Pub Date : 1999-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320653
Wang Sirui
The magnificent and irrepressible intellectual wave of modernization thought in the 1980s was shaped byâand the consequence ofâthe confluence of the "waters" from three intellectual sources. The first of these was the intellectual tradition that had been formed by China's intelligentsia since the beginning of the twentieth century; the second was made up of the mainstream modernization theories that came out of the scholarship in the social sciences in other countries since the 1960s; the third was an ideology of modernization that had gradually taken shape since the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee [of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978] (this last is something that Wang Hui has described as a "Marxist ideology of modernization" that is to be distinguished from Mao Zedong's "antimodernist Marxist ideology of modernization").>sup>1>/sup>
{"title":"Modernization and the Mainstream of Human Civilization","authors":"Wang Sirui","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320653","url":null,"abstract":"The magnificent and irrepressible intellectual wave of modernization thought in the 1980s was shaped byâand the consequence ofâthe confluence of the \"waters\" from three intellectual sources. The first of these was the intellectual tradition that had been formed by China's intelligentsia since the beginning of the twentieth century; the second was made up of the mainstream modernization theories that came out of the scholarship in the social sciences in other countries since the 1960s; the third was an ideology of modernization that had gradually taken shape since the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee [of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978] (this last is something that Wang Hui has described as a \"Marxist ideology of modernization\" that is to be distinguished from Mao Zedong's \"antimodernist Marxist ideology of modernization\").>sup>1>/sup>","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147532055
Angang Hu
Every country has its own peculiar set of conditions and national circumstances, its own peculiar traditions, and its unique path to follow. In particular, when it comes to an enormous developing country such as China, a country with such a huge population and such a vast territory, with its background of uneven development and yet such a long history, it is simply impossible to expect it merely to adopt and emulate the model of another country, no matter whether it is the "planned economy" model of the Soviet Union, or the "democratic" model of the West; its reform and development has to be, from first to last, a matter of innovation and creation of its own peculiar pathway.
{"title":"The Aim of Political Reform in China Is to Promote Economic Development","authors":"Angang Hu","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147532055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147532055","url":null,"abstract":"Every country has its own peculiar set of conditions and national circumstances, its own peculiar traditions, and its unique path to follow. In particular, when it comes to an enormous developing country such as China, a country with such a huge population and such a vast territory, with its background of uneven development and yet such a long history, it is simply impossible to expect it merely to adopt and emulate the model of another country, no matter whether it is the \"planned economy\" model of the Soviet Union, or the \"democratic\" model of the West; its reform and development has to be, from first to last, a matter of innovation and creation of its own peculiar pathway.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-147532055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320526
Guo Shuqing
The government has played an extremely important role in the processes of transitioning the economic system from one track to another over the past twenty years; this is because, on the one hand, while the traditional planned economic system had been completely dominated by the government, on the other hand, reform and opening up had also been initiated and propelled by the government. In addition, in regard to the objectives and modes of reform, the overwhelming majority also believes that we should adopt a mode of reform that will produce a kind of market economic system in which the government will play a very positive role. In the wake of the Asian financial crisis, however, there has been a major change in people's understanding in regard to this particular point. People seem to have begun harboring doubts about others, and, at the same time, their self-confidence has begun to be shaken, and even the very existence of a so-called Asian miracle has been brought into question. What remains certain and has not changed is the affirmation that further steps should be taken to marketize and monetize the national economy, to further standardize and control the government's and the enterprises' behavior, and to continue to enhance the degree of openness to the outside world. Nonetheless, all these are matters of the most general principles, and how to bring these principles to concrete realization remains a matter of a great deal of discussion, debate, and definition. This article is an attempt precisely in this regard.
{"title":"The Government's Role in China's Market Economy","authors":"Guo Shuqing","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320526","url":null,"abstract":"The government has played an extremely important role in the processes of transitioning the economic system from one track to another over the past twenty years; this is because, on the one hand, while the traditional planned economic system had been completely dominated by the government, on the other hand, reform and opening up had also been initiated and propelled by the government. In addition, in regard to the objectives and modes of reform, the overwhelming majority also believes that we should adopt a mode of reform that will produce a kind of market economic system in which the government will play a very positive role. In the wake of the Asian financial crisis, however, there has been a major change in people's understanding in regard to this particular point. People seem to have begun harboring doubts about others, and, at the same time, their self-confidence has begun to be shaken, and even the very existence of a so-called Asian miracle has been brought into question. What remains certain and has not changed is the affirmation that further steps should be taken to marketize and monetize the national economy, to further standardize and control the government's and the enterprises' behavior, and to continue to enhance the degree of openness to the outside world. Nonetheless, all these are matters of the most general principles, and how to bring these principles to concrete realization remains a matter of a great deal of discussion, debate, and definition. This article is an attempt precisely in this regard.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-09-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320569
Huang Jiayong
In the final analysis, a society's property-rights structure and the framework of its government-enterprises relationship are determined by the amount of resources controlled by and at the disposal of the government. Therefore, restricting the amount of resources controlled by and at the disposal of the government is a precondition for rationalizing and putting in order the relationship between the government and the enterprises. One of the fundamental reasons that, since the inauguration of reform, we in China have so far failed to effectively separate the government from the enterprises and that we are today faced with such difficulty in reorganizing our state-owned economic sector is that the government still controls a tremendous amount of resources. Thus, breaking up the government's control of resources will become a major task of further reform, and it will serve to lay an economic foundation for reforming our political system. Along such a line of thought, this article seeks to provide an empirical analysis of the amount of resources controlled by the government, and to propose a fundamental way to break up the government's control of resources.
{"title":"An Empirical Analysis of the Amount of Resources Controlled by the Government","authors":"Huang Jiayong","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320569","url":null,"abstract":"In the final analysis, a society's property-rights structure and the framework of its government-enterprises relationship are determined by the amount of resources controlled by and at the disposal of the government. Therefore, restricting the amount of resources controlled by and at the disposal of the government is a precondition for rationalizing and putting in order the relationship between the government and the enterprises. One of the fundamental reasons that, since the inauguration of reform, we in China have so far failed to effectively separate the government from the enterprises and that we are today faced with such difficulty in reorganizing our state-owned economic sector is that the government still controls a tremendous amount of resources. Thus, breaking up the government's control of resources will become a major task of further reform, and it will serve to lay an economic foundation for reforming our political system. Along such a line of thought, this article seeks to provide an empirical analysis of the amount of resources controlled by the government, and to propose a fundamental way to break up the government's control of resources.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147532048
Z. Shuguang
1. The logic of the market economy and the concept of state is a major topic that is not easily addressed. Scholars have analyzed it from a variety of perspectives in both theoretical and practical terms relying on logical deduction and analogies to the world of art, along with approaches influenced by political science, economics, and sociology. Each of these have contributed to our overall understanding of the topic, but none has been able to elucidate the entire truth, and so, additional research articles on this topic will continue to be churned out. Keenly aware that a detailed discussion of such a fundamental issue as individual rights and state power cannot be provided here, my purpose is simply to propose a few points of discussion and analysis.
{"title":"Individual Rights and State Power","authors":"Z. Shuguang","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147532048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147532048","url":null,"abstract":"1. The logic of the market economy and the concept of state is a major topic that is not easily addressed. Scholars have analyzed it from a variety of perspectives in both theoretical and practical terms relying on logical deduction and analogies to the world of art, along with approaches influenced by political science, economics, and sociology. Each of these have contributed to our overall understanding of the topic, but none has been able to elucidate the entire truth, and so, additional research articles on this topic will continue to be churned out. Keenly aware that a detailed discussion of such a fundamental issue as individual rights and state power cannot be provided here, my purpose is simply to propose a few points of discussion and analysis.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-147532048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320429
Liu Junning
At present in China the extension and development of reform policies have produced a growing consensus that the market economy must operate under the rule of law. This concept means that not only must commercial transactions and activities be regulated by the legal system, but, more importantly, the Chinese government must operate within a legal framework. In order for this to happen, a real constitution must be adopted in China and with it the underlying spirit of constitutionalism must become the >i>modus operandi>/i> of governmental action. That is, a constitution must emerge as the incarnation of the highest authority of law.
{"title":"Markets and Constitutions","authors":"Liu Junning","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320429","url":null,"abstract":"At present in China the extension and development of reform policies have produced a growing consensus that the market economy must operate under the rule of law. This concept means that not only must commercial transactions and activities be regulated by the legal system, but, more importantly, the Chinese government must operate within a legal framework. In order for this to happen, a real constitution must be adopted in China and with it the underlying spirit of constitutionalism must become the >i>modus operandi>/i> of governmental action. That is, a constitution must emerge as the incarnation of the highest authority of law.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320446
Guan Xin
Any reputable discussion of the proper form of public order in China requires that we first establish a fundamental principle of social justice. This is especially true during our country's current transition whereby old norms and conventions are rapidly disappearing and new institutional forms are gradually emerging.
{"title":"The Pluralistic Concept of Justice and the Public Order","authors":"Guan Xin","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320446","url":null,"abstract":"Any reputable discussion of the proper form of public order in China requires that we first establish a fundamental principle of social justice. This is especially true during our country's current transition whereby old norms and conventions are rapidly disappearing and new institutional forms are gradually emerging.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320479
Qin Hui
Over the past few years, Eastern and Western cultures have once again become popular topics of comparative study. Unlike the "cultural heat" (>i>wenhua re>/i>) of recent vintage with its study of values, this new approach is focused much more on comparing political and economic systems.>sup>1>/sup> The two most important concepts for analysisâ"economic freedom" and "economic democracy"âare both products of the West, though this time around there is little consideration of "human nature" as the primordial element of the argument. Despite this continued domination of Western notions, many people have concluded that in China's recent history the system that existed prior to reform was, in fact, more "economically democratic" than its Western counterparts where excessive freedom needed to be corrected by the introduction of Mao Zedong's vision of "economic democracy." Others, of course, take a different, though still nationalist, view, namely, that the height of "economic freedom" in China was achieved under the traditional system that had existed for thousands of years prior to the Opium Wars in the mid-nineteenth century. It, too, was superior to the system in the West where excessive democracy requires correction by the introduction of Confucian principles of "economic freedom." As opposite as these views are, they share two common points: (1) both assert the superiority of Chinaâeither in its pre-1978 reform or traditional, pre-Opium War modeâto the West, something presented as a source of national pride; and (2) both argue that economic freedom and economic democracy are contradictory principles involving "mutual restraint" (>i>xiangke>/i>).
{"title":"Mutual Restraint, Mutual Promotion!","authors":"Qin Hui","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320479","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, Eastern and Western cultures have once again become popular topics of comparative study. Unlike the \"cultural heat\" (>i>wenhua re>/i>) of recent vintage with its study of values, this new approach is focused much more on comparing political and economic systems.>sup>1>/sup> The two most important concepts for analysisâ\"economic freedom\" and \"economic democracy\"âare both products of the West, though this time around there is little consideration of \"human nature\" as the primordial element of the argument. Despite this continued domination of Western notions, many people have concluded that in China's recent history the system that existed prior to reform was, in fact, more \"economically democratic\" than its Western counterparts where excessive freedom needed to be corrected by the introduction of Mao Zedong's vision of \"economic democracy.\" Others, of course, take a different, though still nationalist, view, namely, that the height of \"economic freedom\" in China was achieved under the traditional system that had existed for thousands of years prior to the Opium Wars in the mid-nineteenth century. It, too, was superior to the system in the West where excessive democracy requires correction by the introduction of Confucian principles of \"economic freedom.\" As opposite as these views are, they share two common points: (1) both assert the superiority of Chinaâeither in its pre-1978 reform or traditional, pre-Opium War modeâto the West, something presented as a source of national pride; and (2) both argue that economic freedom and economic democracy are contradictory principles involving \"mutual restraint\" (>i>xiangke>/i>).","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320418
F. Gang
As China enters the stage of economic and social reform, some people think that the introduction of markets will somehow weaken or reduce the power of government over society. Popular indeed is the view that the market equals "anarchism" (>i>wuzhengfu>/i>). Establishing the market mechanism does require government controls to be limited and state authority to retreat from domains outside its legitimate regulatory functions, so as to improve its performance in the normal arenas of operation, namely, ensuring social order and mediating conflicts over property, and so forth. Contrast this with the extensive role the state played in the central planning system in which the government "became a capitalist owner" (>i>dang ziben suoyouzhe>/i>) "managing enterprises" (>i>guan qiye>/i>) and "supervising production" (>i>guan shengchan>/i>), all rolled up into one. But, at the same time, this almighty state machine was intimately involved in economic management, it patently failed to fulfill its more conventional role of ensuring the availability and ample supply of "public goods" (>i>gonggong wupin>/i>). State administrators stuck their noses into every aspect of economic decision makingâfrom heavy and light industry to servicesâbut when it came to provisioning public amenities, such as good roads, schools, and sewage systems, these same administrators were nowhere to be found.
{"title":"Government as a Public Organ","authors":"F. Gang","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320418","url":null,"abstract":"As China enters the stage of economic and social reform, some people think that the introduction of markets will somehow weaken or reduce the power of government over society. Popular indeed is the view that the market equals \"anarchism\" (>i>wuzhengfu>/i>). Establishing the market mechanism does require government controls to be limited and state authority to retreat from domains outside its legitimate regulatory functions, so as to improve its performance in the normal arenas of operation, namely, ensuring social order and mediating conflicts over property, and so forth. Contrast this with the extensive role the state played in the central planning system in which the government \"became a capitalist owner\" (>i>dang ziben suoyouzhe>/i>) \"managing enterprises\" (>i>guan qiye>/i>) and \"supervising production\" (>i>guan shengchan>/i>), all rolled up into one. But, at the same time, this almighty state machine was intimately involved in economic management, it patently failed to fulfill its more conventional role of ensuring the availability and ample supply of \"public goods\" (>i>gonggong wupin>/i>). State administrators stuck their noses into every aspect of economic decision makingâfrom heavy and light industry to servicesâbut when it came to provisioning public amenities, such as good roads, schools, and sewage systems, these same administrators were nowhere to be found.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475320470
Z. Weiying
The article by Dr. Cui Zhiyuan entitled "Theoretical Background of Corporate Law Reform in Twenty-Nine States in the United States and Its Application to China" (>i>Economic Research>/i>, no. 4, 1996) touched on a number of important issues relevant to the theory of the firm. Flawed in its logic and overall argument, the article also reflects a rather poor understanding of recent research on the theory of the firm developed by economists over the past few decades, something clearly evident in its many citations and notes on classical works in the field. Take Cui's discussion of Hirschman's article on "Moral Risks of Teams," published in 1982, which Cui misinterprets and, at times, seems to completely misunderstand.
{"title":"Has Economic Freedom Already Given Way to Democracy","authors":"Z. Weiying","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475320470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475320470","url":null,"abstract":"The article by Dr. Cui Zhiyuan entitled \"Theoretical Background of Corporate Law Reform in Twenty-Nine States in the United States and Its Application to China\" (>i>Economic Research>/i>, no. 4, 1996) touched on a number of important issues relevant to the theory of the firm. Flawed in its logic and overall argument, the article also reflects a rather poor understanding of recent research on the theory of the firm developed by economists over the past few decades, something clearly evident in its many citations and notes on classical works in the field. Take Cui's discussion of Hirschman's article on \"Moral Risks of Teams,\" published in 1982, which Cui misinterprets and, at times, seems to completely misunderstand.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475320470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69417452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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