Alex H. K. Wong, A. Aslanidou, M. Malbec, A. Pittig, M. Wieser, M. Andreatta
Avoidance is typically adaptive given it prevents threat. However, avoidance becomes maladaptive when it is executed out of proportion of threat (i.e., excessive or insufficient avoidance), persists in the absence of threat, or excessively generalizes to other innocuous situations. Although there has been an increase in research in these different processes of maladaptive avoidance, the role of inter-individual differences in these avoidance processes receives less research attention, despite its theoretical and clinical importance. In this systematic review, we summarized the role of inter-individual traits that relate to risk or resilient factors for anxiety-related disorders, trauma-and stressor-related disorders, obsessive-compulsive related disorders, pain related disorders, eating-related disorders, and affective disorders. A majority of the inter-individual differences had an apparent mixed or null effect on the different processes of avoidance. We discussed this lack of evidence of inter-individual differences on avoidance due to a lack of methodological and/or analytical consensus in the field, in addition to a lack of integration of recent findings into existing theories. Recommendations for future research are discussed, with a focus on examining the conditions or experimental parameters for certain inter-individual traits to manifest their effects on avoidance, identifying the nuances of methodological and/or inter-individual differences in avoidance, and a call for integrating recent preliminary findings into existing theories.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Inter-individual Differences in Avoidance Learning","authors":"Alex H. K. Wong, A. Aslanidou, M. Malbec, A. Pittig, M. Wieser, M. Andreatta","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77856","url":null,"abstract":"Avoidance is typically adaptive given it prevents threat. However, avoidance becomes maladaptive when it is executed out of proportion of threat (i.e., excessive or insufficient avoidance), persists in the absence of threat, or excessively generalizes to other innocuous situations. Although there has been an increase in research in these different processes of maladaptive avoidance, the role of inter-individual differences in these avoidance processes receives less research attention, despite its theoretical and clinical importance. In this systematic review, we summarized the role of inter-individual traits that relate to risk or resilient factors for anxiety-related disorders, trauma-and stressor-related disorders, obsessive-compulsive related disorders, pain related disorders, eating-related disorders, and affective disorders. A majority of the inter-individual differences had an apparent mixed or null effect on the different processes of avoidance. We discussed this lack of evidence of inter-individual differences on avoidance due to a lack of methodological and/or analytical consensus in the field, in addition to a lack of integration of recent findings into existing theories. Recommendations for future research are discussed, with a focus on examining the conditions or experimental parameters for certain inter-individual traits to manifest their effects on avoidance, identifying the nuances of methodological and/or inter-individual differences in avoidance, and a call for integrating recent preliminary findings into existing theories.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When participants disagree about their judgments on a Likert-type scale, the average rating will be naturally drawn towards its middle. The present work’s goal is to explore the implications of this midscale disagreement problem for psycholinguistic norms by using the literature on Body-Object Interaction (BOI) ratings as a case study. Through a series of graphical analyses, we argue that (i) the average rating of most midscale items cannot be interpreted as their true position on the variable’s continuum; (ii) other variables driving the disagreement in judgements can introduce an independent midscale effect in word processing performances; (iii) the typical sample sizes used by norming studies are likely insufficient to reliably detect disagreements and can lead to significant measurement error. A methodological review of the studies on BOI’s effect in word processing reveals that most of them suffer from the midscale disagreement problem, either because of inadequate word sampling or statistical modelling. Whereas these observations provide initial clues for the interpretation and use of the ratings, it remains difficult to determine the full scope of the disagreement problem based only on the summary statistics reported by rating studies. To address this point, we present new BOI ratings for a set of 1019 French words which we use to perform item-level descriptive and exploratory analyses. Overall, the results confirm that unipolar Likert-type scale ratings such as BOI capture the dimension of interest mainly at the two ends of the scale, while they represent increasing disagreement among participants as they approach the middle. These observations provide initial best-practice recommendations for the use and interpretation of subjective variables. Our analyses can additionally serve as general guidelines to interpret similar ratings and to assess the validity of previous findings in the literature based on standard summary statics.
{"title":"Addressing the Elephant in the Middle: Implications of the Midscale Disagreement Problem Through the Lens of Body-Object Interaction Ratings","authors":"Dimitri Paisios, N. Huet, É. Labeye","doi":"10.1525/collabra.84564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.84564","url":null,"abstract":"When participants disagree about their judgments on a Likert-type scale, the average rating will be naturally drawn towards its middle. The present work’s goal is to explore the implications of this midscale disagreement problem for psycholinguistic norms by using the literature on Body-Object Interaction (BOI) ratings as a case study. Through a series of graphical analyses, we argue that (i) the average rating of most midscale items cannot be interpreted as their true position on the variable’s continuum; (ii) other variables driving the disagreement in judgements can introduce an independent midscale effect in word processing performances; (iii) the typical sample sizes used by norming studies are likely insufficient to reliably detect disagreements and can lead to significant measurement error. A methodological review of the studies on BOI’s effect in word processing reveals that most of them suffer from the midscale disagreement problem, either because of inadequate word sampling or statistical modelling. Whereas these observations provide initial clues for the interpretation and use of the ratings, it remains difficult to determine the full scope of the disagreement problem based only on the summary statistics reported by rating studies. To address this point, we present new BOI ratings for a set of 1019 French words which we use to perform item-level descriptive and exploratory analyses. Overall, the results confirm that unipolar Likert-type scale ratings such as BOI capture the dimension of interest mainly at the two ends of the scale, while they represent increasing disagreement among participants as they approach the middle. These observations provide initial best-practice recommendations for the use and interpretation of subjective variables. Our analyses can additionally serve as general guidelines to interpret similar ratings and to assess the validity of previous findings in the literature based on standard summary statics.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Kasran, Sean Hughes, J. de Houwer, T. Beckers
Our behavior towards a stimulus can change as a result of observing a regularity between that stimulus and someone else’s emotional reaction, a type of social learning referred to as observational conditioning. We explore the idea that causal attributions (i.e., the extent to which the observer attributes the model’s reaction to the stimulus) play an important role in observational conditioning effects. In three experiments (total N = 665), participants watched videos in which one cookie was followed by a positive reaction and another cookie was followed by a negative reaction, after which their own evaluations of each cookie were measured via self-reports and an implicit association test (IAT). Critically, we manipulated whether the observed reactions were high or low in terms of distinctiveness (Experiments 1a and 1b) or consensus and consistency (Experiment 2). These three variables are known to influence stimulus attributions and were therefore predicted to moderate observational conditioning effects. In line with our predictions, high distinctiveness (Experiments 1a and 1b) and high consensus and consistency (Experiment 2) both resulted in larger observational conditioning effects, with one exception: high distinctiveness did not lead to larger changes in automatic evaluations (i.e., IAT effects). Taken together, our findings suggest that causal attributions play an important role in observational conditioning. We outline more elaborate analyses of the attributional processes that are involved and suggest potential future directions for research on observational conditioning.
{"title":"The Role of Causal Attributions in Observational Conditioning","authors":"Sarah Kasran, Sean Hughes, J. de Houwer, T. Beckers","doi":"10.1525/collabra.68050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.68050","url":null,"abstract":"Our behavior towards a stimulus can change as a result of observing a regularity between that stimulus and someone else’s emotional reaction, a type of social learning referred to as observational conditioning. We explore the idea that causal attributions (i.e., the extent to which the observer attributes the model’s reaction to the stimulus) play an important role in observational conditioning effects. In three experiments (total N = 665), participants watched videos in which one cookie was followed by a positive reaction and another cookie was followed by a negative reaction, after which their own evaluations of each cookie were measured via self-reports and an implicit association test (IAT). Critically, we manipulated whether the observed reactions were high or low in terms of distinctiveness (Experiments 1a and 1b) or consensus and consistency (Experiment 2). These three variables are known to influence stimulus attributions and were therefore predicted to moderate observational conditioning effects. In line with our predictions, high distinctiveness (Experiments 1a and 1b) and high consensus and consistency (Experiment 2) both resulted in larger observational conditioning effects, with one exception: high distinctiveness did not lead to larger changes in automatic evaluations (i.e., IAT effects). Taken together, our findings suggest that causal attributions play an important role in observational conditioning. We outline more elaborate analyses of the attributional processes that are involved and suggest potential future directions for research on observational conditioning.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul K. Lutz, Holli-Anne Passmore, A. Howell, J. Zelenski, Ying Yang, M. Richardson
In the face of mounting environmental issues, people around the world are reporting the experience of difficult emotions such as anxiety and worry, or what is increasingly referred to as eco-anxiety. It is often acknowledged that symptoms of eco-anxiety can range in severity or fall along a continuum. Such a proposition has important implications, as it may help to explain why some forms of eco-anxiety are more mal(adaptive) than others. In five studies (Total N = 2939) across three countries (Canada, China, United Kingdom), we examined how measures that may encompass a continuum of environment-related worry and anxiety were associated with each other and with measures of environmental concern, an older concept that may capture the less severe end of eco-anxiety responses. We also explored if these various measures were differentially linked to aspects of mental health and a pro-environmental orientation. Results revealed that measures of eco-anxiety and environmental concern were often moderately-strongly correlated. Eco-anxiety measures exhibited relatively consistent relationships with greater ill-being but mixed relationships with indices of well-being. There was some evidence of more severe eco-anxiety measures being associated with poorer mental health and environmental concern measures being associated with better mental health. Measures of both eco-anxiety and environmental concern evidenced larger and more consistent relationships with indices of a pro-environmental orientation, with the most severe eco-anxiety measure exhibiting some notably weaker relationships. Together, the present work provides preliminary insights into the nomological network of the continuum of eco-anxiety responses and its integration into future work on eco-anxiety.
{"title":"The Continuum of Eco-Anxiety Responses: A Preliminary Investigation of Its Nomological Network","authors":"Paul K. Lutz, Holli-Anne Passmore, A. Howell, J. Zelenski, Ying Yang, M. Richardson","doi":"10.1525/collabra.67838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.67838","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of mounting environmental issues, people around the world are reporting the experience of difficult emotions such as anxiety and worry, or what is increasingly referred to as eco-anxiety. It is often acknowledged that symptoms of eco-anxiety can range in severity or fall along a continuum. Such a proposition has important implications, as it may help to explain why some forms of eco-anxiety are more mal(adaptive) than others. In five studies (Total N = 2939) across three countries (Canada, China, United Kingdom), we examined how measures that may encompass a continuum of environment-related worry and anxiety were associated with each other and with measures of environmental concern, an older concept that may capture the less severe end of eco-anxiety responses. We also explored if these various measures were differentially linked to aspects of mental health and a pro-environmental orientation. Results revealed that measures of eco-anxiety and environmental concern were often moderately-strongly correlated. Eco-anxiety measures exhibited relatively consistent relationships with greater ill-being but mixed relationships with indices of well-being. There was some evidence of more severe eco-anxiety measures being associated with poorer mental health and environmental concern measures being associated with better mental health. Measures of both eco-anxiety and environmental concern evidenced larger and more consistent relationships with indices of a pro-environmental orientation, with the most severe eco-anxiety measure exhibiting some notably weaker relationships. Together, the present work provides preliminary insights into the nomological network of the continuum of eco-anxiety responses and its integration into future work on eco-anxiety.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidence shows that participants choose to disengage during emotion regulation (ER) when facing high intensity stimuli, whereas engage when the intensity is low. No study explored ER choice when participants have more than two strategies to regulate their emotions, nor the role of psychopathology on ER choice. This study aimed to replicate and extend the results of Sheppes et al. (2011) and to explore the role of psychosis-proneness in ER strategies choice. In total, 128 non-clinical participants completed two experimental tasks (a replication task and an extension task), choosing an ER strategy in two conditions. Participants favoured disengagement strategies when the emotional intensity was high and engagement strategies when the intensity was low. Psychosis-proneness seems to be associated with difficulties in adapting to the emotional context. These results expand our understanding on ER choices and provide knowledge on flexibility in ER as well as its implication in psychosis-proneness.
{"title":"Emotion Regulation Choice and Psychosis Proneness: A Replication and Extension Study","authors":"C. Nardelli, Emma Rolland-Carlichi, C. Bortolon","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73755","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence shows that participants choose to disengage during emotion regulation (ER) when facing high intensity stimuli, whereas engage when the intensity is low. No study explored ER choice when participants have more than two strategies to regulate their emotions, nor the role of psychopathology on ER choice. This study aimed to replicate and extend the results of Sheppes et al. (2011) and to explore the role of psychosis-proneness in ER strategies choice. In total, 128 non-clinical participants completed two experimental tasks (a replication task and an extension task), choosing an ER strategy in two conditions. Participants favoured disengagement strategies when the emotional intensity was high and engagement strategies when the intensity was low. Psychosis-proneness seems to be associated with difficulties in adapting to the emotional context. These results expand our understanding on ER choices and provide knowledge on flexibility in ER as well as its implication in psychosis-proneness.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluative conditioning (EC), the change in liking towards a stimulus due to its co-occurrence with another stimulus, is a key effect in social and cognitive psychology. Despite its prominence, research on personality differences in EC has been scarce. First research found stronger EC among individuals high in Neuroticism and Agreeableness. However, it remains unclear how robust these moderations are and why they occur. In a high-powered preregistered EC experiment with a heterogeneous sample (N = 511), we found a robust moderation by Agreeableness. Individuals high in Agreeableness also showed more extreme evaluations of the unconditioned stimuli (USs) and more accurate memory for the stimulus pairings, which both in combination accounted for the moderation by Agreeableness. The moderation by Neuroticism was considerably weaker and depended on the type of analysis, but was independent of US evaluations and pairing memory. Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness did not moderate EC. Our findings imply that Agreeableness-based personality differences in EC reflect differences in the affective and cognitive processes presumed in current propositional and memory-based EC theories. Furthermore, they offer important insights into the Big Five and interindividual differences in stimulus evaluation, memory, and learning.
{"title":"(Why) Do Big Five Personality Traits Moderate Evaluative Conditioning? The Role of US Extremity and Pairing Memory","authors":"Moritz Ingendahl, Tobias Vogel","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74812","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluative conditioning (EC), the change in liking towards a stimulus due to its co-occurrence with another stimulus, is a key effect in social and cognitive psychology. Despite its prominence, research on personality differences in EC has been scarce. First research found stronger EC among individuals high in Neuroticism and Agreeableness. However, it remains unclear how robust these moderations are and why they occur. In a high-powered preregistered EC experiment with a heterogeneous sample (N = 511), we found a robust moderation by Agreeableness. Individuals high in Agreeableness also showed more extreme evaluations of the unconditioned stimuli (USs) and more accurate memory for the stimulus pairings, which both in combination accounted for the moderation by Agreeableness. The moderation by Neuroticism was considerably weaker and depended on the type of analysis, but was independent of US evaluations and pairing memory. Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness did not moderate EC. Our findings imply that Agreeableness-based personality differences in EC reflect differences in the affective and cognitive processes presumed in current propositional and memory-based EC theories. Furthermore, they offer important insights into the Big Five and interindividual differences in stimulus evaluation, memory, and learning.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2023-06-15DOI: 10.1525/collabra.77837
Sally A Larsen, Kathryn Asbury, William L Coventry, Sara A Hart, Callie W Little, Stephen A Petrill
The Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) - short form - is a survey tool intended to capture information about home environments. It is widely used in studies of child and adolescent development and psychopathology, particularly twin studies. The original long form of the scale comprised 15 items and was validated in a sample of infants in the 1980s. The short form of the scale was developed in the late 1990s and contains six items, including four from the original scale, and two new items. This short form has not been validated and is the focus of this study. We use five samples drawn from twin studies in Australia, the UK, and the USA, and examine measurement invariance of the CHAOS short-form. We first compare alternate confirmatory factor models for each group; we next test between-group configural, metric and scalar invariance; finally, we examine predictive validity of the scale under different conditions. We find evidence that a two-factor configuration of the six items is more appropriate than the commonly used one-factor model. Second, we find measurement non-invariance across groups at the metric invariance step, with items performing differently depending on the sample. We also find inconsistent results in tests of predictive validity using family-level socioeconomic status and academic achievement as criterion variables. The results caution the continued use of the short-form CHAOS in its current form and recommend future revisions and development of the scale for use in developmental research.
{"title":"Measuring CHAOS? Evaluating the short-form Confusion, Hubbub And Order Scale.","authors":"Sally A Larsen, Kathryn Asbury, William L Coventry, Sara A Hart, Callie W Little, Stephen A Petrill","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77837","DOIUrl":"10.1525/collabra.77837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) - short form - is a survey tool intended to capture information about home environments. It is widely used in studies of child and adolescent development and psychopathology, particularly twin studies. The original long form of the scale comprised 15 items and was validated in a sample of infants in the 1980s. The short form of the scale was developed in the late 1990s and contains six items, including four from the original scale, and two new items. This short form has not been validated and is the focus of this study. We use five samples drawn from twin studies in Australia, the UK, and the USA, and examine measurement invariance of the CHAOS short-form. We first compare alternate confirmatory factor models for each group; we next test between-group configural, metric and scalar invariance; finally, we examine predictive validity of the scale under different conditions. We find evidence that a two-factor configuration of the six items is more appropriate than the commonly used one-factor model. Second, we find measurement non-invariance across groups at the metric invariance step, with items performing differently depending on the sample. We also find inconsistent results in tests of predictive validity using family-level socioeconomic status and academic achievement as criterion variables. The results caution the continued use of the short-form CHAOS in its current form and recommend future revisions and development of the scale for use in developmental research.</p>","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10961925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numeracy is individuals’ capacity to understand and process basic probability and numerical information required to make decisions. We conducted a Replication Registered Report of Peters et al. (2006) examining numeracy as a predictor of positive-negative framing effect (Study 1), frequency-percentage effect (Study 2), ratio effect (Study 3), and bets effect (Study 4). With an online US American Amazon Mechanical Turk sample (N = 860), our replication using the target’s dichotomizing of the numeracy measure found support for the original findings regarding interactions between numeracy and three decision-making effects. Numeracy was associated with weaker framing effect (η2p = 0.01, 90% CI [0.00, 0.02]), weaker ratio bias (Cramer’s V = 0.17, 95% CI [0.10, 0.24]), and stronger bets effect (η2p = 0.02, 90% CI [0.01, 0.04]), yet we found no support for the frequency-percentage effect (η2p = 0.00, 90% CI [0.00, 0.01]). However, we found support for associations with all four studies when treating numeracy as a continuous variable. We extended the replication to examine confidence, yet the results were mixed with support found for only three conditions (Study 1 positive framing condition: r = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, -0.02]; Study 3: r = 0.15, 95% CI [0.08, 0.21]; Study 4 no-loss bet condition: r = 0.10, 95% CI [0.01, 0.20]), suggesting a much weaker and more complex relationship than anticipated. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/4hjck/.
{"title":"Revisiting the Links Between Numeracy and Decision Making: Replication Registered Report of Peters et al. (2006) With an Extension Examining Confidence","authors":"Minrui Zhu, G. Feldman","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77608","url":null,"abstract":"Numeracy is individuals’ capacity to understand and process basic probability and numerical information required to make decisions. We conducted a Replication Registered Report of Peters et al. (2006) examining numeracy as a predictor of positive-negative framing effect (Study 1), frequency-percentage effect (Study 2), ratio effect (Study 3), and bets effect (Study 4). With an online US American Amazon Mechanical Turk sample (N = 860), our replication using the target’s dichotomizing of the numeracy measure found support for the original findings regarding interactions between numeracy and three decision-making effects. Numeracy was associated with weaker framing effect (η2p = 0.01, 90% CI [0.00, 0.02]), weaker ratio bias (Cramer’s V = 0.17, 95% CI [0.10, 0.24]), and stronger bets effect (η2p = 0.02, 90% CI [0.01, 0.04]), yet we found no support for the frequency-percentage effect (η2p = 0.00, 90% CI [0.00, 0.01]). However, we found support for associations with all four studies when treating numeracy as a continuous variable. We extended the replication to examine confidence, yet the results were mixed with support found for only three conditions (Study 1 positive framing condition: r = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, -0.02]; Study 3: r = 0.15, 95% CI [0.08, 0.21]; Study 4 no-loss bet condition: r = 0.10, 95% CI [0.01, 0.20]), suggesting a much weaker and more complex relationship than anticipated. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/4hjck/.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The explicit marking of focus has a measurable impact on language comprehension, including the interpretation of pronouns, but so far the impact of focus on demonstrative pronouns has been largely overlooked. Using story-completion experiments with ditransitive contexts in German, we tested the role of focus in demonstrative pronoun resolution using the tools of the Bayesian model for pronouns, and furthermore investigated whether final position influences demonstrative pronoun interpretation independently of focus. We found that demonstrative pronouns are indeed influenced by focus to a similar extent as personal pronouns, but the influence for demonstratives is mediated via the next-mention bias. Final position also influences demonstrative pronouns, mediated not via the next-mention bias but the production likelihood.
{"title":"How Focus and Position Affect the Interpretation of Demonstrative Pronouns","authors":"Clare Patterson, P. Schumacher","doi":"10.1525/collabra.75350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.75350","url":null,"abstract":"The explicit marking of focus has a measurable impact on language comprehension, including the interpretation of pronouns, but so far the impact of focus on demonstrative pronouns has been largely overlooked. Using story-completion experiments with ditransitive contexts in German, we tested the role of focus in demonstrative pronoun resolution using the tools of the Bayesian model for pronouns, and furthermore investigated whether final position influences demonstrative pronoun interpretation independently of focus. We found that demonstrative pronouns are indeed influenced by focus to a similar extent as personal pronouns, but the influence for demonstratives is mediated via the next-mention bias. Final position also influences demonstrative pronouns, mediated not via the next-mention bias but the production likelihood.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of the personality traits Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism is hardly understood. We theorize that the well-documented maturity principle applies to these traits. Decreasing levels of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and the antagonistic dimension “narcissistic rivalry” could be interpreted as reflecting maturation. The self-enhancing “narcissistic admiration” trait might remain unchanged. A sample of N = 926 German university students aged 18 to 30 (74% female) participated in a longitudinal study with 4 waves of measurement over 2 years, completing short and full-length measurement instruments. The preregistered analyses included latent growth curve models based on item factor analysis with partial measurement invariance. We accounted for the possibilities of contextual effects and nonlinear development and controlled the false discovery rate. All four traits showed very high rank-order stability (rs ranged from .74 to .81). In line with the maturity principle, mean levels of Machiavellianism and psychopathy decreased linearly (ds were −0.18 and −0.12). Moreover, model comparisons revealed systematic heterogeneity in Machiavellianism’s linear growth curve, indicating that young adults differ from each other in the direction or steepness of their developmental paths. We also assessed self-esteem and life satisfaction. Linear changes in Machiavellianism were inversely related to linear changes in life satisfaction (r = −.39), making the mean-level decrease in Machiavellianism appear as adaptive. While findings concerning narcissism were inconclusive, this study provides incremental evidence that the maturity principle might apply to Machiavellianism and, potentially, to psychopathy.
{"title":"The Development of Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism in Young Adulthood","authors":"Christian Wolff, Eunike Wetzel","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77870","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the personality traits Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism is hardly understood. We theorize that the well-documented maturity principle applies to these traits. Decreasing levels of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and the antagonistic dimension “narcissistic rivalry” could be interpreted as reflecting maturation. The self-enhancing “narcissistic admiration” trait might remain unchanged. A sample of N = 926 German university students aged 18 to 30 (74% female) participated in a longitudinal study with 4 waves of measurement over 2 years, completing short and full-length measurement instruments. The preregistered analyses included latent growth curve models based on item factor analysis with partial measurement invariance. We accounted for the possibilities of contextual effects and nonlinear development and controlled the false discovery rate. All four traits showed very high rank-order stability (rs ranged from .74 to .81). In line with the maturity principle, mean levels of Machiavellianism and psychopathy decreased linearly (ds were −0.18 and −0.12). Moreover, model comparisons revealed systematic heterogeneity in Machiavellianism’s linear growth curve, indicating that young adults differ from each other in the direction or steepness of their developmental paths. We also assessed self-esteem and life satisfaction. Linear changes in Machiavellianism were inversely related to linear changes in life satisfaction (r = −.39), making the mean-level decrease in Machiavellianism appear as adaptive. While findings concerning narcissism were inconclusive, this study provides incremental evidence that the maturity principle might apply to Machiavellianism and, potentially, to psychopathy.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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