Measures of automatic propositional self-evaluation have been shown to predict adverse outcomes above and beyond measures of deliberate self-evaluation, thereby suggesting an independent source of automatic self-evaluation that might also provide a pathway to change self-esteem and its correlates. Based on theoretical models of automatic, proposition-based evaluative cognition, we hypothesize that automatic self-evaluation can be changed by raising the accessibility of specific truth-values in the presence of self-positive and self-negative statements. To test this hypothesis, we exposed N = 160 participants to a learning procedure based on the Propositional Evaluation Paradigm on three consecutive days. This procedure implemented contingencies between self-positive statements and truth in one condition and between self-positive statements and falsity in the other condition. Investigating the performance of the participants in the learning procedure itself, we found evidence for short-term effects of the contingencies as well as cumulative effects across days. However, the learning procedure had no effect on external criteria such as questionnaires of affect and self-esteem as well as the preference for one’s own initials. Implications and suggestions for future research on the malleability of automatic propositional self-evaluation are discussed.
{"title":"Primed to Like Yourself – Can Self-evaluative Cognition Be Changed by Learning Contingencies of Self-evaluative Statements and Truth-values?","authors":"Adrian Jusepeitis, K. Rothermund","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74788","url":null,"abstract":"Measures of automatic propositional self-evaluation have been shown to predict adverse outcomes above and beyond measures of deliberate self-evaluation, thereby suggesting an independent source of automatic self-evaluation that might also provide a pathway to change self-esteem and its correlates. Based on theoretical models of automatic, proposition-based evaluative cognition, we hypothesize that automatic self-evaluation can be changed by raising the accessibility of specific truth-values in the presence of self-positive and self-negative statements. To test this hypothesis, we exposed N = 160 participants to a learning procedure based on the Propositional Evaluation Paradigm on three consecutive days. This procedure implemented contingencies between self-positive statements and truth in one condition and between self-positive statements and falsity in the other condition. Investigating the performance of the participants in the learning procedure itself, we found evidence for short-term effects of the contingencies as well as cumulative effects across days. However, the learning procedure had no effect on external criteria such as questionnaires of affect and self-esteem as well as the preference for one’s own initials. Implications and suggestions for future research on the malleability of automatic propositional self-evaluation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To describe how Serbian online media cover the topic of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TM/CAM), we conducted a content analysis of 182 articles from six news and six magazine websites, published July–December 2021. Biologically based treatments, predominantly herbal products framed as Serbian or Russian folk medicine, were the most common (70.9%, 205/289 practices). The practices were often presented as general health enhancers (18.4%, 71/386 claims); other common reasons given for the use of TM/CAM were to alleviate respiratory problems, boost the immunity, and detox. The tone was overwhelmingly positive, with most of the positive articles (82.4%, 145/176) neglecting to present information on potential harms of TM/CAM use. Few articles provided a recommendation to speak with a healthcare provider (13.6%, 24/176); in contrast, the recommended dosage was often explained (59.7%, 105/176). TM/CAM practitioners (15.9%, 28/176) and conventional medicine practitioners (12.5%, 22/176) were most commonly cited sources. Articles tended to appeal to TM/CAM’s tradition of use (65.3%, 115/176), naturalness (45.5%, 80/176), and convenience (40.9%, 72/176), used pseudoscientific jargon (59.7%, 105/176), and failed to cite sources for the claims that TM/CAM use is supported by science (22.2%, 39/176). Much of the information provided in Serbian online media seems to be uncritical, with a potential for misleading consumers.
{"title":"Quick Natural Cure-Alls: Portrayal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine in Serbian Online Media","authors":"A. Lazić, M. Petrović, M. Branković, I. Žeželj","doi":"10.1525/collabra.82189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.82189","url":null,"abstract":"To describe how Serbian online media cover the topic of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TM/CAM), we conducted a content analysis of 182 articles from six news and six magazine websites, published July–December 2021. Biologically based treatments, predominantly herbal products framed as Serbian or Russian folk medicine, were the most common (70.9%, 205/289 practices). The practices were often presented as general health enhancers (18.4%, 71/386 claims); other common reasons given for the use of TM/CAM were to alleviate respiratory problems, boost the immunity, and detox. The tone was overwhelmingly positive, with most of the positive articles (82.4%, 145/176) neglecting to present information on potential harms of TM/CAM use. Few articles provided a recommendation to speak with a healthcare provider (13.6%, 24/176); in contrast, the recommended dosage was often explained (59.7%, 105/176). TM/CAM practitioners (15.9%, 28/176) and conventional medicine practitioners (12.5%, 22/176) were most commonly cited sources. Articles tended to appeal to TM/CAM’s tradition of use (65.3%, 115/176), naturalness (45.5%, 80/176), and convenience (40.9%, 72/176), used pseudoscientific jargon (59.7%, 105/176), and failed to cite sources for the claims that TM/CAM use is supported by science (22.2%, 39/176). Much of the information provided in Serbian online media seems to be uncritical, with a potential for misleading consumers.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluative conditioning is an effect consisting of a change in the valence of a neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus, CS) that results from pairing it with a valenced stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus, US). The present contribution examined whether and how this effect is moderated by Neuroticism, a personality trait articulated in facets and characterized by a high focus on valence. For this purpose, 242 participants completed an EC procedure and a comprehensive survey to assess Neuroticism. Multilevel analyses indicated the EC effect of negative and positive USs to be stronger for people high in anxiety and vulnerability, two Neuroticism facets. This moderation effect was explained by a stronger reaction to the idiosyncratic valence of the US. This result has implications for both EC and personality research. The findings suggest the importance of considering USs’ idiosyncratic evaluation as a potential critical aspect for a significant EC effect and provide novel theoretical insights on how the EC effect takes place in people showing high levels of Neuroticism-related facets.
{"title":"The Moderating Role of Neuroticism on Evaluative Conditioning: New Insights on the Processes Underlying This Relationship","authors":"E. Casini, J. Richetin, F. Sava, M. Perugini","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74820","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluative conditioning is an effect consisting of a change in the valence of a neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus, CS) that results from pairing it with a valenced stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus, US). The present contribution examined whether and how this effect is moderated by Neuroticism, a personality trait articulated in facets and characterized by a high focus on valence. For this purpose, 242 participants completed an EC procedure and a comprehensive survey to assess Neuroticism. Multilevel analyses indicated the EC effect of negative and positive USs to be stronger for people high in anxiety and vulnerability, two Neuroticism facets. This moderation effect was explained by a stronger reaction to the idiosyncratic valence of the US. This result has implications for both EC and personality research. The findings suggest the importance of considering USs’ idiosyncratic evaluation as a potential critical aspect for a significant EC effect and provide novel theoretical insights on how the EC effect takes place in people showing high levels of Neuroticism-related facets.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Nagy, Kata Sik, Lilla Török, B. Bőthe, Z. Takacs, Gábor Orosz
Negative feedback in academic settings is often unavoidable, although it may directly interfere with the ultimate goal of education, as setbacks can diminish motivation, and may even lead to dropping out of school. Previous research suggests that certain predispositions, inductions, and interventions might mitigate the harmful effects of negative feedback. Among others, growth mindset beliefs and mindfulness meditation were proposed as the most promising candidates that may help students to retain motivation. In a pre-registered, randomized experiment, we gave a disappointing evaluation to 383 university students in a bogus laboratory IQ test situation. Half of the participants previously received a growth mindset induction referring to intelligence as a malleable characteristic, while the other half received a fixed mindset induction referring to intelligence as a stable characteristic that cannot be changed. Then participants had a brief mindfulness meditation session or a control condition. Subsequently, they could choose to complete practice tasks before the final IQ assessment. The number of completed optional tasks was used as a behavioral proxy for task persistence. The results showed no difference in task persistence for the growth mindset or the mindfulness induction groups, compared to the other conditions. However, those who reported having higher pre-induction growth mindset beliefs or dispositional mindfulness completed more optional tasks after the mindset or mindfulness induction, respectively. We concluded that our brief inductions may not be adequate for everyone to rectify the demotivating effects of negative feedback, but can enhance task persistence for people with a stronger disposition towards a growth mindset or mindfulness.
{"title":"Brief Growth Mindset and Mindfulness Inductions to Facilitate Task Persistence After Negative Feedback","authors":"T. Nagy, Kata Sik, Lilla Török, B. Bőthe, Z. Takacs, Gábor Orosz","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74253","url":null,"abstract":"Negative feedback in academic settings is often unavoidable, although it may directly interfere with the ultimate goal of education, as setbacks can diminish motivation, and may even lead to dropping out of school. Previous research suggests that certain predispositions, inductions, and interventions might mitigate the harmful effects of negative feedback. Among others, growth mindset beliefs and mindfulness meditation were proposed as the most promising candidates that may help students to retain motivation. In a pre-registered, randomized experiment, we gave a disappointing evaluation to 383 university students in a bogus laboratory IQ test situation. Half of the participants previously received a growth mindset induction referring to intelligence as a malleable characteristic, while the other half received a fixed mindset induction referring to intelligence as a stable characteristic that cannot be changed. Then participants had a brief mindfulness meditation session or a control condition. Subsequently, they could choose to complete practice tasks before the final IQ assessment. The number of completed optional tasks was used as a behavioral proxy for task persistence. The results showed no difference in task persistence for the growth mindset or the mindfulness induction groups, compared to the other conditions. However, those who reported having higher pre-induction growth mindset beliefs or dispositional mindfulness completed more optional tasks after the mindset or mindfulness induction, respectively. We concluded that our brief inductions may not be adequate for everyone to rectify the demotivating effects of negative feedback, but can enhance task persistence for people with a stronger disposition towards a growth mindset or mindfulness.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The immediate space surrounding the body, reachable to the hands, is referred to as the Peripersonal Space (PPS). The PPS is characterized by anticipatory mechanisms to perform efficient goal-oriented or defensive actions towards objects in the environment on-time. Previous studies have shown visuo-spatial processing bias for stimuli presented in the PPS, reported in the form of faster Reaction Time, better Accuracy and enhanced Visual Sensitivity. However, recent studies show that the PPS-related effects are sensitive to temporal factors associated with the early anticipatory mechanisms in the PPS. The current manuscript highlights the temporal mechanisms underlying the PPS-related visual processing bias. Specifically, the PPS effect is conceptualized as comprising of an early anticipatory component that gives temporal allowance for the manifestation of a late component. The early component accommodates the previous studies that have explained the PPS effects to be perceptual in nature, whereas the late component accommodates the previous studies that have explained the PPS effects to be attentional in nature. To the best of our knowledge, no previous attempts have been made to conceptualize the PPS effects in terms of its time-separable components. The current conceptualization of the PPS-related effects seems more wholistic vis-à-vis the previous explanation that the effect is either perceptual or attentional in nature. Also, the current manuscript attempts to make theoretical integration between Time Perception and Peripersonal Space literature.
{"title":"Temporal Factors Associated With Visual Processing Bias in Peripersonal Space","authors":"Ankit Maurya, Tony Thomas","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77862","url":null,"abstract":"The immediate space surrounding the body, reachable to the hands, is referred to as the Peripersonal Space (PPS). The PPS is characterized by anticipatory mechanisms to perform efficient goal-oriented or defensive actions towards objects in the environment on-time. Previous studies have shown visuo-spatial processing bias for stimuli presented in the PPS, reported in the form of faster Reaction Time, better Accuracy and enhanced Visual Sensitivity. However, recent studies show that the PPS-related effects are sensitive to temporal factors associated with the early anticipatory mechanisms in the PPS. The current manuscript highlights the temporal mechanisms underlying the PPS-related visual processing bias. Specifically, the PPS effect is conceptualized as comprising of an early anticipatory component that gives temporal allowance for the manifestation of a late component. The early component accommodates the previous studies that have explained the PPS effects to be perceptual in nature, whereas the late component accommodates the previous studies that have explained the PPS effects to be attentional in nature. To the best of our knowledge, no previous attempts have been made to conceptualize the PPS effects in terms of its time-separable components. The current conceptualization of the PPS-related effects seems more wholistic vis-à-vis the previous explanation that the effect is either perceptual or attentional in nature. Also, the current manuscript attempts to make theoretical integration between Time Perception and Peripersonal Space literature.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Rodriguez-Sobstel, Shannon Wake, H. Dodd, E. McSorley, C. V. van Reekum, Jayne Morriss
Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with high levels of Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) have difficulty updating threat associations to safety associations. Notably, prior research has focused on measuring IU-related differences in threat and safety learning using arousal-based measures such as skin conductance response. Here we assessed whether IU-related differences in threat and safety learning could be captured using eye-tracking metrics linked with gaze behaviours such as dwelling and scanning. Participants (N = 144) completed self-report questionnaires assessing levels of IU and trait anxiety. Eye movements were then recorded during each conditioning phase: acquisition, extinction learning, and extinction retention. Fixation count and fixation duration served as indices of conditioned responding. Patterns of threat and safety learning typically reported for physiology and self-report were observed for the fixation count and fixation duration metrics during acquisition and to some extent in extinction learning, but not for extinction retention. There was little evidence for specific associations between IU and disrupted safety learning (e.g., greater differential responses to the threat vs. safe cues during extinction learning and retention). While there was tentative evidence that IU was associated with shorter fixation durations (e.g., scanning) to threat vs. safe cues during extinction retention, this effect did not remain after controlling for trait anxiety. IU and trait anxiety similarly predicted greater fixation count and shorter fixation durations overall during extinction learning, and greater fixation count overall during extinction retention. IU further predicted shorter fixation durations overall during extinction retention. However, the only IU-based effect that remained significant after controlling for trait anxiety was that of fixation duration overall during threat extinction learning. Our results inform models of anxiety, particularly in relation to how individual differences modulate gaze behaviour during threat conditioning.
{"title":"Shifty Eyes: The Impact of Intolerance of Uncertainty on Gaze Behaviour During Threat Conditioning","authors":"Claudia Rodriguez-Sobstel, Shannon Wake, H. Dodd, E. McSorley, C. V. van Reekum, Jayne Morriss","doi":"10.1525/collabra.82229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.82229","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with high levels of Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) have difficulty updating threat associations to safety associations. Notably, prior research has focused on measuring IU-related differences in threat and safety learning using arousal-based measures such as skin conductance response. Here we assessed whether IU-related differences in threat and safety learning could be captured using eye-tracking metrics linked with gaze behaviours such as dwelling and scanning. Participants (N = 144) completed self-report questionnaires assessing levels of IU and trait anxiety. Eye movements were then recorded during each conditioning phase: acquisition, extinction learning, and extinction retention. Fixation count and fixation duration served as indices of conditioned responding. Patterns of threat and safety learning typically reported for physiology and self-report were observed for the fixation count and fixation duration metrics during acquisition and to some extent in extinction learning, but not for extinction retention. There was little evidence for specific associations between IU and disrupted safety learning (e.g., greater differential responses to the threat vs. safe cues during extinction learning and retention). While there was tentative evidence that IU was associated with shorter fixation durations (e.g., scanning) to threat vs. safe cues during extinction retention, this effect did not remain after controlling for trait anxiety. IU and trait anxiety similarly predicted greater fixation count and shorter fixation durations overall during extinction learning, and greater fixation count overall during extinction retention. IU further predicted shorter fixation durations overall during extinction retention. However, the only IU-based effect that remained significant after controlling for trait anxiety was that of fixation duration overall during threat extinction learning. Our results inform models of anxiety, particularly in relation to how individual differences modulate gaze behaviour during threat conditioning.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moritz Ingendahl, Johanna Woitzel, Nadja Propheter, Michaela Wänke, Hans Alves
Evaluative Conditioning (EC) is the change in liking of an object due to its mere pairing with a positive/negative stimulus. A central question in EC research is whether EC effects also emerge without awareness of the stimulus pairings. This is often tested by asking participants after the conditioning whether an object had been paired with positive or negative stimuli. If participants’ answers in these memory measures mismatch with the US valence (e.g., “positive” response when an object was paired with a negative stimulus), the pairings are classified as unaware. The last decade of EC research has found mostly no evidence for unaware EC, and sometimes even reversed unaware EC effects when using such memory measures. The present work demonstrates that such valence memory measures underestimate unaware EC effects due to differences between the normed and the subjective US valence. In two simulation studies, a re-analysis of previous studies, and four preregistered experiments (N = 502), we assess when this bias is more or less severe, depending on common procedural variations in EC experiments. We also propose an improved memory measure of aware/unaware EC. Yet, even when the bias was reduced in the corrected measure, no evidence for unaware EC could be found. Overall, our research shows that unaware EC may be difficult to detect with valence memory measures. Also, they support current memory-based and propositional EC accounts.
{"title":"From Deviant Likes to Reversed Effects: Re-Investigating the Contribution of Unaware Evaluative Conditioning to Attitude Formation","authors":"Moritz Ingendahl, Johanna Woitzel, Nadja Propheter, Michaela Wänke, Hans Alves","doi":"10.1525/collabra.87462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.87462","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluative Conditioning (EC) is the change in liking of an object due to its mere pairing with a positive/negative stimulus. A central question in EC research is whether EC effects also emerge without awareness of the stimulus pairings. This is often tested by asking participants after the conditioning whether an object had been paired with positive or negative stimuli. If participants’ answers in these memory measures mismatch with the US valence (e.g., “positive” response when an object was paired with a negative stimulus), the pairings are classified as unaware. The last decade of EC research has found mostly no evidence for unaware EC, and sometimes even reversed unaware EC effects when using such memory measures. The present work demonstrates that such valence memory measures underestimate unaware EC effects due to differences between the normed and the subjective US valence. In two simulation studies, a re-analysis of previous studies, and four preregistered experiments (N = 502), we assess when this bias is more or less severe, depending on common procedural variations in EC experiments. We also propose an improved memory measure of aware/unaware EC. Yet, even when the bias was reduced in the corrected measure, no evidence for unaware EC could be found. Overall, our research shows that unaware EC may be difficult to detect with valence memory measures. Also, they support current memory-based and propositional EC accounts.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selective attention can enhance some aspects of our visual world while filtering others from awareness. Given our limited cognitive resources, such filtering is essential when viewing complex scenes, but it also applies to simple scenes. Eitam, Yeshurun, and Hassan (2013) observed better performance for the attended color than the ignored color in a simple, two-colored object even though both colors were salient and the complexity of the display did not tax the capacity of visual memory. Our goal was to replicate this finding while addressing a potential task demand that could have contributed to the results. Specifically, participants might have misread the instructions and mistakenly reported the attended color when asked to report the ignored color first. Experiment 1 (n=67) replicated Eitam et al.’s (2013) finding while measuring memory precision. We found that people had worse memory for the ignored than the attended feature of a single, simple object. Experiment 2 (n=69) replicated the pattern while again addressing the potential task demand, although the effect was smaller. Experiment 3 (n=186) provided visual feedback to eliminate any remaining risk of response error and again replicated the original finding. Attended information was stored with greater precision than unattended information, even for a simple object.
选择性注意可以增强我们视觉世界的某些方面，同时从意识中过滤掉其他方面。鉴于我们有限的认知资源，这种过滤在观看复杂场景时是必不可少的，但它也适用于简单场景。Eitam, Yeshurun和Hassan(2013)观察到，在一个简单的双色物体中，被注意的颜色比被忽略的颜色表现得更好，即使这两种颜色都很突出，而且显示的复杂性并没有增加视觉记忆的能力。我们的目标是复制这一发现，同时解决可能对结果有贡献的潜在任务需求。具体来说，当被要求首先报告被忽略的颜色时，参与者可能误解了说明，错误地报告了被注意的颜色。实验1 (n=67)重复了Eitam et al.(2013)在测量记忆精度时的发现。我们发现，人们对被忽略的事物的记忆要比对被关注的单一简单事物的记忆差。实验2 (n=69)重复了这一模式，同时再次处理潜在的任务需求，尽管效果较小。实验3 (n=186)提供了视觉反馈以消除任何剩余的反应误差风险，并再次重复了原始发现。即使对于一个简单的对象，已参与的信息的存储精度也高于未参与的信息。
{"title":"Precision of Memory for Attended and Ignored Colors","authors":"Victoria Halewicz, Daniel J. Simons","doi":"10.1525/collabra.87484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.87484","url":null,"abstract":"Selective attention can enhance some aspects of our visual world while filtering others from awareness. Given our limited cognitive resources, such filtering is essential when viewing complex scenes, but it also applies to simple scenes. Eitam, Yeshurun, and Hassan (2013) observed better performance for the attended color than the ignored color in a simple, two-colored object even though both colors were salient and the complexity of the display did not tax the capacity of visual memory. Our goal was to replicate this finding while addressing a potential task demand that could have contributed to the results. Specifically, participants might have misread the instructions and mistakenly reported the attended color when asked to report the ignored color first. Experiment 1 (n=67) replicated Eitam et al.’s (2013) finding while measuring memory precision. We found that people had worse memory for the ignored than the attended feature of a single, simple object. Experiment 2 (n=69) replicated the pattern while again addressing the potential task demand, although the effect was smaller. Experiment 3 (n=186) provided visual feedback to eliminate any remaining risk of response error and again replicated the original finding. Attended information was stored with greater precision than unattended information, even for a simple object.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loot boxes in video games are gambling-like mechanics that players buy to obtain randomised rewards of varying value. Loot boxes are conceptually and psychologically similar to gambling, and loot box expenditure is positively correlated with self-reported problem gambling severity. Citing consumer protection concerns, the Belgian Gaming Commission opined that such mechanics constitute gambling under existing law and effectively ‘banned’ loot boxes by threatening criminal prosecution of non-compliant companies implementing paid loot boxes without a gambling licence. The effectiveness of this ban at influencing the compliance behaviour of video game companies (and, by implication, consumers’, including children’s, exposure to and consumer protection from loot boxes) was assessed. Paid loot boxes remained widely available amongst the 100 highest-grossing iPhone games in Belgium: 82.0% continued to generate revenue through a randomised monetisation method, as did 80.2% of games rated suitable for young people aged 12+. The Belgian ‘ban’ on loot boxes has not been effectively enforced. Although the initial imposition of this measure promoted public discussion and debate about loot box regulation (both domestically and internationally) and likely provided better consumer protection in relation to specific games operated by well-known companies, an unenforced ‘ban’ has many negative consequences, including (i) giving consumers, parents, and policymakers a false sense of security and (ii) allowing non-compliant games to replace games that have been removed from the national market by more socially responsible companies. Indeed, even an effectively enforced ban has potential disadvantages. Finally, technical measures taken by companies to comply with the ban were easily circumvented, and some highly dedicated players (who are likely to be the highest spending and most vulnerable) could reasonably be expected to do so. Therefore, the complete elimination of the loot box mechanic from a country may not be practically achievable. Belgium should re-evaluate its regulatory position. A blanket ban approach to loot box regulation cannot be recommended to other countries. Other less restrictive approaches to loot box regulation should be considered. Preregistered Stage 1 protocol: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5MXP6 (date of in-principle acceptance: 7 April 2022). Lootboxes in videospellen zijn gambling-like mechanismen die spelers kopen om willekeurige beloningen van verschillende waarde te krijgen. Lootboxes zijn conceptueel en psychologisch vergelijkbaar met gokken, en uitgave voor lootboxes is positief gecorreleerd met zelfgerapporteerd probleemgokken. Omwille van zorgen rond consumentenbescherming oordeelde de Belgische Kansspelcommissie dat dergelijke mechanismen volgens de bestaande wetgeving gokken zijn en heeft het loot boxes daadwerkelijk ‘gebannen’ door te dreigen met strafrechtelijke vervolging van niet-conforme bedrijven, die zonder gokvergunning b
电子游戏中的战利品盒是一种类似赌博的机制，玩家可以通过购买来获得不同价值的随机奖励。战利品箱在概念上和心理上都类似于赌博，战利品箱消费与自我报告的赌博问题严重程度呈正相关。以消费者保护为理由，比利时博彩委员会认为，根据现行法律，这种机制构成赌博，并通过威胁对不合规的公司进行刑事起诉来有效地“禁止”战利品箱，这些公司在没有赌博执照的情况下实施付费战利品箱。评估了这一禁令在影响电子游戏公司的合规行为方面的有效性(同时也暗示了消费者，包括儿童，对战利品箱的接触和对消费者的保护)。在比利时收益最高的100款iPhone游戏中，付费战利品盒仍然广泛存在:82.0%的游戏继续通过随机盈利方式产生收益，80.2%的游戏被评为适合12岁以上的年轻人。比利时对战利品箱的“禁令”并没有得到有效执行。尽管这一措施的最初实施促进了公众对战利品箱监管的讨论和辩论(无论是国内还是国际)，并可能为知名公司运营的特定游戏提供更好的消费者保护，但未执行的“禁令”会产生许多负面后果，包括(1)让消费者、家长、政策制定者会产生一种错误的安全感，并且(ii)允许不合规的游戏取代那些被更具社会责任感的公司从全国市场上移除的游戏。事实上，即使是有效执行的禁令也有潜在的缺点。最后，公司为遵守禁令而采取的技术措施很容易被规避，一些高度专注的玩家(他们可能是支出最高、最脆弱的人)可以合理地预期会这样做。因此，从一个国家完全消除战利品箱机制实际上是不可能实现的。比利时应该重新评估其监管地位。不能向其他国家推荐一种全面禁止的方法来管理战利品箱。应该考虑其他限制较少的战利品箱规则。预注册第一阶段协议:https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5MXP6(原则上接受日期:2022年4月7日)。视频游戏中的战利品箱都带有类似赌博的机制，以及来自willekeurige belingen van verschillende wajjgen的拼写器。从心理学的角度来看，“抢宝箱”是一个概念，“抢宝箱”是一个积极的概念，“抢宝箱”是一个积极的概念，“抢宝箱”是一个积极的概念，“抢宝箱”是一个积极的概念。Omwille van zorgen rod consumentenbescherming of ordeelde belgium kanselcommissic, derglike机制volgene bebeandandrikek ' gebannen '，机制volgene bebeandandrikek ' gebannen '，机制volgene bebeandrikek ' vervolgene - conbebedrive，机制volgene van zorgen - conbedrive，机制volgene van zorgen - congition，机制die zonder gogening bebeinging，机制volgene van zorgending，机制volgene van zorgending，机制volgene van zorgending，机制volgene van zorgending，机制volgene van zorgending，机制volgene van zorgending，机制volgene van zorgending。我们还开发了一种全新的游戏模式，即游戏模式、游戏模式、游戏模式、游戏模式、游戏模式、游戏模式和游戏模式。在België的100款最优秀的iphone游戏中，有82.5%的游戏是通过最优秀的游戏盈利方法获得的，有82.5%的游戏是通过最优秀的游戏盈利方法获得的，有82.5%的游戏是通过最优秀的游戏盈利方法获得的。比利时的“禁止”抢宝箱是niet daadwerkelijk gehandhaafd。在关于监管箱子的讨论中(无论是国内的还是国际的)，在消费盒子的讨论中，我们可以看到，在特定的游戏被驱动的情况下，我们可以看到，在“禁止”的情况下，我们可以看到，在消极的进化中，我们可以看到，在消费盒子的讨论中，我们可以看到公众的讨论。玩家们甚至认为，开发者们甚至可以在游戏开发过程中创造出符合不同国家市场的游戏(游戏邦注:即在游戏开发过程中创造出不同国家市场的游戏)。这是一种有效的方法，它可以有效地帮助那些像纳德伦这样的罪犯。10个槽的zijn技术是由一个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的，这个基因组组驱动的。Daarom是一种动态的、可扩展的、可扩展的、可扩展的、可扩展的、可扩展的、可扩展的、可扩展的机制。België moet zijn regelgeevend站在这里评估。即使是普通的普通玩家，也可以在游戏中找到自己的战利品箱，并在游戏中找到自己喜欢的东西。此外，限制玩家行为的规则会让玩家在游戏中获得更多的战利品。Vooraf注册协议版本1:https://doi.org/10。 17605 OSF /。IO/5MXP6(开始日期:2022年4月7日)。在电子游戏中，战利品盒是一种类似于赌博的设备，玩家通过购买它来获得不同价值的随机奖励。从概念上和心理上讲，lootbox与赌博相当，购买lootbox与自我报告的问题赌博严重程度呈正相关。及消费者保护相关顾虑为由比利时博彩委员会表示,这种装置属于赌博,根据现行法律,并已禁止«»lootbox公司威胁要起诉那些不遵守这一观点也提供付费lootbox不拥有一辆牌照为赌博。我们衡量了这一禁令对电子游戏行业观察的影响(以及由此产生的消费者(包括儿童)接触和保护lootbox的程度)。你lootbox光顾仍然广泛获取100内的游戏来产生更多的收入,在比利时的iPhone: 82%都继续创造通过货币化技术基于收入的机缘巧合,这一比例达到80.2%赌博列为适合年轻12岁起lootbox。比利时的“禁令”的,因此未被应用在现实生活中。虽然原先的征税措施,有利于调节lootbox公开辩论(在国内和国际一级),并且可能提供更好的保护消费者对某些特定游戏的知名公司,提出一个“禁令”而不是应用了许多消极后果,包括(i)给消费者,(ii)允许不合规的游戏被更有社会责任感的公司从国内市场撤出的游戏所取代。最后，我们很容易绕过公司为遵守禁令而采取的技术措施，我们可以合理地预期一些高度热情的玩家(他们可能花费最多，也是最脆弱的)也会这么做。因此，在一个国家内完全消除“lootbox”游戏机制在实践中可能是不可行的，比利时应该重新考虑其对lootbox监管的立场。我们不能建议其他国家从系统禁止的角度来处理这一问题;应该考虑其他限制较少的方法来管理lootbox。链接到第一级协议:https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5MXP6(原则上接受日期为2022年4月7日)。[布鲁诺·杜邦翻译]
{"title":"Breaking Ban: Belgium’s Ineffective Gambling Law Regulation of Video Game Loot Boxes","authors":"Leon Y. Xiao","doi":"10.1525/collabra.57641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.57641","url":null,"abstract":"Loot boxes in video games are gambling-like mechanics that players buy to obtain randomised rewards of varying value. Loot boxes are conceptually and psychologically similar to gambling, and loot box expenditure is positively correlated with self-reported problem gambling severity. Citing consumer protection concerns, the Belgian Gaming Commission opined that such mechanics constitute gambling under existing law and effectively ‘banned’ loot boxes by threatening criminal prosecution of non-compliant companies implementing paid loot boxes without a gambling licence. The effectiveness of this ban at influencing the compliance behaviour of video game companies (and, by implication, consumers’, including children’s, exposure to and consumer protection from loot boxes) was assessed. Paid loot boxes remained widely available amongst the 100 highest-grossing iPhone games in Belgium: 82.0% continued to generate revenue through a randomised monetisation method, as did 80.2% of games rated suitable for young people aged 12+. The Belgian ‘ban’ on loot boxes has not been effectively enforced. Although the initial imposition of this measure promoted public discussion and debate about loot box regulation (both domestically and internationally) and likely provided better consumer protection in relation to specific games operated by well-known companies, an unenforced ‘ban’ has many negative consequences, including (i) giving consumers, parents, and policymakers a false sense of security and (ii) allowing non-compliant games to replace games that have been removed from the national market by more socially responsible companies. Indeed, even an effectively enforced ban has potential disadvantages. Finally, technical measures taken by companies to comply with the ban were easily circumvented, and some highly dedicated players (who are likely to be the highest spending and most vulnerable) could reasonably be expected to do so. Therefore, the complete elimination of the loot box mechanic from a country may not be practically achievable. Belgium should re-evaluate its regulatory position. A blanket ban approach to loot box regulation cannot be recommended to other countries. Other less restrictive approaches to loot box regulation should be considered. Preregistered Stage 1 protocol: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5MXP6 (date of in-principle acceptance: 7 April 2022). Lootboxes in videospellen zijn gambling-like mechanismen die spelers kopen om willekeurige beloningen van verschillende waarde te krijgen. Lootboxes zijn conceptueel en psychologisch vergelijkbaar met gokken, en uitgave voor lootboxes is positief gecorreleerd met zelfgerapporteerd probleemgokken. Omwille van zorgen rond consumentenbescherming oordeelde de Belgische Kansspelcommissie dat dergelijke mechanismen volgens de bestaande wetgeving gokken zijn en heeft het loot boxes daadwerkelijk ‘gebannen’ door te dreigen met strafrechtelijke vervolging van niet-conforme bedrijven, die zonder gokvergunning b","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Álvaro Postigo, Javier Barria, Marcelino Cuesta, E. García-Cueto
Grit is a non-cognitive variable that helps predict important variables in people’s lives, such as academic, sport, and work performance, physical and mental health, and subjective well-being. However, there are few instruments measuring grit in the Chilean context. The aim of this study is to contribute new evidence of validity of the Oviedo Grit Scale (Escala Grit de Oviedo; EGO) through its adaptation to a Chilean sample. A sample of 359 Chilean participants was used (Myears= 41.28; SDyears= 11.09; 69.4% women), from the 16 regions that make up the Chilean territory. The unidimensionality of the EGO was confirmed in the Chilean context, also showing scalar invariance in terms of sex. The reliability of the scores on the EGO was excellent (α = .92; ω = .92), showing high correlations with grit, measured through the Grit-S scale (r = .577), self-control (r = .500), self-efficacy (r = .809), and productiveness (r = .679). In addition, the EGO showed statistically significant differences in terms of age. It is concluded that it is a reliable, valid, and brief scale to evaluate grit, and thus this construct can be studied in relation to important variables that affect people’s lives.
{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Chilean Version of the Oviedo Grit Scale","authors":"Álvaro Postigo, Javier Barria, Marcelino Cuesta, E. García-Cueto","doi":"10.1525/collabra.57516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.57516","url":null,"abstract":"Grit is a non-cognitive variable that helps predict important variables in people’s lives, such as academic, sport, and work performance, physical and mental health, and subjective well-being. However, there are few instruments measuring grit in the Chilean context. The aim of this study is to contribute new evidence of validity of the Oviedo Grit Scale (Escala Grit de Oviedo; EGO) through its adaptation to a Chilean sample. A sample of 359 Chilean participants was used (Myears= 41.28; SDyears= 11.09; 69.4% women), from the 16 regions that make up the Chilean territory. The unidimensionality of the EGO was confirmed in the Chilean context, also showing scalar invariance in terms of sex. The reliability of the scores on the EGO was excellent (α = .92; ω = .92), showing high correlations with grit, measured through the Grit-S scale (r = .577), self-control (r = .500), self-efficacy (r = .809), and productiveness (r = .679). In addition, the EGO showed statistically significant differences in terms of age. It is concluded that it is a reliable, valid, and brief scale to evaluate grit, and thus this construct can be studied in relation to important variables that affect people’s lives.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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