Caroline Zygar-Hoffmann, Lara Cristoforo, L. Wolf, Felix D. Schönbrodt
Relationship closeness is considered an important psychological variable for studying couple relationships, and is often postulated as cause for important relationship outcomes. The current study evaluates four micro-interventions for their suitability to experimentally elicit feelings of closeness towards one’s partner. Using participants’ smartphones, and a combination of experience sampling, event sampling, and ecological momentary interventions, individuals reported for a week on their experiences of closeness before and after completing daily either a neutral task or a task meant to enhance relationship closeness. The closeness tasks included showing physical affection, sharing a childhood memory, looking each other in the eyes for five minutes, and discussing shared life achievements. Results of intention-to-treat analyses on a within-person level showed that closeness increased from pre- to post-measurement on average more strongly on days of any of the four examined closeness conditions than on days of the neutral control conditions. Interindividual variability of this effect was observed, emphasizing the relevance of using within-person designs to evaluate such interventions. Exploratory analyses showed that effect sizes declined across time within the day. This study provides instruments for research on causal effects of closeness in everyday relationship life, and an evidence basis for smartphone-delivered interventions in practitioner settings.
{"title":"Eliciting Short-Term Closeness in Couple Relationships With Ecological Momentary Interventions","authors":"Caroline Zygar-Hoffmann, Lara Cristoforo, L. Wolf, Felix D. Schönbrodt","doi":"10.1525/collabra.38599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.38599","url":null,"abstract":"Relationship closeness is considered an important psychological variable for studying couple relationships, and is often postulated as cause for important relationship outcomes. The current study evaluates four micro-interventions for their suitability to experimentally elicit feelings of closeness towards one’s partner. Using participants’ smartphones, and a combination of experience sampling, event sampling, and ecological momentary interventions, individuals reported for a week on their experiences of closeness before and after completing daily either a neutral task or a task meant to enhance relationship closeness. The closeness tasks included showing physical affection, sharing a childhood memory, looking each other in the eyes for five minutes, and discussing shared life achievements. Results of intention-to-treat analyses on a within-person level showed that closeness increased from pre- to post-measurement on average more strongly on days of any of the four examined closeness conditions than on days of the neutral control conditions. Interindividual variability of this effect was observed, emphasizing the relevance of using within-person designs to evaluate such interventions. Exploratory analyses showed that effect sizes declined across time within the day. This study provides instruments for research on causal effects of closeness in everyday relationship life, and an evidence basis for smartphone-delivered interventions in practitioner settings.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66878552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The replication crisis has shown that research in psychology and other fields including biology is not as robust as previously thought. In response, methods have been introduced to address the problem and increase reproducibility, including two methods that are the focus here: (1) preregistration of study hypotheses and methods, and (2) analysis of whether p-hacking may have occurred through patterns of p-values. Each is easy to find, even in short summaries of research, but do consumers of research recognize these indicators as evidence of trustworthiness? In the current study, we examined how professionals (n = 111), researchers (n = 74) and undergraduate students (n = 78) judged the trustworthiness of short descriptions of research in their field, which varied in terms of whether there was a reference to a preregistration or evidence of potential p-hacking. Overall, participants trusted studies less when they were not preregistered. Researchers and professionals, but not students were sensitive to evidence of p-hacking. We suggest that education about questionable research practices like p-hacking and hypothesizing after the results are known needs to be improved.
{"title":"The Effect of Preregistration and P-Value Patterns on Trust in Psychology and Biology Research","authors":"Clare Conry-Murray, Annie McConnon, M. Bower","doi":"10.1525/collabra.36306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.36306","url":null,"abstract":"The replication crisis has shown that research in psychology and other fields including biology is not as robust as previously thought. In response, methods have been introduced to address the problem and increase reproducibility, including two methods that are the focus here: (1) preregistration of study hypotheses and methods, and (2) analysis of whether p-hacking may have occurred through patterns of p-values. Each is easy to find, even in short summaries of research, but do consumers of research recognize these indicators as evidence of trustworthiness? In the current study, we examined how professionals (n = 111), researchers (n = 74) and undergraduate students (n = 78) judged the trustworthiness of short descriptions of research in their field, which varied in terms of whether there was a reference to a preregistration or evidence of potential p-hacking. Overall, participants trusted studies less when they were not preregistered. Researchers and professionals, but not students were sensitive to evidence of p-hacking. We suggest that education about questionable research practices like p-hacking and hypothesizing after the results are known needs to be improved.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66878330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Iudici, Chiara Verzelloni, D. Bonato, Jessica Neri, E. Faccio
The current literature on the geriatric population highlights that relocation into a healthcare facility is a crucial event in the existence of many older people and their families. Guilt, difficulties, concern and restlessness may characterise this transition and even accelerate the ageing process in some. However, the manner in which the decision to relocate is made and communicated has not been well investigated. The following study aims to explore how older residents experience the transition into a care home as well as how they experience their relationship with it and its clinicians, and what processes may determine their own sense of autonomy. The researchers used a qualitative method and conducted semi-structured interviews. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen as the tool for data analysis. Results showed that relocation into care homes is described as a passive and influenced choice. Further, the facility is described as a place that provides essential services to older people but also as a place where it is possible to maintain personalised relationships. Finally, the study discusses the implications of older people’s mental representations not only on their lives but also on how their relatives, clinicians and society perceive them. This also extends to the implications on how services are organised and implemented.
{"title":"Relocation Into Italian Residential Care Homes: A Qualitative Analysis of Decision and Choice: Psychological Implications and Consideration on Health","authors":"Antonio Iudici, Chiara Verzelloni, D. Bonato, Jessica Neri, E. Faccio","doi":"10.1525/collabra.31755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.31755","url":null,"abstract":"The current literature on the geriatric population highlights that relocation into a healthcare facility is a crucial event in the existence of many older people and their families. Guilt, difficulties, concern and restlessness may characterise this transition and even accelerate the ageing process in some. However, the manner in which the decision to relocate is made and communicated has not been well investigated. The following study aims to explore how older residents experience the transition into a care home as well as how they experience their relationship with it and its clinicians, and what processes may determine their own sense of autonomy. The researchers used a qualitative method and conducted semi-structured interviews. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen as the tool for data analysis. Results showed that relocation into care homes is described as a passive and influenced choice. Further, the facility is described as a place that provides essential services to older people but also as a place where it is possible to maintain personalised relationships. Finally, the study discusses the implications of older people’s mental representations not only on their lives but also on how their relatives, clinicians and society perceive them. This also extends to the implications on how services are organised and implemented.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66876275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theory and prior research indicate that placing overriding importance on a life domain (e.g., appearance, financial success, health, work, interpersonal relationships) can negatively influence mental and physical health. In particular, people who overvalue appearance have been shown to engage in maladaptive weight-control behaviours and to have eating disorders. Likewise, people who overvalue financial success have been shown to engage in risky gambling and to have disordered gambling. Although the consequences of overvaluing a life domain are palpable, much less is known about its antecedents, which we examined in the current research. According to the Consumer Culture Impact Model, exposure to sociocultural ideals regarding luxury, wealth, and appearance via advertisements influence appearance overvaluation. We proposed that exposure to such sociocultural ideals should also influence financial success overvaluation. We tested the hypothesis that appearance and financial success overvaluation increase in response to viewing materialistic advertisements. First and second year undergraduate students completed self-report measures of appearance and financial success overvaluation in September 2020 (N = 185). They were re-contacted in March 2021 to complete a consumer decision making task. In the task, participants were randomly assigned to a control condition wherein they viewed and compared several non-materialistic advertisements (e.g., pencils, coffee) or to an experimental condition wherein they viewed and compared materialistic advertisements (e.g., champagne, luxury vacation). Afterwards, all participants completed again the same measures of overvaluation. Unexpectedly, linear regression analyses showed that there were no pre-post changes in appearance and financial success overvaluation from before to after exposure to materialistic (relative to non-materialistic) advertisements. Exploratory Bayesian regression analyses revealed support for the null hypothesis. Findings do not support the Consumer Culture Impact Model. Holding materialistic values are discussed as a potential moderator.
{"title":"No Evidence That Exposure to Materialistic Advertisements Influence Appearance Overvaluation and Financial Success Overvaluation in the Self-concept","authors":"Isabella R. L. Bossom, Nassim Tabri","doi":"10.1525/collabra.32642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.32642","url":null,"abstract":"Theory and prior research indicate that placing overriding importance on a life domain (e.g., appearance, financial success, health, work, interpersonal relationships) can negatively influence mental and physical health. In particular, people who overvalue appearance have been shown to engage in maladaptive weight-control behaviours and to have eating disorders. Likewise, people who overvalue financial success have been shown to engage in risky gambling and to have disordered gambling. Although the consequences of overvaluing a life domain are palpable, much less is known about its antecedents, which we examined in the current research. According to the Consumer Culture Impact Model, exposure to sociocultural ideals regarding luxury, wealth, and appearance via advertisements influence appearance overvaluation. We proposed that exposure to such sociocultural ideals should also influence financial success overvaluation. We tested the hypothesis that appearance and financial success overvaluation increase in response to viewing materialistic advertisements. First and second year undergraduate students completed self-report measures of appearance and financial success overvaluation in September 2020 (N = 185). They were re-contacted in March 2021 to complete a consumer decision making task. In the task, participants were randomly assigned to a control condition wherein they viewed and compared several non-materialistic advertisements (e.g., pencils, coffee) or to an experimental condition wherein they viewed and compared materialistic advertisements (e.g., champagne, luxury vacation). Afterwards, all participants completed again the same measures of overvaluation. Unexpectedly, linear regression analyses showed that there were no pre-post changes in appearance and financial success overvaluation from before to after exposure to materialistic (relative to non-materialistic) advertisements. Exploratory Bayesian regression analyses revealed support for the null hypothesis. Findings do not support the Consumer Culture Impact Model. Holding materialistic values are discussed as a potential moderator.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66876645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianan Li, J. Jongerling, K. Dijkstra, Rolf A. Zwaan
People routinely shift between direct and indirect speech in everyday communication. The factors that impact the selection between these two modes of reporting during language production are under-investigated. The present study examined how utterance-related factors (the vividness of non-verbal information and the utterance type) influence the use of direct and indirect reported speech in narratives. Participants were asked to watch and retell four movie clips. All narratives were videotaped and then transcribed verbatim for analyses. The data were analyzed using a mixed effects logistic regression model. The results showed that the utterances accompanied by vivid voice were more likely to be reported in direct speech. The vividness of facial expressions did not influence the form in which utterances were reported. In addition, we found that utterances that belonged to so-called Main Clause Phenomena were more likely to be reported in direct speech than in indirect speech. The current study helps us further understand the factors that influence structure choices during language production.
{"title":"The Influence of Utterance-Related Factors on the Use of Direct and Indirect Speech","authors":"Jianan Li, J. Jongerling, K. Dijkstra, Rolf A. Zwaan","doi":"10.1525/collabra.33631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33631","url":null,"abstract":"People routinely shift between direct and indirect speech in everyday communication. The factors that impact the selection between these two modes of reporting during language production are under-investigated. The present study examined how utterance-related factors (the vividness of non-verbal information and the utterance type) influence the use of direct and indirect reported speech in narratives. Participants were asked to watch and retell four movie clips. All narratives were videotaped and then transcribed verbatim for analyses. The data were analyzed using a mixed effects logistic regression model. The results showed that the utterances accompanied by vivid voice were more likely to be reported in direct speech. The vividness of facial expressions did not influence the form in which utterances were reported. In addition, we found that utterances that belonged to so-called Main Clause Phenomena were more likely to be reported in direct speech than in indirect speech. The current study helps us further understand the factors that influence structure choices during language production.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66877378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Separating confirmatory and exploratory analyses is vital for ensuring the credibility of research results. Here, we present a two-stage Bayesian sequential procedure that combines a maximum of exploratory freedom in the first stage with a strictly confirmatory regimen in the second stage. It allows for flexible sampling schemes and a statistically coherent carry-over of information from the exploratory to the confirmatory stage. We believe that this procedure will facilitate preregistration as well as the formulation of precise hypotheses in the field of psychology and can be integrated elegantly into the registered report publishing framework. We demonstrate the methodology with a simulated application example from the field of social neuroscience.
{"title":"A Two-Stage Bayesian Sequential Assessment of Exploratory Hypotheses","authors":"A. Stefan, Lukas L. Lengersdorff, E. Wagenmakers","doi":"10.1525/collabra.40350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.40350","url":null,"abstract":"Separating confirmatory and exploratory analyses is vital for ensuring the credibility of research results. Here, we present a two-stage Bayesian sequential procedure that combines a maximum of exploratory freedom in the first stage with a strictly confirmatory regimen in the second stage. It allows for flexible sampling schemes and a statistically coherent carry-over of information from the exploratory to the confirmatory stage. We believe that this procedure will facilitate preregistration as well as the formulation of precise hypotheses in the field of psychology and can be integrated elegantly into the registered report publishing framework. We demonstrate the methodology with a simulated application example from the field of social neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scientific community has long recognized the benefits of open science. Today, governments and research agencies worldwide are increasingly promoting and mandating open practices for scientific research. However, for open science to become the by-default model for scientific research, researchers must perceive open practices as accessible and achievable. A significant obstacle is the lack of resources providing a clear direction on how researchers can integrate open science practices in their day-to-day workflows. This article outlines and discusses ten concrete strategies that can help researchers use and disseminate open science. The first five strategies address basic ways of getting started in open science that researchers can put into practice today. The last five strategies are for researchers who are more advanced in open practices to advocate for open science. Our paper will help researchers navigate the transition to open science practices and support others in shifting toward openness, thus contributing to building a better science.
{"title":"Ten Strategies to Foster Open Science in Psychology and Beyond","authors":"Nicolás Alessandroni, K. Byers‐Heinlein","doi":"10.1525/collabra.57545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.57545","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific community has long recognized the benefits of open science. Today, governments and research agencies worldwide are increasingly promoting and mandating open practices for scientific research. However, for open science to become the by-default model for scientific research, researchers must perceive open practices as accessible and achievable. A significant obstacle is the lack of resources providing a clear direction on how researchers can integrate open science practices in their day-to-day workflows. This article outlines and discusses ten concrete strategies that can help researchers use and disseminate open science. The first five strategies address basic ways of getting started in open science that researchers can put into practice today. The last five strategies are for researchers who are more advanced in open practices to advocate for open science. Our paper will help researchers navigate the transition to open science practices and support others in shifting toward openness, thus contributing to building a better science.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Explaining which factors influence educational attainment is a highly relevant topic in disciplines like psychology and sociology. While in the past especially parental socioeconomic status (SES) has been seen as the most relevant factor, newer studies put psychological aspects such as personality traits and cognitive ability into focus. A recent study by O‘Connell and Marks (2022) using British data concludes that these factors are much better able at explaining educational attainment (school grades) than SES. This study is replicated and extended using German NEPS data (N = 4,607). By utilizing dominance analysis, which goes beyond the original study, it can be demonstrated that the core findings are robust and the marginal share of explained variance is larger for cognitive ability and personality traits (both about 5%) than for SES (about 2.3%). Track placement has little influence on attainment (less than 1%). However, track placement itself depends to a large extent on SES and cognitive ability (both around 12 %) but much less so on personality traits (less than 1%). These findings successfully corroborate and extend the original study.
{"title":"Are Cognitive Ability and Conscientiousness Really More Important for Educational Attainment Than SES? A Replication and Extension of O‘Connell and Marks (2022)","authors":"F. Bittmann","doi":"10.1525/collabra.37460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.37460","url":null,"abstract":"Explaining which factors influence educational attainment is a highly relevant topic in disciplines like psychology and sociology. While in the past especially parental socioeconomic status (SES) has been seen as the most relevant factor, newer studies put psychological aspects such as personality traits and cognitive ability into focus. A recent study by O‘Connell and Marks (2022) using British data concludes that these factors are much better able at explaining educational attainment (school grades) than SES. This study is replicated and extended using German NEPS data (N = 4,607). By utilizing dominance analysis, which goes beyond the original study, it can be demonstrated that the core findings are robust and the marginal share of explained variance is larger for cognitive ability and personality traits (both about 5%) than for SES (about 2.3%). Track placement has little influence on attainment (less than 1%). However, track placement itself depends to a large extent on SES and cognitive ability (both around 12 %) but much less so on personality traits (less than 1%). These findings successfully corroborate and extend the original study.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66878683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goals are an intensely studied concept in various research areas within psychology. They can be defined as cognitive representations of means-ends relations. The relative focus on the means or the ends (i.e., goal focus) can vary between persons and over time. Taking a lifespan perspective, we use the existing developmental, social-cognitive, and motivational literature to portray how goal focus might develop across the entire lifespan. For this purpose, we take findings on the perception of goal-directed behavior in infancy, the development of (self-)representations and goal pursuit in adolescence, and of goals across adulthood into account. We propose that goal focus changes across the lifespan due to age-related cognitive and motivational development, and that the relative impact of cognitive and motivational processes on goal focus varies across the lifespan. We conclude by integrating different approaches and findings from a lifespan perspective.
{"title":"For Whom Is the Path the Goal? A Lifespan Perspective on the Development of Goal Focus","authors":"Lea Moersdorf, Moritz M. Daum, A. Freund","doi":"10.1525/collabra.31603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.31603","url":null,"abstract":"Goals are an intensely studied concept in various research areas within psychology. They can be defined as cognitive representations of means-ends relations. The relative focus on the means or the ends (i.e., goal focus) can vary between persons and over time. Taking a lifespan perspective, we use the existing developmental, social-cognitive, and motivational literature to portray how goal focus might develop across the entire lifespan. For this purpose, we take findings on the perception of goal-directed behavior in infancy, the development of (self-)representations and goal pursuit in adolescence, and of goals across adulthood into account. We propose that goal focus changes across the lifespan due to age-related cognitive and motivational development, and that the relative impact of cognitive and motivational processes on goal focus varies across the lifespan. We conclude by integrating different approaches and findings from a lifespan perspective.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66875968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brinkley M. Sharpe, Courtland S. Hyatt, D. Lynam, Joshua D. Miller
Insults convey information about the speaker’s perception of the target’s personality. Previous research has found that several commonly used insults (“asshole,” “dick,” “bitch”) are uniformly associated with self- and other-reported antagonism (or low Agreeableness). We aimed to replicate and extend these findings by focusing on “asshole,” a common insult used to refer to both men and women. In the present study, participants (n = 397) described the “biggest assholes” in their lives using a measure of the Five-Factor Model of personality. “Assholes” described by participants were typically middle-aged, predominantly male, and included romantic partners, coworkers, bosses, family members, and friends. Results showed that “assholes” were perceived to be characterized by interpersonally relevant traits (i.e., low Agreeableness, high Anger). The consensus Five-Factor Model profile for target “assholes” was similar to expert profiles of psychopathic, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders. Exploratory analyses conducted on open-ended descriptions of nominated bothersome “asshole-related” behaviors revealed common themes including manipulation, aggression, irresponsibility, and entitlement.
{"title":"“They Are Such an Asshole”: Describing the Targets of a Common Insult Among English-Speakers in the United States","authors":"Brinkley M. Sharpe, Courtland S. Hyatt, D. Lynam, Joshua D. Miller","doi":"10.1525/collabra.32552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.32552","url":null,"abstract":"Insults convey information about the speaker’s perception of the target’s personality. Previous research has found that several commonly used insults (“asshole,” “dick,” “bitch”) are uniformly associated with self- and other-reported antagonism (or low Agreeableness). We aimed to replicate and extend these findings by focusing on “asshole,” a common insult used to refer to both men and women. In the present study, participants (n = 397) described the “biggest assholes” in their lives using a measure of the Five-Factor Model of personality. “Assholes” described by participants were typically middle-aged, predominantly male, and included romantic partners, coworkers, bosses, family members, and friends. Results showed that “assholes” were perceived to be characterized by interpersonally relevant traits (i.e., low Agreeableness, high Anger). The consensus Five-Factor Model profile for target “assholes” was similar to expert profiles of psychopathic, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders. Exploratory analyses conducted on open-ended descriptions of nominated bothersome “asshole-related” behaviors revealed common themes including manipulation, aggression, irresponsibility, and entitlement.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66876244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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