Erin C. R. Lawn, S. Laham, K. Zhao, Alexander P. Christensen, L. Smillie
Enlightened compassion is a morally significant personality trait describing the tendency to show regard for others in an open-minded (vs. rigid or parochial) manner. We examine this trait through a “bottom-up” lens, asking: where is enlightened compassion located within the Big Five (B5) taxonomy? Across three studies comprising seven samples (total N = 2,522), we measure enlightened compassion as an interstitial facet lying between the Compassion aspect of B5 Agreeableness and the Openness aspect of B5 Openness/Intellect. The Enlightened Compassion Scale (EC Scale) has solid structural and content validity, converging strongly with Compassion and Openness (Study 1). Consistent with the bandwidth-fidelity trade-off in hierarchical models of personality traits, enlightened compassion demonstrates incremental validity over-and-above these B5 aspects when predicting theoretically relevant traits (e.g., moral imagination and moral expansiveness; Study 2) and behaviour (expansive charitable donation; Study 3). By locating enlightened compassion and its correlates within the organising framework of the B5, our work serves to deepen and integrate accumulated knowledge on this morally salient feature of personality.
{"title":"Where the Head Meets the Heart: ‘Enlightened’ Compassion Lies Between Big Five Openness/Intellect and Agreeableness","authors":"Erin C. R. Lawn, S. Laham, K. Zhao, Alexander P. Christensen, L. Smillie","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74468","url":null,"abstract":"Enlightened compassion is a morally significant personality trait describing the tendency to show regard for others in an open-minded (vs. rigid or parochial) manner. We examine this trait through a “bottom-up” lens, asking: where is enlightened compassion located within the Big Five (B5) taxonomy? Across three studies comprising seven samples (total N = 2,522), we measure enlightened compassion as an interstitial facet lying between the Compassion aspect of B5 Agreeableness and the Openness aspect of B5 Openness/Intellect. The Enlightened Compassion Scale (EC Scale) has solid structural and content validity, converging strongly with Compassion and Openness (Study 1). Consistent with the bandwidth-fidelity trade-off in hierarchical models of personality traits, enlightened compassion demonstrates incremental validity over-and-above these B5 aspects when predicting theoretically relevant traits (e.g., moral imagination and moral expansiveness; Study 2) and behaviour (expansive charitable donation; Study 3). By locating enlightened compassion and its correlates within the organising framework of the B5, our work serves to deepen and integrate accumulated knowledge on this morally salient feature of personality.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. McAuliffe, Melisa Maya Kumar, Shaina Coogan, Yarrow Dunham
From a young age, children think resources ought to be distributed equally but expect resources to be shared preferentially with ingroup members. These desires for both impartiality and partiality take root in early childhood and likely become further entangled with age due to exposure to existing forms of group-based inequalities. Here, we ask whether children expect fairness or favoritism from an authority figure in the context of a real-world form of group-based inequality—the gender gap in pay. We tested 4- to 11-year-olds’ (N = 157) and adults’ (N = 101) expectations of how girls and boys would be rewarded by a teacher for performing a classroom task. Children were asked whether they expected a boy or girl to receive the larger reward (three versus two of five cookies) after completing a job. We found that 4- and 5-year-old children expected their own gender to be rewarded more favorably, an expectation that aligns with past work showing an own-gender bias in resource allocation. By contrast, and with the exception of 8- and 9-year-old boys, children in the 6- to 11-year-old range expected gender parity in pay, as did adults, a finding that contrasts with own-gender biases and with the real-world gender gap in pay. Our results shed new light on children’s evolving expectations of how rewards will be distributed in a context in which fairness and favoritism are in tension. Moreover, they provide a foray into children’s expectations about gender pay parity, an important and persistent issue in the society in which these children are developing.
{"title":"Do Children Expect Boys and Girls to Be Rewarded Differently for Doing the Same Work?","authors":"K. McAuliffe, Melisa Maya Kumar, Shaina Coogan, Yarrow Dunham","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74790","url":null,"abstract":"From a young age, children think resources ought to be distributed equally but expect resources to be shared preferentially with ingroup members. These desires for both impartiality and partiality take root in early childhood and likely become further entangled with age due to exposure to existing forms of group-based inequalities. Here, we ask whether children expect fairness or favoritism from an authority figure in the context of a real-world form of group-based inequality—the gender gap in pay. We tested 4- to 11-year-olds’ (N = 157) and adults’ (N = 101) expectations of how girls and boys would be rewarded by a teacher for performing a classroom task. Children were asked whether they expected a boy or girl to receive the larger reward (three versus two of five cookies) after completing a job. We found that 4- and 5-year-old children expected their own gender to be rewarded more favorably, an expectation that aligns with past work showing an own-gender bias in resource allocation. By contrast, and with the exception of 8- and 9-year-old boys, children in the 6- to 11-year-old range expected gender parity in pay, as did adults, a finding that contrasts with own-gender biases and with the real-world gender gap in pay. Our results shed new light on children’s evolving expectations of how rewards will be distributed in a context in which fairness and favoritism are in tension. Moreover, they provide a foray into children’s expectations about gender pay parity, an important and persistent issue in the society in which these children are developing.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yikang Zhang, Fung Chit Cheung, Hei Tung Wong, Lok Yee Yuen, Hui Ching Sin, Hiu Tung Kristy Chow, G. Feldman
Shame and guilt are unpleasant self-conscious emotions associated with negative evaluations of oneself or one’s behavior. Smith et al. (2002) demonstrated that shame and guilt are distinct and are impacted differently by public exposure, that is, the (potential) exposure to disapproving appraisals of one’s misdeeds by others. The impact of public exposure (compared to no exposure) was greater for feelings of shame than for feelings of guilt. We conducted a direct replication (N = 1272) of Smith et al. (2002)’s Study 1 and found that exposure increased both feelings of shame (ηp2 = .14, 95%, CI [.11, .17]) and guilt (ηp2 = .13, 95% CI [.10, .16]) compared with the private condition. Moreover, people who were in the high moral conditions reported both higher shame (ηp2 = .33, 95% CI [.29, .37]) and guilt (ηp2 = .36, 95% CI [.32, .39]). Shame and guilt both had moderate-to-high correlations with the shame-related and guilt-related reactions and both exposure and moral belief manipulations had effects on shame-related and guilt-related reactions. Our results suggest a failed replication: public exposure and moral belief influence both shame and guilt, so we cannot conclude that shame and guilt can be distinguished from each other solely based on public exposure, which diverges from the target article’s main theory and findings. All materials, data, and code are available at https://osf.io/j3ue4/
{"title":"Revisiting the Role of Public Exposure and Moral Beliefs on Feelings of Shame and Guilt: Replication Registered Report of Smith et al. (2002)’s Study 1","authors":"Yikang Zhang, Fung Chit Cheung, Hei Tung Wong, Lok Yee Yuen, Hui Ching Sin, Hiu Tung Kristy Chow, G. Feldman","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77610","url":null,"abstract":"Shame and guilt are unpleasant self-conscious emotions associated with negative evaluations of oneself or one’s behavior. Smith et al. (2002) demonstrated that shame and guilt are distinct and are impacted differently by public exposure, that is, the (potential) exposure to disapproving appraisals of one’s misdeeds by others. The impact of public exposure (compared to no exposure) was greater for feelings of shame than for feelings of guilt. We conducted a direct replication (N = 1272) of Smith et al. (2002)’s Study 1 and found that exposure increased both feelings of shame (ηp2 = .14, 95%, CI [.11, .17]) and guilt (ηp2 = .13, 95% CI [.10, .16]) compared with the private condition. Moreover, people who were in the high moral conditions reported both higher shame (ηp2 = .33, 95% CI [.29, .37]) and guilt (ηp2 = .36, 95% CI [.32, .39]). Shame and guilt both had moderate-to-high correlations with the shame-related and guilt-related reactions and both exposure and moral belief manipulations had effects on shame-related and guilt-related reactions. Our results suggest a failed replication: public exposure and moral belief influence both shame and guilt, so we cannot conclude that shame and guilt can be distinguished from each other solely based on public exposure, which diverges from the target article’s main theory and findings. All materials, data, and code are available at https://osf.io/j3ue4/","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro P. Sparacio, Ivan Ropovik, G. Jiga‐Boy, Adar Cem Lağap, H. Ijzerman
In this meta-analysis, the authors investigated whether being in nature and emotional social support are reliable strategies to downregulate stress. We retrieved all the relevant articles that investigated a connection between one of these two strategies and stress. For being in nature we found 54 effects reported in 16 papers (total N = 1,697, MdnN = 52.5), while for emotional social support we found 18 effects reported in 13 papers (total N = 3,787, MdnN = 186). Although we initially found an effect for being in nature and emotional social support on stress (Hedges’ g = -.42; Hedges’ g = -.14, respectively), the effect only held for being in nature after applying our main publication bias correction technique (Hedges’ g = -.60). The emotional social support literature also had a high risk of bias. Although the being-in-nature literature was moderately powered (.72) to detect effects of Cohen’s d = .50 or larger, the risk of bias was considerable, and the reporting contained numerous statistical reporting errors.
{"title":"Stress Regulation via Being in Nature and Social Support in Adults, a Meta-analysis","authors":"Alessandro P. Sparacio, Ivan Ropovik, G. Jiga‐Boy, Adar Cem Lağap, H. Ijzerman","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77343","url":null,"abstract":"In this meta-analysis, the authors investigated whether being in nature and emotional social support are reliable strategies to downregulate stress. We retrieved all the relevant articles that investigated a connection between one of these two strategies and stress. For being in nature we found 54 effects reported in 16 papers (total N = 1,697, MdnN = 52.5), while for emotional social support we found 18 effects reported in 13 papers (total N = 3,787, MdnN = 186). Although we initially found an effect for being in nature and emotional social support on stress (Hedges’ g = -.42; Hedges’ g = -.14, respectively), the effect only held for being in nature after applying our main publication bias correction technique (Hedges’ g = -.60). The emotional social support literature also had a high risk of bias. Although the being-in-nature literature was moderately powered (.72) to detect effects of Cohen’s d = .50 or larger, the risk of bias was considerable, and the reporting contained numerous statistical reporting errors.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When a test of attention, such as the d2 test, is repeated, performance improves. These practice benefits threaten the validity of a test because it is impossible to separate the contributions of ability and practice, respectively, to a particular result. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to determine the sources of practice effects, and to use this knowledge for constructing tests that are less prone to practice. The present study investigates the contribution of three components of a d2-like test of attention to practice benefits: targets, distractors, and stimulus configurations. In Experiment 1, we compared practice effects in a target-change condition, where targets changed between sessions, to a target-repetition condition. Similarly, in Experiment 2, we compared practice effects in a distractor-change condition to a distractor-repetition condition. Finally, in Experiment 3, we compared practice effects in a position-repetition condition, where stimulus configurations were repeated within and between tests, to a position-change condition. Results showed that repeating targets and repeating distractors contribute to practice effects, whereas repeating stimulus configurations does not. Hence, in order to reduce practice effects, one might construct tests in which target learning is prevented, for example, by using multiple targets.
{"title":"Disentangling the Contributions of Repeating Targets, Distractors, and Stimulus Positions to Practice Benefits in D2-Like Tests of Attention","authors":"Peter Wühr, B. Wühr","doi":"10.1525/collabra.71297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71297","url":null,"abstract":"When a test of attention, such as the d2 test, is repeated, performance improves. These practice benefits threaten the validity of a test because it is impossible to separate the contributions of ability and practice, respectively, to a particular result. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to determine the sources of practice effects, and to use this knowledge for constructing tests that are less prone to practice. The present study investigates the contribution of three components of a d2-like test of attention to practice benefits: targets, distractors, and stimulus configurations. In Experiment 1, we compared practice effects in a target-change condition, where targets changed between sessions, to a target-repetition condition. Similarly, in Experiment 2, we compared practice effects in a distractor-change condition to a distractor-repetition condition. Finally, in Experiment 3, we compared practice effects in a position-repetition condition, where stimulus configurations were repeated within and between tests, to a position-change condition. Results showed that repeating targets and repeating distractors contribute to practice effects, whereas repeating stimulus configurations does not. Hence, in order to reduce practice effects, one might construct tests in which target learning is prevented, for example, by using multiple targets.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce the Social Media Sexist Content (SMSC) database, an open-access online stimulus set consisting of 382 social media content items and 221 comments related to the content. The content items include 90 sexist posts and 292 neutral posts. The comment items include 75 sexist comments along with 238 neutral comments. The database consists of a broad range of topics including lifestyle, memes, and school posts. All posts were anonymized after being retrieved from publicly available sources. All content and comments were rated across two domains: degree of sexism and emotional reaction to the post. In terms of sexism, the posts were rated along three dimensions of gender bias: Hostile Sexism, Benevolent Sexism, and Objectification. Participants also provided their emotional reactions to the posts in terms of feeling Ashamed, Insecure, and/or Angry. Data were collected online in two separate studies: one rating the content and the other rating the comments. The sexism and emotion ratings were highly reliable and showed the posts displayed either sexism or neutral content. The SMSC database is beneficial to researchers because it offers updated social media content for research use online and in the lab. The database affords researchers the ability to explore stimuli either by content or by ratings, and the database is free to use for research purposes. The SMSC is available for download from hannahbuie.com.
{"title":"The Social Media Sexist Content (SMSC) Database: A Database of Content and Comments for Research Use","authors":"Hannah S. Buie, A. Croft","doi":"10.1525/collabra.71341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71341","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce the Social Media Sexist Content (SMSC) database, an open-access online stimulus set consisting of 382 social media content items and 221 comments related to the content. The content items include 90 sexist posts and 292 neutral posts. The comment items include 75 sexist comments along with 238 neutral comments. The database consists of a broad range of topics including lifestyle, memes, and school posts. All posts were anonymized after being retrieved from publicly available sources. All content and comments were rated across two domains: degree of sexism and emotional reaction to the post. In terms of sexism, the posts were rated along three dimensions of gender bias: Hostile Sexism, Benevolent Sexism, and Objectification. Participants also provided their emotional reactions to the posts in terms of feeling Ashamed, Insecure, and/or Angry. Data were collected online in two separate studies: one rating the content and the other rating the comments. The sexism and emotion ratings were highly reliable and showed the posts displayed either sexism or neutral content. The SMSC database is beneficial to researchers because it offers updated social media content for research use online and in the lab. The database affords researchers the ability to explore stimuli either by content or by ratings, and the database is free to use for research purposes. The SMSC is available for download from hannahbuie.com.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Haeffel, Hugh H Burke, Marissa Vander Missen, Lily M. Brouder
Tests of generalizability can diversify psychological science and improve theories and measurement. To this end, we conducted five studies testing the cognitive vulnerability to depression hypothesis featured in the hopelessness theory of depression: Study 1 was conducted with Honduran young adults (n = 50); Study 2 was conducted with Nepali adults (n = 34); Study 3 was conducted with Western hemisphere adults (n = 104); Study 4 was conducted with Black U.S. adults (n = 119); and Study 5 was conducted with U.S. undergraduates (n = 110). Results showed that cognitive vulnerability could be measured reliably in diverse populations and the distribution of vulnerability scores was similar for all samples. However, the tendency to generate negative inferences about stress had different implications for depression depending on sample; the association between cognitive vulnerability and depressive symptoms did not generalize to Honduran and Nepali participants. It is now necessary to understand why a negative cognitive style confers risk for depression in some contexts but not others (e.g., is it issues related to measurement, theory, or both). The results also suggest that understanding and reducing the global burden of depression will require more than simply “translating” existing cognitive measures and theories to other countries.
{"title":"What Diverse Samples Can Teach Us About Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression","authors":"G. Haeffel, Hugh H Burke, Marissa Vander Missen, Lily M. Brouder","doi":"10.1525/collabra.71346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71346","url":null,"abstract":"Tests of generalizability can diversify psychological science and improve theories and measurement. To this end, we conducted five studies testing the cognitive vulnerability to depression hypothesis featured in the hopelessness theory of depression: Study 1 was conducted with Honduran young adults (n = 50); Study 2 was conducted with Nepali adults (n = 34); Study 3 was conducted with Western hemisphere adults (n = 104); Study 4 was conducted with Black U.S. adults (n = 119); and Study 5 was conducted with U.S. undergraduates (n = 110). Results showed that cognitive vulnerability could be measured reliably in diverse populations and the distribution of vulnerability scores was similar for all samples. However, the tendency to generate negative inferences about stress had different implications for depression depending on sample; the association between cognitive vulnerability and depressive symptoms did not generalize to Honduran and Nepali participants. It is now necessary to understand why a negative cognitive style confers risk for depression in some contexts but not others (e.g., is it issues related to measurement, theory, or both). The results also suggest that understanding and reducing the global burden of depression will require more than simply “translating” existing cognitive measures and theories to other countries.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research has shown that in developed environmental cultures, people typically have positive attitudes towards sustainability and pro-environmental behaviour. This has been measured both explicitly, through surveys and interviews, and implicitly, through indirect measures. However, this phenomenon has not yet been extensively studied in emerging environmental cultures, such as Russia. In this study, we adapted two indirect measures, the Affect misattribution procedure and the Affective priming procedure, to examine whether people in Russia have a positive pro-environmental attitude and whether there is a relationship between this implicitly measured attitude and an explicit environmental concern. To ensure reproducibility, we preregistered and conducted two similar studies. The total sample size of the two studies is 394. Our results showed that both measures converge and successfully detect the existence of a positive implicit attitude towards sustainability and pro-environmental behaviour, but there does not appear to be a relationship with environmental concern.
{"title":"Does Going Green Feel Good in Russia: Implicit Measurements With Visual Stimuli","authors":"D. Valko","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73637","url":null,"abstract":"Research has shown that in developed environmental cultures, people typically have positive attitudes towards sustainability and pro-environmental behaviour. This has been measured both explicitly, through surveys and interviews, and implicitly, through indirect measures. However, this phenomenon has not yet been extensively studied in emerging environmental cultures, such as Russia. In this study, we adapted two indirect measures, the Affect misattribution procedure and the Affective priming procedure, to examine whether people in Russia have a positive pro-environmental attitude and whether there is a relationship between this implicitly measured attitude and an explicit environmental concern. To ensure reproducibility, we preregistered and conducted two similar studies. The total sample size of the two studies is 394. Our results showed that both measures converge and successfully detect the existence of a positive implicit attitude towards sustainability and pro-environmental behaviour, but there does not appear to be a relationship with environmental concern.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moral dumbfounding occurs when people defend a moral judgment, without reasons in support of this judgment. The phenomenon has been influential in moral psychology, however, despite its influence, it remains poorly understood. Based on the notion that cognitive load enhances biases and shortcomings in human judgment when elaboration is beneficial, we hypothesized that under cognitive load, people would be less likely to provide reasons for a judgment and more likely to be dumbfounded (or to change their judgment). In a pre-registered study (N = 1686) we tested this prediction. Our findings suggest that cognitive load reduces reason-giving, and increases dumbfounding (but does not lead to changes in judgments). Our results provide new insights into the phenomenon of moral dumbfounding while also advancing theory in moral psychology.
{"title":"Cognitive Load Can Reduce Reason-Giving in a Moral Dumbfounding Task","authors":"Cillian McHugh, M. McGann, E. Igou, E. Kinsella","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73818","url":null,"abstract":"Moral dumbfounding occurs when people defend a moral judgment, without reasons in support of this judgment. The phenomenon has been influential in moral psychology, however, despite its influence, it remains poorly understood. Based on the notion that cognitive load enhances biases and shortcomings in human judgment when elaboration is beneficial, we hypothesized that under cognitive load, people would be less likely to provide reasons for a judgment and more likely to be dumbfounded (or to change their judgment). In a pre-registered study (N = 1686) we tested this prediction. Our findings suggest that cognitive load reduces reason-giving, and increases dumbfounding (but does not lead to changes in judgments). Our results provide new insights into the phenomenon of moral dumbfounding while also advancing theory in moral psychology.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social norms can frame how typical and appropriate the choices available to individuals are, making some more difficult while others easier to make. Despite the important role of both descriptive and injunctive norms for intervention, few measures are available that distinguish these types of perceptions. Fewer still are tailored for settings where development challenges are present and behaviorally-informed interventions are implemented. To address gaps in measuring social norms that impact women’s employment in India, this study was conducted with 399 adolescents aged 14-17 years to develop the Strength of Social Gender Norms (SSGN) scale. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a good two-factor structure. Psychometric analyses satisfied tests for internal consistency, differentiated it from attitudes, and found moderate test-retest reliability. Using this scale, we found that girls perceived more positive social norms overall but held more negative perceptions of what others in their communities think about women working (i.e. injunctive norms), relative to boys. Our results confirm the ability of the SSGN scale to distinguish different aspects of social norms among low-income Indian adolescents, a population that is neglected in psychology research at large. Future research should aim to replicate results in additional hard-to-reach samples and investigate the association between actual longer-term employment outcomes of women.
{"title":"An Improved Measure for the Strength of Social Gender Norms (SSGN) Developed for Adolescents in Uttar Pradesh, India","authors":"Krittika Gorur, B. Cislaghi, Patrick S. Forscher","doi":"10.1525/collabra.75220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.75220","url":null,"abstract":"Social norms can frame how typical and appropriate the choices available to individuals are, making some more difficult while others easier to make. Despite the important role of both descriptive and injunctive norms for intervention, few measures are available that distinguish these types of perceptions. Fewer still are tailored for settings where development challenges are present and behaviorally-informed interventions are implemented. To address gaps in measuring social norms that impact women’s employment in India, this study was conducted with 399 adolescents aged 14-17 years to develop the Strength of Social Gender Norms (SSGN) scale. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a good two-factor structure. Psychometric analyses satisfied tests for internal consistency, differentiated it from attitudes, and found moderate test-retest reliability. Using this scale, we found that girls perceived more positive social norms overall but held more negative perceptions of what others in their communities think about women working (i.e. injunctive norms), relative to boys. Our results confirm the ability of the SSGN scale to distinguish different aspects of social norms among low-income Indian adolescents, a population that is neglected in psychology research at large. Future research should aim to replicate results in additional hard-to-reach samples and investigate the association between actual longer-term employment outcomes of women.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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