feminist labour historiography, offering a more comprehensive understanding of trade unions’ gender politics in Turkey and globally.KEYWORDS: Feminist labour historyICFTUtrade union educationtransnational collaborationTurkeyTürk-işwomen’s labour activism AcknowledgmentsThe author thanks Sylvia Hahn, Silke Neunsinger, Mahua Sarkar, and the ZARAH research team, and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and valuable comments on the earlier versions of the article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis article is part of the ERC-funded project ‘ZARAH: Women’s labour activism in Eastern Europe and transnationally, from the age of empires to the late 20th century’ (Advanced grant no. 833691).Notes on contributorsSelin ÇağataySelin Çağatay is a postdoctoral researcher in History and Gender Studies at the Central European University, Austria. Her recent publications have appeared in Women’s History Review, International Feminist Journal of Politics, and the Palgrave Macmillan Thinking Gender in Transnational Times series. Currently she investigates educational activities targeting urban and rural women in the world of gainful work in Turkey and transnationally.
{"title":"Women workers’ education at the Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions: excavating histories of transnational collaboration with the ICFTU","authors":"Selin Çağatay","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2272125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2272125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article explores the relationship between the Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions (Türk-İş) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) from the 1960s until the 1990s with a focus on the transnational collaboration of activists who organised educational activities for women workers and trade unionists to empower them as rights-seeking political subjects and strengthen their position within the trade union movement. Demonstrating how women’s trade union education evolved within the framework of local politics as well as global processes such as the Cold War and the emergence of a UN-led gender equality regime, it argues that global inequalities, geopolitical differences, and Türk-İş leaders’ ambivalent attitude towards women’s status in the trade union movement led to a loose, sporadic relationship between local activists and those from the west. At the same time, it was often these activists’ sustained efforts towards collaboration and the circulation of their agendas that pressured Türk-İş to invest in women’s empowerment in trade unions. Utilising archival and trade union sources as well as oral history interviews, the article integrates the work of women labour activists in feminist labour historiography, offering a more comprehensive understanding of trade unions’ gender politics in Turkey and globally.KEYWORDS: Feminist labour historyICFTUtrade union educationtransnational collaborationTurkeyTürk-işwomen’s labour activism AcknowledgmentsThe author thanks Sylvia Hahn, Silke Neunsinger, Mahua Sarkar, and the ZARAH research team, and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and valuable comments on the earlier versions of the article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis article is part of the ERC-funded project ‘ZARAH: Women’s labour activism in Eastern Europe and transnationally, from the age of empires to the late 20th century’ (Advanced grant no. 833691).Notes on contributorsSelin ÇağataySelin Çağatay is a postdoctoral researcher in History and Gender Studies at the Central European University, Austria. Her recent publications have appeared in Women’s History Review, International Feminist Journal of Politics, and the Palgrave Macmillan Thinking Gender in Transnational Times series. Currently she investigates educational activities targeting urban and rural women in the world of gainful work in Turkey and transnationally.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"95 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2266686
Kevin E. Grimm
ABSTRACTBetween 1953 and 1972 the International Labor Film Institute (ILFI), affiliated with yet organizationally separate from the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), spread knowledge about, and encouraged the use of, films among Western trade unionists. Holding five formal film festivals, the ILFI also engaged in the collection and distribution of information about films and filmstrips on trade union topics, themes, and successes. Yet compared to other ICFTU forums, ICFTU and ILFI officials were relatively muted on Cold War issues when it came to film activities. When they did discuss such topics, they evidenced a level of uncertainty and confusion regarding how intensely to engage anti-communist messaging in the area of labor films, indicating a concern over how to strike the correct balance between showcasing topics solely focused on labor and engaging Cold War themes. Studying the ILFI and Western labor’s relationship to the medium of film thus reveals both an anxiety among Western labor leaders during the early and middle years of the Cold War over how best to weigh their desire to help workers with their goal of appearing sufficiently anti-communist as well as another way the vagueness of the ICFTU’s slogan of ‘free trade unionism’ impacted the ICFTU’s activities.KEYWORDS: International Confederation of Free Trade UnionsInternational Labour Film InstituteILFIICFTUanti-communismfree trade unionismJ.H. Oldenbroek Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research was funded in part by research travel grants from Regent University.Notes on contributorsKevin E. GrimmDr. Kevin E. Grimm is an associate professor of history at Regent University in Virginia Beach. His work has appeared in Labor History, the Journal of Contemporary History, the Journal of West African History, and Cold War History. His first book, America Enters the Cold War: The Road to Global Commitment, 1945-1950 (2018), is part of Routledge’s Critical Moments in American History series and he is currently working on a book on the ICFTU and Ghana.
1953年至1972年间，隶属于国际自由工会联合会(ICFTU)但在组织上又与之分离的国际劳工电影协会(ILFI)在西方工会会员中传播关于电影的知识，并鼓励使用电影。国际劳工联合会举办了五届正式电影节，并收集和分发有关工会主题和成功的电影和短片的资料。然而，与国际自由工会联合会的其他论坛相比，国际自由工会联合会和国际电影协会的官员在涉及电影活动的冷战问题上相对沉默。当他们讨论这些话题时，他们证明了在劳工电影领域如何强烈地参与反共信息方面存在一定程度的不确定性和困惑，这表明他们担心如何在展示仅关注劳工的主题和参与冷战主题之间取得正确的平衡。因此，研究国际第四国际和西方劳工与电影媒介的关系，揭示了冷战早期和中期西方劳工领袖的焦虑，即如何最好地权衡他们帮助工人的愿望与他们表现出充分反共的目标，以及国际劳工联合会“自由工会主义”口号的模糊性对国际劳工联合会活动的另一种影响。关键词:国际自由工会联合会;国际劳工电影协会;国际劳工联合会;披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。本研究的部分资金来自摄政大学的研究旅行补助金。作者简介:kevin E. GrimmDr。凯文·格林(Kevin E. Grimm)是弗吉尼亚海滩摄政大学历史学副教授。他的作品曾发表在《劳工史》、《当代史杂志》、《西非历史杂志》和《冷战史》上。他的第一本书《美国进入冷战:全球承诺之路，1945-1950》(2018)是劳特利奇《美国历史的关键时刻》系列的一部分，他目前正在写一本关于国际劳工联合会和加纳的书。
{"title":"‘A first class medium’: the cautious anti-communism of the ICFTU’s International Labour Film Institute, 1953-1972","authors":"Kevin E. Grimm","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2266686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2266686","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTBetween 1953 and 1972 the International Labor Film Institute (ILFI), affiliated with yet organizationally separate from the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), spread knowledge about, and encouraged the use of, films among Western trade unionists. Holding five formal film festivals, the ILFI also engaged in the collection and distribution of information about films and filmstrips on trade union topics, themes, and successes. Yet compared to other ICFTU forums, ICFTU and ILFI officials were relatively muted on Cold War issues when it came to film activities. When they did discuss such topics, they evidenced a level of uncertainty and confusion regarding how intensely to engage anti-communist messaging in the area of labor films, indicating a concern over how to strike the correct balance between showcasing topics solely focused on labor and engaging Cold War themes. Studying the ILFI and Western labor’s relationship to the medium of film thus reveals both an anxiety among Western labor leaders during the early and middle years of the Cold War over how best to weigh their desire to help workers with their goal of appearing sufficiently anti-communist as well as another way the vagueness of the ICFTU’s slogan of ‘free trade unionism’ impacted the ICFTU’s activities.KEYWORDS: International Confederation of Free Trade UnionsInternational Labour Film InstituteILFIICFTUanti-communismfree trade unionismJ.H. Oldenbroek Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research was funded in part by research travel grants from Regent University.Notes on contributorsKevin E. GrimmDr. Kevin E. Grimm is an associate professor of history at Regent University in Virginia Beach. His work has appeared in Labor History, the Journal of Contemporary History, the Journal of West African History, and Cold War History. His first book, America Enters the Cold War: The Road to Global Commitment, 1945-1950 (2018), is part of Routledge’s Critical Moments in American History series and he is currently working on a book on the ICFTU and Ghana.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"BC-27 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136235023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2272124
Robayet Ferdous Syed
The International Labor Organization (ILO) labor standard is crucial for ensuring labor rights, making it imperative for member states to adopt labor policies that align with and comply with the ILO. With this in mind, this manuscript addresses three key questions: First, what does the term ‘labor standard’ mean under the ILO? Second, does Bangladesh’s labor policy align with the ILO? Third, how can compliance with labor policy be improved to safeguard labor rights in Bangladesh? This qualitative study employs an interdisciplinary pure legal research methodology, as established by Arthurs in 1983, within the academic constituency. The findings reveal that labor legislation in Bangladesh often deviates from the ILO labor policy. In many cases, there is a lack of effective inspection mechanisms to enforce labor laws, and the penalties, incarceration, and other sanctions for labor law violations are inadequate. This leads to insufficient implementation of the law in Bangladesh, resulting in numerous violations of workers’ rights.
{"title":"Labor standards, labor policy, and compliance mechanism: a case study in Bangladesh","authors":"Robayet Ferdous Syed","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2272124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2272124","url":null,"abstract":"The International Labor Organization (ILO) labor standard is crucial for ensuring labor rights, making it imperative for member states to adopt labor policies that align with and comply with the ILO. With this in mind, this manuscript addresses three key questions: First, what does the term ‘labor standard’ mean under the ILO? Second, does Bangladesh’s labor policy align with the ILO? Third, how can compliance with labor policy be improved to safeguard labor rights in Bangladesh? This qualitative study employs an interdisciplinary pure legal research methodology, as established by Arthurs in 1983, within the academic constituency. The findings reveal that labor legislation in Bangladesh often deviates from the ILO labor policy. In many cases, there is a lack of effective inspection mechanisms to enforce labor laws, and the penalties, incarceration, and other sanctions for labor law violations are inadequate. This leads to insufficient implementation of the law in Bangladesh, resulting in numerous violations of workers’ rights.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135111496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2268544
Ferruccio Ricciardi
In colonial French Congo, one of the main challenges for labor relations was the need to reconcile contradictory efforts to promote the mobility of native workers while also stabilizing (or immobilizing) the workforce. As the interests of colonial employers and officials overlapped and merged, so did the status of indigenous workers evolve according to how administrative and economic leaders categorized indigenous work. Indigenous workers were therefore progressively categorized as migrant workers, deserters or vagrants. The political instruments which were supposed to ensure the circulation of migrant workers particularly (the laissez-passer, worker logbooks, orders regulating the flow of the workforce within the colony, etc.) were perversely used to constrain worker movement. Drawing on the archives of the French colonial administration and the private archives of the Compagnie Française du Haut-Congo, this article tries to grasp the relation between freedom and (im)mobility in the context of a colonial concession. In that context, colonial leaders sought to control of mobility for purposes relating to the construction of a local labor market, the consolidation of governmental rationality and the stabilization of colonial order.
{"title":"Freedom of movement <i>versus</i> freedom of work? Coping with the mobility of indigenous workers in a palm oil concession in French Congo (1910-1940)","authors":"Ferruccio Ricciardi","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2268544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2268544","url":null,"abstract":"In colonial French Congo, one of the main challenges for labor relations was the need to reconcile contradictory efforts to promote the mobility of native workers while also stabilizing (or immobilizing) the workforce. As the interests of colonial employers and officials overlapped and merged, so did the status of indigenous workers evolve according to how administrative and economic leaders categorized indigenous work. Indigenous workers were therefore progressively categorized as migrant workers, deserters or vagrants. The political instruments which were supposed to ensure the circulation of migrant workers particularly (the laissez-passer, worker logbooks, orders regulating the flow of the workforce within the colony, etc.) were perversely used to constrain worker movement. Drawing on the archives of the French colonial administration and the private archives of the Compagnie Française du Haut-Congo, this article tries to grasp the relation between freedom and (im)mobility in the context of a colonial concession. In that context, colonial leaders sought to control of mobility for purposes relating to the construction of a local labor market, the consolidation of governmental rationality and the stabilization of colonial order.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2268557
Santhosh Abraham, Susy Varughese
ABSTRACTAnimals, animal labour and animal capital, were vital in developing colonial capitalism. For labour theories, working animals constituted only as tools or resources and affirmed the property rights of humans over animals by capturing, confining, breeding and training. The capitalist interactions with animals developed from the early warfare and hunting practices to the later discourses of conservation, juridical control and the commoditization of animals in the capital-intensive colonial industries. This article examines the entangled histories of wild elephants in colonial settings who were captured, tamed, and trained as working animals and sold as commodities to the capitalist timber industries. By using Jonathan Saha's conceptualization of 'undead capital', this article addresses how the wild elephants were transformed from being hunted to being protected, fed, provided for and kept healthy by veterinarians through the Kraal system only to be commoditized as working animals. However, such commoditization resulted in the subjugation of animals, the transformation of ecologies, and the fostering of new interspecies relationships between the elephants and their caretakers. The knowledge and experience of caretakers of elephants became central in colonial animal management and was perceived as a route through which colonialism created new knowledge about wild animals and the forests.KEYWORDS: Animal labourcommodificationworking animalstimber industryinterspecies relationships AcknowledgmentsThis article is developed from the Exploratory Research Project on ‘Animal Care, Science and Colonialism’, funded by the Centre for Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research (ICSR), IIT Madras, Chennai, India. Part of this article was presented at the International Workshop on Commodities of Empire at the University of York in July 2023. We would like to thank ICSR, IIT Madras for funding, Teresa Joshy for archival assistance and all the York workshop participants for their feedback. We also thank the editor and the two anonymous reviewers of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. For a detailed analysis of liberal and Marxian thoughts on nonhuman animals and labour, see Blattner et al. (Citation2020). Animal labour: A new frontier of interspecies justice? Oxford University Press.2. Government of Madras. (Citation1887). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. Tamil Nadu State Archives Chennai (hereafter TSAC).3. Government of Madras. (1888). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.4. Government of Madras. (1892). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.5. Government of Madras. (1912). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.6. Government of Madras. (1913, February 7). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.7. Government of India. (1879). Elephant Preservation Act 1879.8. Government of Madras. (1885, June 20). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.9. Ibid.10. District Co
动物、动物劳动和动物资本在殖民地资本主义的发展中起着至关重要的作用。在劳动理论中，劳动动物只构成工具或资源，通过捕获、限制、繁殖和训练，肯定了人类对动物的财产权。资本主义与动物的互动从早期的战争和狩猎实践发展到后来的保护话语、法律控制和资本密集型殖民地工业中动物的商品化。这篇文章考察了殖民时期野生大象被捕获、驯服和训练成劳动动物，并作为商品出售给资本主义木材工业的复杂历史。本文运用乔纳森·萨哈(Jonathan Saha)的“不死资本”概念，阐述了野生大象是如何通过Kraal系统从被猎杀转变为由兽医保护、喂养、提供和保持健康的，最后却被商品化为工作动物的。然而，这种商品化导致了动物的征服，生态的转变，以及大象和它们的饲养者之间新的物种间关系的培养。大象看护人的知识和经验成为殖民地动物管理的核心，并被认为是殖民主义创造关于野生动物和森林的新知识的途径。本文由印度理工学院马德拉斯工业咨询和赞助研究中心(ICSR)资助的“动物护理、科学和殖民主义”探索性研究项目发展而来，印度金奈。本文的部分内容于2023年7月在约克大学举行的帝国商品国际研讨会上发表。我们要感谢ICSR、IIT马德拉斯的资助、Teresa Joshy的档案协助以及所有约克研讨会参与者的反馈。我们还要感谢本文的编辑和两位匿名审稿人。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。关于自由主义和马克思主义关于非人类动物和劳动的思想的详细分析，见Blattner et al. (Citation2020)。动物劳动:物种间正义的新前沿?牛津大学出版社。马德拉斯政府。(Citation1887)。税收局(森林)派遣。泰米尔纳德邦金奈档案馆(以下简称TSAC)。马德拉斯政府。(1888)。税收局(森林)派遣。TSAC.4。马德拉斯政府。(1892)。税收局(森林)派遣。TSAC.5。马德拉斯政府。(1912)。税收局(森林)派遣。TSAC.6。马德拉斯政府。(1913年2月7日).税收局(森林)快讯。TSAC.7。印度政府。(1879)。1879.8年《大象保护法案》马德拉斯政府。(1885年6月20日)税收局(森林)派遣。TSAC.9。Ibid.10。哥印拜陀地区行政长官(1879年2月6日)。[给马德拉斯政府首席秘书的信]。TSAC.11。马拉巴尔区行政长官。(1900)。[给马德拉斯政府土地收入专员的信]。TSAC.12。哥印拜陀森林管理员。(1915)。[给马德拉斯政府土地收入专员的信]。TSAC.13。哥印拜陀森林管理员。(1908)。[给马德拉斯政府土地收入专员的信]。TSAC.14。比扎加巴塔南区长的代理人。(1891年12月3日)[给马德拉斯政府首席秘书的信]。TSAC.15。甘贾姆地区收集器。(1915年7月7日)[给马德拉斯政府首席秘书的信]。TSAC.16。哥印拜陀森林管理员。(1912)。[给马德拉斯政府土地收入专员的信]。TSAC.17。马德拉斯政府。(1913)。税收局(森林)派遣。TSAC.18。马德拉斯政府。(1933年3月8日).发展部快件:向私人租用大象。TSAC.19。睡椅。(引文1900,5月19日)。[给马德拉斯政府居民的信。Trivandrum喀拉拉邦档案馆(以下简称KSAT)。居民。(1900年5月27日)。[给马德拉斯政府迪万的信]。KSAT.21。马德拉斯政府。(1912年9月30日)税务委员会(森林)备忘录。TSAC.22。署理兽医署监督。(1912年7月22日)[给哥印拜陀西部森林管理员的信]。TSAC.23。马德拉斯政府。(1912年9月30日)税务委员会(森林)备忘录。TSAC.24。比萨加帕塔南总督的代理人。(1891年10月20日)。[给马德拉斯政府司法部门的电报]。TSAC.25。甘贾姆地区收集器。(1915年7月7日)[给马德拉斯政府首席秘书的信]。TSAC.26。Ibid.27。署理兽医署监督。(1912年7月22日)[给哥印拜陀西部森林管理员的信]。TSAC.28。同前。 附加信息印度理工学院马德拉斯工业咨询和赞助研究中心(ICSR)探索性研究资助计划(RF22230282HSRFER008556)贡献者说明santhosh AbrahamSanthosh Abraham是印度金奈马德拉斯印度理工学院人文与社会科学系的助理教授。他目前的研究兴趣包括动物劳动、殖民劳动和种植园、殖民法、英属印度的精神病学和殖民兽医实践。Susy Varughese是印度钦奈马德拉斯印度理工学院化学工程系的教授。除工程外，她的研究兴趣包括生态、环境、保育及自然资源管理。
{"title":"Madras <i>Kraals</i> , animal labour and Veterinary Corps: colonising wild elephants in British South India","authors":"Santhosh Abraham, Susy Varughese","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2268557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2268557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAnimals, animal labour and animal capital, were vital in developing colonial capitalism. For labour theories, working animals constituted only as tools or resources and affirmed the property rights of humans over animals by capturing, confining, breeding and training. The capitalist interactions with animals developed from the early warfare and hunting practices to the later discourses of conservation, juridical control and the commoditization of animals in the capital-intensive colonial industries. This article examines the entangled histories of wild elephants in colonial settings who were captured, tamed, and trained as working animals and sold as commodities to the capitalist timber industries. By using Jonathan Saha's conceptualization of 'undead capital', this article addresses how the wild elephants were transformed from being hunted to being protected, fed, provided for and kept healthy by veterinarians through the Kraal system only to be commoditized as working animals. However, such commoditization resulted in the subjugation of animals, the transformation of ecologies, and the fostering of new interspecies relationships between the elephants and their caretakers. The knowledge and experience of caretakers of elephants became central in colonial animal management and was perceived as a route through which colonialism created new knowledge about wild animals and the forests.KEYWORDS: Animal labourcommodificationworking animalstimber industryinterspecies relationships AcknowledgmentsThis article is developed from the Exploratory Research Project on ‘Animal Care, Science and Colonialism’, funded by the Centre for Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research (ICSR), IIT Madras, Chennai, India. Part of this article was presented at the International Workshop on Commodities of Empire at the University of York in July 2023. We would like to thank ICSR, IIT Madras for funding, Teresa Joshy for archival assistance and all the York workshop participants for their feedback. We also thank the editor and the two anonymous reviewers of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. For a detailed analysis of liberal and Marxian thoughts on nonhuman animals and labour, see Blattner et al. (Citation2020). Animal labour: A new frontier of interspecies justice? Oxford University Press.2. Government of Madras. (Citation1887). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. Tamil Nadu State Archives Chennai (hereafter TSAC).3. Government of Madras. (1888). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.4. Government of Madras. (1892). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.5. Government of Madras. (1912). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.6. Government of Madras. (1913, February 7). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.7. Government of India. (1879). Elephant Preservation Act 1879.8. Government of Madras. (1885, June 20). Board of Revenue (Forest) Despatches. TSAC.9. Ibid.10. District Co","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136295861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2258101
Timothy J. Minchin
This article examines the struggle to build the United Automobile Workers in the years after the sit-down strike of 1936–37 in Flint, Michigan. The strike, which historian Sidney Fine has called ‘the most significant American labor conflict in the twentieth century,’ has secured the lion’s share of scholarly attention. While it was very important, much remained to be done to make the UAW an institution that represented almost all American autoworkers. At the time of the strike, only 10 percent of GM’s 47,000 Flint workers belonged to the UAW, while much of the industry was unorganized. This article changes the focus, examining the struggle to build the union after the strike. In this period, the union faced bitter internal divisions, ongoing corporate opposition, patchy membership levels, and economic instability. It struggled to establish itself, and internal records – especially overlooked executive board minutes that are mined here – reveal considerable vulnerability and instability. While the UAW made progress between 1937 and 1941, it was in World War II that it solidified itself nationally, helped by favorable bargaining conditions. Even then, it faced ongoing leadership divisions and rank and file disaffection. Building the union took time and deserves closer interrogation.
{"title":"Gigantic struggles: the battle to build the United Automobile Workers after the sit-down strikes, 1937–1945","authors":"Timothy J. Minchin","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2258101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2258101","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the struggle to build the United Automobile Workers in the years after the sit-down strike of 1936–37 in Flint, Michigan. The strike, which historian Sidney Fine has called ‘the most significant American labor conflict in the twentieth century,’ has secured the lion’s share of scholarly attention. While it was very important, much remained to be done to make the UAW an institution that represented almost all American autoworkers. At the time of the strike, only 10 percent of GM’s 47,000 Flint workers belonged to the UAW, while much of the industry was unorganized. This article changes the focus, examining the struggle to build the union after the strike. In this period, the union faced bitter internal divisions, ongoing corporate opposition, patchy membership levels, and economic instability. It struggled to establish itself, and internal records – especially overlooked executive board minutes that are mined here – reveal considerable vulnerability and instability. While the UAW made progress between 1937 and 1941, it was in World War II that it solidified itself nationally, helped by favorable bargaining conditions. Even then, it faced ongoing leadership divisions and rank and file disaffection. Building the union took time and deserves closer interrogation.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135814721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1080/0023656x.2023.2260758
Ruiyang Hu
ABSTRACTThe emergence of industrial capitalism in the 19th century undoubtedly changed production processes in factories, and mass production theories and practices emerged for the first time in human history. Pioneers, namely Taylor and Ford, had revolutionary factory production and management innovations under industrial capitalism. However, the basic rights of workers, along with those of large factories, have been largely neglected. Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Gramsci began to formulate theories and practices of workers’ emancipation based on the mass production of industrial capitalism. As the two most important socialist countries on Earth, the Soviet Union and China have practiced emancipatory policies at the factory level based on the Marxist ideal. Through a triangular comparison model, this article examines whether the Soviet Union and China have achieved their ideals of worker emancipation. This article proposes a theory of workers’ emancipation, mainly based on the Marxist ideal, while Soviet and Chinese practices are compared horizontally. In the end, the article concludes that both the ideals of the Soviets and Chinese on workers’ emancipation have not been fully achieved despite both having some contributions to worker emancipation; the failure of achieving the emancipatory ideal rendered both countries’ claims on emancipation as mere ‘illusions.’KEYWORDS: Marxismlabor historyworkers emancipationfactory managementthe Soviet UnionChina AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to express special thanks of gratitude to the following scholars and organizations: Prof. Chun Lin, Dr. Hans Steinmuller, Dr. William Matthews, Dr. Andrea Pia at London School of Economics; Prof. Zhouwang Chen, Prof. Zhiguang Yin, Zhiqiang Sun, Shi Quan, Yuhua Li, Zekun Ge, and Dahao Yu at Fudan University; Colleagues of Mang Ren Mo Xiang Committee, editors of Labor History and Taylor & Francis, and above all my beloved girlfriend Mo Xu for their selfless help during drafting, writing and editing of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. This is known as the ‘price-wage’ system. Under such system, workers who produce more products would get more wages as rewards. This system will be introduced later in the text.Additional informationFundingThe author reports there is no funding to declare.Notes on contributorsRuiyang HuHu, Ruiyang (the author) is a PhD Candidate at the Department of Political Science, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. His research focuses on labour history of socialist nations, Chinese politics, modern political thought, and Marxism. The author obtained his bachelor’s degree with distinction at University of Toronto in summer 2020. The author obtained his first master degree (Master of Arts) with merit at University College London in winter 2021, and his second master degree (Master of Science) with merit at Lon
{"title":"Emancipation as an illusion: a review of factory management policies in the Soviet Union and China","authors":"Ruiyang Hu","doi":"10.1080/0023656x.2023.2260758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2023.2260758","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe emergence of industrial capitalism in the 19th century undoubtedly changed production processes in factories, and mass production theories and practices emerged for the first time in human history. Pioneers, namely Taylor and Ford, had revolutionary factory production and management innovations under industrial capitalism. However, the basic rights of workers, along with those of large factories, have been largely neglected. Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Gramsci began to formulate theories and practices of workers’ emancipation based on the mass production of industrial capitalism. As the two most important socialist countries on Earth, the Soviet Union and China have practiced emancipatory policies at the factory level based on the Marxist ideal. Through a triangular comparison model, this article examines whether the Soviet Union and China have achieved their ideals of worker emancipation. This article proposes a theory of workers’ emancipation, mainly based on the Marxist ideal, while Soviet and Chinese practices are compared horizontally. In the end, the article concludes that both the ideals of the Soviets and Chinese on workers’ emancipation have not been fully achieved despite both having some contributions to worker emancipation; the failure of achieving the emancipatory ideal rendered both countries’ claims on emancipation as mere ‘illusions.’KEYWORDS: Marxismlabor historyworkers emancipationfactory managementthe Soviet UnionChina AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to express special thanks of gratitude to the following scholars and organizations: Prof. Chun Lin, Dr. Hans Steinmuller, Dr. William Matthews, Dr. Andrea Pia at London School of Economics; Prof. Zhouwang Chen, Prof. Zhiguang Yin, Zhiqiang Sun, Shi Quan, Yuhua Li, Zekun Ge, and Dahao Yu at Fudan University; Colleagues of Mang Ren Mo Xiang Committee, editors of Labor History and Taylor & Francis, and above all my beloved girlfriend Mo Xu for their selfless help during drafting, writing and editing of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. This is known as the ‘price-wage’ system. Under such system, workers who produce more products would get more wages as rewards. This system will be introduced later in the text.Additional informationFundingThe author reports there is no funding to declare.Notes on contributorsRuiyang HuHu, Ruiyang (the author) is a PhD Candidate at the Department of Political Science, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. His research focuses on labour history of socialist nations, Chinese politics, modern political thought, and Marxism. The author obtained his bachelor’s degree with distinction at University of Toronto in summer 2020. The author obtained his first master degree (Master of Arts) with merit at University College London in winter 2021, and his second master degree (Master of Science) with merit at Lon","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135814618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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