Some individuals may be at greater risk for encountering stressors in daily life than others, especially those with minority identities. Initial evidence shows that the disparities between cisgender heterosexual (CH) individuals and sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals on stress-related experiences may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the daily stressors experienced by undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic (stressor exposure), the association between the experience of daily stress and same-day negative mood (stressor reactivity), and whether these varied between undergraduate students with SGM identities and their CH counterparts using a 14-day daily diary design. We did not find significant differences between SGM and CH groups on stressor exposure or stressor reactivity. One common feature of daily diary data is right censoring, which is when some individuals do not experience specific events during the study duration. We used multilevel survival analysis, which accounts for right censored data, to examine group differences in the risks of stressor exposure. We discuss the statistical issues involved when right-censored cases are not taken into consideration in studies of stressor exposure and propose multilevel survival analysis as one solution to move the field towards more accurately understanding whether, when, and why SGM individuals are at greater risk for stressors.
{"title":"The Hazards of Daily Stressors: Comparing the Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults to Cisgender Heterosexual Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Jessica P. Lougheed, Gizem Keskin, Sean Morgan","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/2d7bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2d7bm","url":null,"abstract":"Some individuals may be at greater risk for encountering stressors in daily life than others, especially those with minority identities. Initial evidence shows that the disparities between cisgender heterosexual (CH) individuals and sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals on stress-related experiences may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the daily stressors experienced by undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic (stressor exposure), the association between the experience of daily stress and same-day negative mood (stressor reactivity), and whether these varied between undergraduate students with SGM identities and their CH counterparts using a 14-day daily diary design. We did not find significant differences between SGM and CH groups on stressor exposure or stressor reactivity. One common feature of daily diary data is right censoring, which is when some individuals do not experience specific events during the study duration. We used multilevel survival analysis, which accounts for right censored data, to examine group differences in the risks of stressor exposure. We discuss the statistical issues involved when right-censored cases are not taken into consideration in studies of stressor exposure and propose multilevel survival analysis as one solution to move the field towards more accurately understanding whether, when, and why SGM individuals are at greater risk for stressors.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69645098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present a model for comparing groups on scale score outcomes. The model has a number of features that make it desirable for analysis of scale scores. The model is based on ordinal regression, hence it is able to capture the shape of the data even when the data are highly discrete, or display marked ceiling or floor effects. Additionally, the model incorporates hierarchical modelling to create accurate summaries of the differences in the scale scores across groups. Statistically, the model assumes the data are ordinal, and hierarchically estimates the entire distribution of each group using factor smooths. Substantively, the model is capable of: estimating location-based, dispersion-based and ordinal descriptives estimates for each group; estimating the uncertainty about these estimates; and performing pairwise comparisons of the different estimates. The estimation method is Bayesian, however, we have created a GUI-based application that users may install on their computer to run the model, reducing the barrier to applying the method. The application takes in the raw data and user input, runs the model, and returns multiple model-based graphical summaries of patterns in the data, as well as tables for more precise reporting. We also share code that allows users extend the model to additional research contexts.
{"title":"Beyond Group Mean Differences: A Demonstration With Scale Scores in Psychology","authors":"J. Uanhoro, S. Stone‐Sabali","doi":"10.1525/collabra.57610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.57610","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a model for comparing groups on scale score outcomes. The model has a number of features that make it desirable for analysis of scale scores. The model is based on ordinal regression, hence it is able to capture the shape of the data even when the data are highly discrete, or display marked ceiling or floor effects. Additionally, the model incorporates hierarchical modelling to create accurate summaries of the differences in the scale scores across groups. Statistically, the model assumes the data are ordinal, and hierarchically estimates the entire distribution of each group using factor smooths. Substantively, the model is capable of: estimating location-based, dispersion-based and ordinal descriptives estimates for each group; estimating the uncertainty about these estimates; and performing pairwise comparisons of the different estimates. The estimation method is Bayesian, however, we have created a GUI-based application that users may install on their computer to run the model, reducing the barrier to applying the method. The application takes in the raw data and user input, runs the model, and returns multiple model-based graphical summaries of patterns in the data, as well as tables for more precise reporting. We also share code that allows users extend the model to additional research contexts.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study examined the influence of physical activity and sleep on binge eating during times of typically higher-and lower-stress over the academic year (n=394, Mage=18.6). First-year undergraduate students completed surveys of physical activity, sleep, and binge eating behaviors across four waves spanning the academic year. Results of multilevel models revealed relatively stable binge eating scores across the academic year. We found no robust associations between physical activity or sleep and binge eating during times of high and low stress. Small effects in this study, consistent with other non-clinical samples, highlight that eating behaviors are resistant to change.
{"title":"Binge Eating and Health Behaviors During Times of High and Low Stress Among First-year University Students","authors":"M. Lamb, Andrea L. Howard","doi":"10.1525/collabra.68028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.68028","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examined the influence of physical activity and sleep on binge eating during times of typically higher-and lower-stress over the academic year (n=394, Mage=18.6). First-year undergraduate students completed surveys of physical activity, sleep, and binge eating behaviors across four waves spanning the academic year. Results of multilevel models revealed relatively stable binge eating scores across the academic year. We found no robust associations between physical activity or sleep and binge eating during times of high and low stress. Small effects in this study, consistent with other non-clinical samples, highlight that eating behaviors are resistant to change.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last decades, several disciplines have started to investigate the heterogeneous meanings attributed to money, contributing to defying the classic vision of money as a purely neutral object through an interdisciplinary perspective. Notably, the construct of money attitude, defined as a mirror of perceptions, beliefs, and feelings about money, has captured attention. Considering the richness and fragmentation of previous literature around the construct, a systematic scoping review was conducted to (1) inquire into how money attitude was measured from a methodological perspective and (2) map its connections with key correlates, such as demographics, macro-economic factors, personality, financial practices, and job-related variables. Through a systematic search in four databases, 226 articles were selected, including studies from both economic and social sciences. From a methodological perspective, several validated scales exist, which only partially overlap, outlining the heterogeneity of the construct of money attitude. Furthermore, the relationship between money attitudes and key correlates emerges as complex and occasionally blurred. Based on these results, an integrative framework is proposed and directions for future research are outlined, discussing methodological specificities of validated scales and alternative methodologies. Additionally, overlooked topics deserving further examination are highlighted, including the investigation of emotional underpinnings of money, antecedents of money attitudes and their relationship with unsound behaviors. Implications for practitioners are also discussed, from the need to recognize the role of money attitude in the client–financial advisor relationship to the importance of consumers’ segmentation.
{"title":"Understanding Individual Attitude to Money: A Systematic Scoping Review and Research Agenda","authors":"Giulia Sesini, E. Lozza","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77305","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, several disciplines have started to investigate the heterogeneous meanings attributed to money, contributing to defying the classic vision of money as a purely neutral object through an interdisciplinary perspective. Notably, the construct of money attitude, defined as a mirror of perceptions, beliefs, and feelings about money, has captured attention. Considering the richness and fragmentation of previous literature around the construct, a systematic scoping review was conducted to (1) inquire into how money attitude was measured from a methodological perspective and (2) map its connections with key correlates, such as demographics, macro-economic factors, personality, financial practices, and job-related variables. Through a systematic search in four databases, 226 articles were selected, including studies from both economic and social sciences. From a methodological perspective, several validated scales exist, which only partially overlap, outlining the heterogeneity of the construct of money attitude. Furthermore, the relationship between money attitudes and key correlates emerges as complex and occasionally blurred. Based on these results, an integrative framework is proposed and directions for future research are outlined, discussing methodological specificities of validated scales and alternative methodologies. Additionally, overlooked topics deserving further examination are highlighted, including the investigation of emotional underpinnings of money, antecedents of money attitudes and their relationship with unsound behaviors. Implications for practitioners are also discussed, from the need to recognize the role of money attitude in the client–financial advisor relationship to the importance of consumers’ segmentation.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluative conditioning is an effect consisting of a change in the valence of a neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus, CS) that results from pairing it with a valenced stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus, US). The present contribution examined whether and how this effect is moderated by Neuroticism, a personality trait articulated in facets and characterized by a high focus on valence. For this purpose, 242 participants completed an EC procedure and a comprehensive survey to assess Neuroticism. Multilevel analyses indicated the EC effect of negative and positive USs to be stronger for people high in anxiety and vulnerability, two Neuroticism facets. This moderation effect was explained by a stronger reaction to the idiosyncratic valence of the US. This result has implications for both EC and personality research. The findings suggest the importance of considering USs’ idiosyncratic evaluation as a potential critical aspect for a significant EC effect and provide novel theoretical insights on how the EC effect takes place in people showing high levels of Neuroticism-related facets.
{"title":"The Moderating Role of Neuroticism on Evaluative Conditioning: New Insights on the Processes Underlying This Relationship","authors":"E. Casini, J. Richetin, F. Sava, M. Perugini","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74820","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluative conditioning is an effect consisting of a change in the valence of a neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus, CS) that results from pairing it with a valenced stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus, US). The present contribution examined whether and how this effect is moderated by Neuroticism, a personality trait articulated in facets and characterized by a high focus on valence. For this purpose, 242 participants completed an EC procedure and a comprehensive survey to assess Neuroticism. Multilevel analyses indicated the EC effect of negative and positive USs to be stronger for people high in anxiety and vulnerability, two Neuroticism facets. This moderation effect was explained by a stronger reaction to the idiosyncratic valence of the US. This result has implications for both EC and personality research. The findings suggest the importance of considering USs’ idiosyncratic evaluation as a potential critical aspect for a significant EC effect and provide novel theoretical insights on how the EC effect takes place in people showing high levels of Neuroticism-related facets.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Contreras, J. C. Suárez-Falcón, M. Caprara, Pilar Pozo, I. Gómez-Veiga, E. Cabras
Postformal thought is the highest state of thinking in adults, extending beyond formal operations. Sinnott’s Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire (PFTQ) is one of the most widely used measures of this construct and thus, the main aim of this study was to translate a Spanish version of the PFTQ and to validate it using a sample of 1093 subjects aged from 18 to 71 years. A cross-validation study was carried out and measurement invariance was analyzed by gender and across age groups: emerging adults, 18-29 years; established adults, 30-45 years; and middle-aged adults, 46-60 years. Furthermore, evidence of validity was assessed relative to cognitive and personality measures (i.e.: mindfulness, grit, resilience, intolerance of uncertainty, conscientiousness, metacognition and learning strategies), as was the developmental pattern of the PFTQ. In the cross-validation study, both the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated it was appropriate to consider a unidimensional structure. Likewise, the PFTQ exhibited good psychometric properties (α = .84; Ω = .83), and there was reasonable evidence of strict invariance by gender and across age groups. Moreover, the PFTQ was significantly and positively related to metacognition, learning strategies, mindfulness, conscientiousness, resilience and grit, whereas it was significantly and negatively related to intolerance of uncertainty, albeit to a lesser extent. Finally, a developmental progression of the PFTQ was observed during adulthood, with significant differences observed between the latent means of the three age groups, which was associated with moderate effect sizes between the emerging and the established or middle-age adult groups (d = 0.28 and d = 0.37, respectively). By contrast, a very small and practically negligible effect size was detected between the established and middle-aged adult groups (d = 0.09). Relativistic operations would appear to underlie psychosocial development in established adulthood, when they are most needed. Overall, the Spanish version of the PFTQ showed good psychometric properties and validity evidence of its utility to studying adult thinking.
{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire: Developmental Pattern and Significance and Its Relationship With Cognitive and Personality Measures","authors":"Antonio Contreras, J. C. Suárez-Falcón, M. Caprara, Pilar Pozo, I. Gómez-Veiga, E. Cabras","doi":"10.1525/collabra.67993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.67993","url":null,"abstract":"Postformal thought is the highest state of thinking in adults, extending beyond formal operations. Sinnott’s Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire (PFTQ) is one of the most widely used measures of this construct and thus, the main aim of this study was to translate a Spanish version of the PFTQ and to validate it using a sample of 1093 subjects aged from 18 to 71 years. A cross-validation study was carried out and measurement invariance was analyzed by gender and across age groups: emerging adults, 18-29 years; established adults, 30-45 years; and middle-aged adults, 46-60 years. Furthermore, evidence of validity was assessed relative to cognitive and personality measures (i.e.: mindfulness, grit, resilience, intolerance of uncertainty, conscientiousness, metacognition and learning strategies), as was the developmental pattern of the PFTQ. In the cross-validation study, both the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated it was appropriate to consider a unidimensional structure. Likewise, the PFTQ exhibited good psychometric properties (α = .84; Ω = .83), and there was reasonable evidence of strict invariance by gender and across age groups. Moreover, the PFTQ was significantly and positively related to metacognition, learning strategies, mindfulness, conscientiousness, resilience and grit, whereas it was significantly and negatively related to intolerance of uncertainty, albeit to a lesser extent. Finally, a developmental progression of the PFTQ was observed during adulthood, with significant differences observed between the latent means of the three age groups, which was associated with moderate effect sizes between the emerging and the established or middle-age adult groups (d = 0.28 and d = 0.37, respectively). By contrast, a very small and practically negligible effect size was detected between the established and middle-aged adult groups (d = 0.09). Relativistic operations would appear to underlie psychosocial development in established adulthood, when they are most needed. Overall, the Spanish version of the PFTQ showed good psychometric properties and validity evidence of its utility to studying adult thinking.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie M. Anglin, Caitlin Drummond Otten, S. Broomell
Public opinion about research can affect how society gathers evidence through public support for research funding. Studies consistently show that people selectively search for and evaluate evidence in ways that are partial to their pre-existing views. The present research tested how these processes influence public support for new research on politicized topics, examining individuals’ preferences for conducting studies that were otherwise identical except for the direction of the hypothesis. In two preregistered experiments, participants made choices between two hypothetical studies with opposing hypotheses on a polarized topic, first in the absence of evidence and then with conflicting evidence after researchers had collected evidence supporting their respective hypotheses. We predicted that participants would report greater belief-consistent preferences in the absence of evidence than presence of conflicting evidence. However, participants preferred to conduct the belief-consistent study in both the absence and presence of conflicting evidence. Importantly, individual differences emerged in participants’ preferences and reasoning: those who reported no preference scored higher in scientific reasoning and actively open-minded thinking. These findings suggest that, on average, laypeople prioritize research with belief-consistent hypotheses, but those with stronger scientific reasoning and actively open-minded thinking were more likely to recognize the studies were scientifically equivalent and report a neutral preference.
{"title":"Hypothesis Testing Preferences in Research Decision Making","authors":"Stephanie M. Anglin, Caitlin Drummond Otten, S. Broomell","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73029","url":null,"abstract":"Public opinion about research can affect how society gathers evidence through public support for research funding. Studies consistently show that people selectively search for and evaluate evidence in ways that are partial to their pre-existing views. The present research tested how these processes influence public support for new research on politicized topics, examining individuals’ preferences for conducting studies that were otherwise identical except for the direction of the hypothesis. In two preregistered experiments, participants made choices between two hypothetical studies with opposing hypotheses on a polarized topic, first in the absence of evidence and then with conflicting evidence after researchers had collected evidence supporting their respective hypotheses. We predicted that participants would report greater belief-consistent preferences in the absence of evidence than presence of conflicting evidence. However, participants preferred to conduct the belief-consistent study in both the absence and presence of conflicting evidence. Importantly, individual differences emerged in participants’ preferences and reasoning: those who reported no preference scored higher in scientific reasoning and actively open-minded thinking. These findings suggest that, on average, laypeople prioritize research with belief-consistent hypotheses, but those with stronger scientific reasoning and actively open-minded thinking were more likely to recognize the studies were scientifically equivalent and report a neutral preference.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charlotte Eben, L. Vermeylen, Zhang Chen, W. Notebaert, I. Ivanchei, F. Verbruggen
People tend to slow down after committing an error in many tasks. However, some studies failed to observe such post-error slowing. Furthermore, recent work found speeding after another type of sub-optimal outcomes: people often speed up after losses in gambling situations. What features determine whether people slow down or speed up after sub-optimal outcomes (error vs. loss)? To answer this question, we focused on the role of task characteristics and control over the outcome, by making a task where we previously observed post-error slowing more like tasks where we previously observed post-loss speeding. First, we made a color-discrimination task completely self-paced (Experiment 1A) and added reward/punishment (Experiment 1B). In both experiments, post-error slowing was observed, without modulation by reward/punishment. We then manipulated task difficulty to investigate the influence of control over the outcome. Consistent with our predictions, control over the outcome modulated post-error adjustments, as participants slowed down after controllable errors, but sped up after uncontrollable errors (Experiment 3). Importantly, this effect was global as post-error speeding was observed when controllable and ’uncontrollable’ errors were intermixed (Experiment 2), suggesting an influence of overall task context. Thus, responses to sub-optimal outcomes might depend on the control over the outcome.
{"title":"When Response Selection Becomes Gambling: Post-error Slowing and Speeding in Self-paced Colour Discrimination Tasks","authors":"Charlotte Eben, L. Vermeylen, Zhang Chen, W. Notebaert, I. Ivanchei, F. Verbruggen","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73052","url":null,"abstract":"People tend to slow down after committing an error in many tasks. However, some studies failed to observe such post-error slowing. Furthermore, recent work found speeding after another type of sub-optimal outcomes: people often speed up after losses in gambling situations. What features determine whether people slow down or speed up after sub-optimal outcomes (error vs. loss)? To answer this question, we focused on the role of task characteristics and control over the outcome, by making a task where we previously observed post-error slowing more like tasks where we previously observed post-loss speeding. First, we made a color-discrimination task completely self-paced (Experiment 1A) and added reward/punishment (Experiment 1B). In both experiments, post-error slowing was observed, without modulation by reward/punishment. We then manipulated task difficulty to investigate the influence of control over the outcome. Consistent with our predictions, control over the outcome modulated post-error adjustments, as participants slowed down after controllable errors, but sped up after uncontrollable errors (Experiment 3). Importantly, this effect was global as post-error speeding was observed when controllable and ’uncontrollable’ errors were intermixed (Experiment 2), suggesting an influence of overall task context. Thus, responses to sub-optimal outcomes might depend on the control over the outcome.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measures of automatic propositional self-evaluation have been shown to predict adverse outcomes above and beyond measures of deliberate self-evaluation, thereby suggesting an independent source of automatic self-evaluation that might also provide a pathway to change self-esteem and its correlates. Based on theoretical models of automatic, proposition-based evaluative cognition, we hypothesize that automatic self-evaluation can be changed by raising the accessibility of specific truth-values in the presence of self-positive and self-negative statements. To test this hypothesis, we exposed N = 160 participants to a learning procedure based on the Propositional Evaluation Paradigm on three consecutive days. This procedure implemented contingencies between self-positive statements and truth in one condition and between self-positive statements and falsity in the other condition. Investigating the performance of the participants in the learning procedure itself, we found evidence for short-term effects of the contingencies as well as cumulative effects across days. However, the learning procedure had no effect on external criteria such as questionnaires of affect and self-esteem as well as the preference for one’s own initials. Implications and suggestions for future research on the malleability of automatic propositional self-evaluation are discussed.
{"title":"Primed to Like Yourself – Can Self-evaluative Cognition Be Changed by Learning Contingencies of Self-evaluative Statements and Truth-values?","authors":"Adrian Jusepeitis, K. Rothermund","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74788","url":null,"abstract":"Measures of automatic propositional self-evaluation have been shown to predict adverse outcomes above and beyond measures of deliberate self-evaluation, thereby suggesting an independent source of automatic self-evaluation that might also provide a pathway to change self-esteem and its correlates. Based on theoretical models of automatic, proposition-based evaluative cognition, we hypothesize that automatic self-evaluation can be changed by raising the accessibility of specific truth-values in the presence of self-positive and self-negative statements. To test this hypothesis, we exposed N = 160 participants to a learning procedure based on the Propositional Evaluation Paradigm on three consecutive days. This procedure implemented contingencies between self-positive statements and truth in one condition and between self-positive statements and falsity in the other condition. Investigating the performance of the participants in the learning procedure itself, we found evidence for short-term effects of the contingencies as well as cumulative effects across days. However, the learning procedure had no effect on external criteria such as questionnaires of affect and self-esteem as well as the preference for one’s own initials. Implications and suggestions for future research on the malleability of automatic propositional self-evaluation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To describe how Serbian online media cover the topic of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TM/CAM), we conducted a content analysis of 182 articles from six news and six magazine websites, published July–December 2021. Biologically based treatments, predominantly herbal products framed as Serbian or Russian folk medicine, were the most common (70.9%, 205/289 practices). The practices were often presented as general health enhancers (18.4%, 71/386 claims); other common reasons given for the use of TM/CAM were to alleviate respiratory problems, boost the immunity, and detox. The tone was overwhelmingly positive, with most of the positive articles (82.4%, 145/176) neglecting to present information on potential harms of TM/CAM use. Few articles provided a recommendation to speak with a healthcare provider (13.6%, 24/176); in contrast, the recommended dosage was often explained (59.7%, 105/176). TM/CAM practitioners (15.9%, 28/176) and conventional medicine practitioners (12.5%, 22/176) were most commonly cited sources. Articles tended to appeal to TM/CAM’s tradition of use (65.3%, 115/176), naturalness (45.5%, 80/176), and convenience (40.9%, 72/176), used pseudoscientific jargon (59.7%, 105/176), and failed to cite sources for the claims that TM/CAM use is supported by science (22.2%, 39/176). Much of the information provided in Serbian online media seems to be uncritical, with a potential for misleading consumers.
{"title":"Quick Natural Cure-Alls: Portrayal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine in Serbian Online Media","authors":"A. Lazić, M. Petrović, M. Branković, I. Žeželj","doi":"10.1525/collabra.82189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.82189","url":null,"abstract":"To describe how Serbian online media cover the topic of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TM/CAM), we conducted a content analysis of 182 articles from six news and six magazine websites, published July–December 2021. Biologically based treatments, predominantly herbal products framed as Serbian or Russian folk medicine, were the most common (70.9%, 205/289 practices). The practices were often presented as general health enhancers (18.4%, 71/386 claims); other common reasons given for the use of TM/CAM were to alleviate respiratory problems, boost the immunity, and detox. The tone was overwhelmingly positive, with most of the positive articles (82.4%, 145/176) neglecting to present information on potential harms of TM/CAM use. Few articles provided a recommendation to speak with a healthcare provider (13.6%, 24/176); in contrast, the recommended dosage was often explained (59.7%, 105/176). TM/CAM practitioners (15.9%, 28/176) and conventional medicine practitioners (12.5%, 22/176) were most commonly cited sources. Articles tended to appeal to TM/CAM’s tradition of use (65.3%, 115/176), naturalness (45.5%, 80/176), and convenience (40.9%, 72/176), used pseudoscientific jargon (59.7%, 105/176), and failed to cite sources for the claims that TM/CAM use is supported by science (22.2%, 39/176). Much of the information provided in Serbian online media seems to be uncritical, with a potential for misleading consumers.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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