Over the past decade psychology researchers have begun adopting practices that promote openness and transparency. While these practices are increasingly reflected in undergraduate psychology curricula, pedagogical research has not systematically examined whether instruction on open science practices improves students’ conceptual understanding of research methods. We developed the Open Science Concept Inventory (OSCI) to evaluate the impact of integrating open science practices into research methods courses. First, we created a set of hypothetical dilemmas related to a range of open science concepts and elicited open-ended responses from undergraduates (N = 64, Study 1). Based on the responses, we created a 40-item multiple-choice questionnaire, which we administered to a new group of participants (N = 262, Study 2) and used item response theory to select 33 items for the final OSCI. Finally, in two implementation rounds across two semesters (Study 3, total N = 37), we evaluated students’ learning gains with the OSCI in a pre-test/post-test design. The implementation rounds involved new materials on open science for a psychology research methods course, including video lectures that situated questionable research practices in the current norms of science and introduced emerging solutions. After excluding extremely fast survey responders, an exploratory analysis showed learning gains among students who expended appropriate effort when completing the OSCI. By systematically evaluating a tool that is easily integrated into existing curricula, we aim to facilitate the adoption of open science practices in undergraduate instruction and the assessment of students’ conceptual foundations for conducting robust and transparent research.
{"title":"Development of a Concept Inventory on Open and Transparent Research Practices","authors":"D. Markant, Alexia Galati","doi":"10.1525/collabra.75226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.75226","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade psychology researchers have begun adopting practices that promote openness and transparency. While these practices are increasingly reflected in undergraduate psychology curricula, pedagogical research has not systematically examined whether instruction on open science practices improves students’ conceptual understanding of research methods. We developed the Open Science Concept Inventory (OSCI) to evaluate the impact of integrating open science practices into research methods courses. First, we created a set of hypothetical dilemmas related to a range of open science concepts and elicited open-ended responses from undergraduates (N = 64, Study 1). Based on the responses, we created a 40-item multiple-choice questionnaire, which we administered to a new group of participants (N = 262, Study 2) and used item response theory to select 33 items for the final OSCI. Finally, in two implementation rounds across two semesters (Study 3, total N = 37), we evaluated students’ learning gains with the OSCI in a pre-test/post-test design. The implementation rounds involved new materials on open science for a psychology research methods course, including video lectures that situated questionable research practices in the current norms of science and introduced emerging solutions. After excluding extremely fast survey responders, an exploratory analysis showed learning gains among students who expended appropriate effort when completing the OSCI. By systematically evaluating a tool that is easily integrated into existing curricula, we aim to facilitate the adoption of open science practices in undergraduate instruction and the assessment of students’ conceptual foundations for conducting robust and transparent research.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro L. Cobos, Tania M. Valle, María J. Quintero, Francisco J. López
We conducted an experiment to assess the role of trait anxiety (TA) and prospective intolerance of uncertainty (P-IU) in the extinction and renewal of avoidance and distress. In this experiment, we used an extinction procedure in which making the avoidance response did not prevent participants from noticing that the US did not follow warning stimuli. Renewal was assessed through a re-extinction phase conducted in a context different from that used in the acquisition and extinction phases. Our dependent measures included participants’ scores on P-IU and TA, the frequency of avoidance responses per trial, and participants’ post-trial relief ratings (used to infer the degree of distress suffered during the previous trial). We found that higher P-IU scores were associated with heightened relief ratings to a safety signal that had never been followed by the US in the avoidance acquisition phase, and with an overall less steep reduction in relief ratings during the re-extinction phase. Increased TA was associated with heightened avoidance frequency in safety-signal trials during the avoidance acquisition phase, along with a less steep overall reduction in frequency of avoidance responses and slower extinction in the extinction phase. Our results were inconclusive regarding individual differences in the renewal effect. In general, our results provide evidence for the role of individual differences in vulnerability factors for pathological anxiety in the acquisition and extinction of avoidance and relief.
{"title":"Individual Differences in Vulnerability Factors for Anxiety Disorders: A Study on the Acquisition, Extinction, and Renewal of Avoidance, and the Concomitant Dynamics of Relief","authors":"Pedro L. Cobos, Tania M. Valle, María J. Quintero, Francisco J. López","doi":"10.1525/collabra.84914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.84914","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted an experiment to assess the role of trait anxiety (TA) and prospective intolerance of uncertainty (P-IU) in the extinction and renewal of avoidance and distress. In this experiment, we used an extinction procedure in which making the avoidance response did not prevent participants from noticing that the US did not follow warning stimuli. Renewal was assessed through a re-extinction phase conducted in a context different from that used in the acquisition and extinction phases. Our dependent measures included participants’ scores on P-IU and TA, the frequency of avoidance responses per trial, and participants’ post-trial relief ratings (used to infer the degree of distress suffered during the previous trial). We found that higher P-IU scores were associated with heightened relief ratings to a safety signal that had never been followed by the US in the avoidance acquisition phase, and with an overall less steep reduction in relief ratings during the re-extinction phase. Increased TA was associated with heightened avoidance frequency in safety-signal trials during the avoidance acquisition phase, along with a less steep overall reduction in frequency of avoidance responses and slower extinction in the extinction phase. Our results were inconclusive regarding individual differences in the renewal effect. In general, our results provide evidence for the role of individual differences in vulnerability factors for pathological anxiety in the acquisition and extinction of avoidance and relief.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operationalizing whistleblowing in a valid paradigm is an important yet challenging endeavor. In the present article, we review four categories of whistleblowing paradigms—scenario studies, autobiographical recalls, immersive behavioral paradigms, and economic games—and discuss how they capture the definitory features of whistleblowing. Moreover, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each paradigm along selected psychometric criteria. Our review suggests that each of these paradigms comes with individual strength and weaknesses regarding the robustness against socially desirable responding, their efficiency, and whether or not they avoid using deception. We call for future research to conduct multi-method studies combining the four categories of whistleblowing paradigms within the same sample in order to test their convergence empirically.
{"title":"Whistleblowing Paradigms","authors":"M. Fischer, M. Gollwitzer","doi":"10.1525/collabra.87493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.87493","url":null,"abstract":"Operationalizing whistleblowing in a valid paradigm is an important yet challenging endeavor. In the present article, we review four categories of whistleblowing paradigms—scenario studies, autobiographical recalls, immersive behavioral paradigms, and economic games—and discuss how they capture the definitory features of whistleblowing. Moreover, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each paradigm along selected psychometric criteria. Our review suggests that each of these paradigms comes with individual strength and weaknesses regarding the robustness against socially desirable responding, their efficiency, and whether or not they avoid using deception. We call for future research to conduct multi-method studies combining the four categories of whistleblowing paradigms within the same sample in order to test their convergence empirically.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66883554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A central observation in the recognition memory literature is that neural processes occurring during encoding of stimuli are predictive of their later recognition and recall. Compared to items that are later forgotten, encoding of correctly recognised items has been associated with greater amplitude between 400 ms and 800 ms post stimulus onset across centro-parietal sites (the difference-due-to-memory ERP effect), increased EEG power in the theta and gamma frequency bands and decreased EEG power in the alpha and beta bands, and increased theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. Importantly, theories of encoding based on these findings imply that these effects should be domain-general. In this pre-registered study, we tested this assumption by exploring neural correlates of successful encoding in learning of novel names for novel concepts. Following the previous studies, we used three different measures of neural activity, ERPs, time-frequency representations of power, and phase-amplitude coupling; however, for either of these measures, we could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the novel names that were later recalled and those that were not. We provide three possible interpretations of our findings, and our main conclusion is that the existing theories of encoding may be underspecified and that properly-powered pre-registered studies are needed to further constrain these theories.
{"title":"Neural Correlates of Encoding in Novel Word Learning","authors":"M. Korochkina, P. Sowman, L. Nickels, A. Bürki","doi":"10.1525/collabra.57525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.57525","url":null,"abstract":"A central observation in the recognition memory literature is that neural processes occurring during encoding of stimuli are predictive of their later recognition and recall. Compared to items that are later forgotten, encoding of correctly recognised items has been associated with greater amplitude between 400 ms and 800 ms post stimulus onset across centro-parietal sites (the difference-due-to-memory ERP effect), increased EEG power in the theta and gamma frequency bands and decreased EEG power in the alpha and beta bands, and increased theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. Importantly, theories of encoding based on these findings imply that these effects should be domain-general. In this pre-registered study, we tested this assumption by exploring neural correlates of successful encoding in learning of novel names for novel concepts. Following the previous studies, we used three different measures of neural activity, ERPs, time-frequency representations of power, and phase-amplitude coupling; however, for either of these measures, we could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the novel names that were later recalled and those that were not. We provide three possible interpretations of our findings, and our main conclusion is that the existing theories of encoding may be underspecified and that properly-powered pre-registered studies are needed to further constrain these theories.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David J. Schwartzman, A. Oblak, N. Rothen, D. Bor, A. Seth
Synaesthesia is a condition defined by additional perceptual experiences, which are automatically and consistently triggered by specific inducing stimuli. The associative nature of synaesthesia has motivated attempts to induce synaesthesia by means of associative learning. Two recent studies of this kind highlighted the potential for perceptual plasticity even in adulthood, by demonstrating that extensive associative training can generate not only behavioural and neurophysiological markers of synaesthesia, but also synaesthesia-like phenomenology. However, while the results of these studies provided tantalising evidence that a learning component may be involved in the development of synesthetic phenomenology, they only provided superficial descriptions regarding the training-related changes in induced synaesthesia-like (Induced) experience. Therefore, it was not possible to assess how closely the phenomenology of Induced and naturally occurring grapheme-colour synaesthesia (Lifelong) overlap. Here, we addressed this question by providing a new qualitative analysis, using grounded theory, of the phenomenological changes associated with learning new perceptual phenomenology (Induced group) and comparing the descriptive similarities in colour experience to equivalent qualitative data acquired from a new group of Lifelong participants. Using this approach, we were able to directly compare associated colour experiences between the Induced and Lifelong group to assess how closely these two types of novel perceptual experience align. Our results reveal that induced and synaesthetic experience are remarkably similar, displaying a high degree of phenomenological overlap across multiple experiential categories, including: stability of experience, location of colour experience, shape of co-occurring colour experience, relative strength of colour experience and automaticity of colour experience. Our results exemplify the benefits of qualitative methods by providing new evidence that intensive training of letter-colour associations can alter conscious perceptual experiences in non-synaesthetes, and that such alterations produce synaesthesia-like phenomenology, which substantially resembles experiences described in natural grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Our results have implications for the plasticity of visual perception and the role of learning and development in establishing perceptual traits.
{"title":"Extensive Phenomenological Overlap Between Training-Induced and Naturally-Occurring Synaesthetic Experiences","authors":"David J. Schwartzman, A. Oblak, N. Rothen, D. Bor, A. Seth","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73832","url":null,"abstract":"Synaesthesia is a condition defined by additional perceptual experiences, which are automatically and consistently triggered by specific inducing stimuli. The associative nature of synaesthesia has motivated attempts to induce synaesthesia by means of associative learning. Two recent studies of this kind highlighted the potential for perceptual plasticity even in adulthood, by demonstrating that extensive associative training can generate not only behavioural and neurophysiological markers of synaesthesia, but also synaesthesia-like phenomenology. However, while the results of these studies provided tantalising evidence that a learning component may be involved in the development of synesthetic phenomenology, they only provided superficial descriptions regarding the training-related changes in induced synaesthesia-like (Induced) experience. Therefore, it was not possible to assess how closely the phenomenology of Induced and naturally occurring grapheme-colour synaesthesia (Lifelong) overlap. Here, we addressed this question by providing a new qualitative analysis, using grounded theory, of the phenomenological changes associated with learning new perceptual phenomenology (Induced group) and comparing the descriptive similarities in colour experience to equivalent qualitative data acquired from a new group of Lifelong participants. Using this approach, we were able to directly compare associated colour experiences between the Induced and Lifelong group to assess how closely these two types of novel perceptual experience align. Our results reveal that induced and synaesthetic experience are remarkably similar, displaying a high degree of phenomenological overlap across multiple experiential categories, including: stability of experience, location of colour experience, shape of co-occurring colour experience, relative strength of colour experience and automaticity of colour experience. Our results exemplify the benefits of qualitative methods by providing new evidence that intensive training of letter-colour associations can alter conscious perceptual experiences in non-synaesthetes, and that such alterations produce synaesthesia-like phenomenology, which substantially resembles experiences described in natural grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Our results have implications for the plasticity of visual perception and the role of learning and development in establishing perceptual traits.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Which information dominates in evaluating performance in music? Both experts and laypeople consistently report believing that sound should be the most important domain when judging music competitions, but experimental studies of Western participants rating video-only vs. audio-only versions of 6-second excerpts of Western classical performances have shown that in at least some cases visual information can play a stronger role. However, whether this phenomenon applies generally to music competitions or is restricted to specific repertoires or contexts is disputed. In this Registered Report, we focus on testing the generalizability of sight vs. sound effects by replicating previous studies of classical piano competitions with Japanese participants, while also expanding the same paradigm using new examples from competitions of a traditional Japanese folk musical instrument: the Tsugaru shamisen. For both classical piano and Tsugaru shamisen, we ask participants to choose the winner between the 1st- and 2nd- placing performers in 5 competitions and the 1st-place and low-ranking performers in 5 competitions (i.e., 40 performers total from 10 piano and 10 shamisen competitions). We tested the following three predictions twice each (once for piano and once for shamisen): 1) an interaction was predicted between domain (video-only vs. audio-only) and variance in quality (choosing between 1st and 2nd place vs. choosing between 1st and low-placing performers); 2) visuals were predicted to trump sound when variation in quality is low (1st vs. 2nd place); and 3) sound was predicted to trump visuals when variation in quality is high (1st vs. low-placing). Our experiments (n = 155 participants) confirmed our first predicted interaction between audio/visual domain and relative performer quality for both piano and shamisen conditions, suggesting that this interaction is cross-culturally general. In contrast, the second prediction was only supported for the piano stimuli and the third prediction was only supported for the shamisen condition, suggesting culturally dependent factors in the specific balance between sight and sound in the judgment of musical performance. Our results resolve discrepancies and debates from previous sight-vs-sound studies by replicating and extending them to include non-Western participants and musical traditions. Our findings may also have practical applications to evaluation criteria for performers, judges, and organizers of competitions, concerts, and auditions.
{"title":"Sight vs. Sound Judgments of Music Performance Depend on Relative Performer Quality: Cross-cultural Evidence From Classical Piano and Tsugaru Shamisen Competitions","authors":"G. Chiba, Yuto Ozaki, S. Fujii, Patrick E. Savage","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73641","url":null,"abstract":"Which information dominates in evaluating performance in music? Both experts and laypeople consistently report believing that sound should be the most important domain when judging music competitions, but experimental studies of Western participants rating video-only vs. audio-only versions of 6-second excerpts of Western classical performances have shown that in at least some cases visual information can play a stronger role. However, whether this phenomenon applies generally to music competitions or is restricted to specific repertoires or contexts is disputed. In this Registered Report, we focus on testing the generalizability of sight vs. sound effects by replicating previous studies of classical piano competitions with Japanese participants, while also expanding the same paradigm using new examples from competitions of a traditional Japanese folk musical instrument: the Tsugaru shamisen. For both classical piano and Tsugaru shamisen, we ask participants to choose the winner between the 1st- and 2nd- placing performers in 5 competitions and the 1st-place and low-ranking performers in 5 competitions (i.e., 40 performers total from 10 piano and 10 shamisen competitions). We tested the following three predictions twice each (once for piano and once for shamisen): 1) an interaction was predicted between domain (video-only vs. audio-only) and variance in quality (choosing between 1st and 2nd place vs. choosing between 1st and low-placing performers); 2) visuals were predicted to trump sound when variation in quality is low (1st vs. 2nd place); and 3) sound was predicted to trump visuals when variation in quality is high (1st vs. low-placing). Our experiments (n = 155 participants) confirmed our first predicted interaction between audio/visual domain and relative performer quality for both piano and shamisen conditions, suggesting that this interaction is cross-culturally general. In contrast, the second prediction was only supported for the piano stimuli and the third prediction was only supported for the shamisen condition, suggesting culturally dependent factors in the specific balance between sight and sound in the judgment of musical performance. Our results resolve discrepancies and debates from previous sight-vs-sound studies by replicating and extending them to include non-Western participants and musical traditions. Our findings may also have practical applications to evaluation criteria for performers, judges, and organizers of competitions, concerts, and auditions.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on action and inaction in judgement and decision making has shown that for choices in risky situations resulting in negative outcomes, people tend to prefer inaction over action and regret actions more than inactions. We built on this idea to test whether the established norm preference for inaction over action affects evaluations of decision-makers, and results in stronger preference for an agent who favors inaction over action in risky decisions resulting in negative outcomes. We conducted three pre-registered experiments via the Prolific platform, replicating and further extending the classic action-effect paradigm (overall N = 1138, 355 male, 746 female, 37 others, Mage= 36.98, SDage= 12.34) to examine perceptions of competence and trustworthiness of action versus inaction agents. First, we successfully replicated action-effect (d = 0.58 to 0.96). We then found that participants indeed tended to evaluate an inaction protagonist as more competent, trustworthy, and inline with social norms than an action protagonist (d = 0.05 to d = 0.61). Results concerning our extensions examining perceived social norms and joy attributions over positive outcomes were less clear. Finally, we found that normality moderated the preference-inaction effect into a preference-action effect: Negative prior outcomes led participants to prefer action actors to inaction actors and to find those to be more competent and normative. Overall, we found that, in the context of negative outcomes, inaction is perceived as more trustworthy than action. We concluded that action and inaction seem to extend to social evaluations of agents and that trustworthiness can be affected by action and inaction, context, and norms. All materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/a8e4d/
{"title":"Evaluations of Action and Inaction Decision-makers in Risky Decisions Resulting in Negative Outcomes: Inaction Agents Are Preferred to and Perceived as More Competent and Normative Than Action Agents","authors":"Adrien A. Fillon, Luna Strauch, G. Feldman","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74817","url":null,"abstract":"Research on action and inaction in judgement and decision making has shown that for choices in risky situations resulting in negative outcomes, people tend to prefer inaction over action and regret actions more than inactions. We built on this idea to test whether the established norm preference for inaction over action affects evaluations of decision-makers, and results in stronger preference for an agent who favors inaction over action in risky decisions resulting in negative outcomes. We conducted three pre-registered experiments via the Prolific platform, replicating and further extending the classic action-effect paradigm (overall N = 1138, 355 male, 746 female, 37 others, Mage= 36.98, SDage= 12.34) to examine perceptions of competence and trustworthiness of action versus inaction agents. First, we successfully replicated action-effect (d = 0.58 to 0.96). We then found that participants indeed tended to evaluate an inaction protagonist as more competent, trustworthy, and inline with social norms than an action protagonist (d = 0.05 to d = 0.61). Results concerning our extensions examining perceived social norms and joy attributions over positive outcomes were less clear. Finally, we found that normality moderated the preference-inaction effect into a preference-action effect: Negative prior outcomes led participants to prefer action actors to inaction actors and to find those to be more competent and normative. Overall, we found that, in the context of negative outcomes, inaction is perceived as more trustworthy than action. We concluded that action and inaction seem to extend to social evaluations of agents and that trustworthiness can be affected by action and inaction, context, and norms. All materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/a8e4d/","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Negation is a fundamental element of language and logical systems, but processing negative sentences can be challenging. Early investigations suggested that this difficulty was due to the representational challenge of adding an additional logical element to a proposition. In more recent work, however, supportive contexts mitigate the processing costs of negation, suggesting that pragmatics can modulate this difficulty. We test the pragmatic hypothesis that listeners’ processing of negation is influenced by expectations about speakers’ production of negation by directly comparing speakers and listeners in two pairs of experiments. In both experiments, speakers produce negative sentences more often when they are both relevant and informative. And in both experiments, listeners in turn are fastest to respond to sentences that they expect speakers to produce. We argue that general pragmatic principles that apply to all sentences can help explain the challenges of processing negation.
{"title":"Pragmatic Felicity Facilitates the Production and Comprehension of Negation","authors":"Ann E. Nordmeyer, Michael C. Frank","doi":"10.1525/collabra.67931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.67931","url":null,"abstract":"Negation is a fundamental element of language and logical systems, but processing negative sentences can be challenging. Early investigations suggested that this difficulty was due to the representational challenge of adding an additional logical element to a proposition. In more recent work, however, supportive contexts mitigate the processing costs of negation, suggesting that pragmatics can modulate this difficulty. We test the pragmatic hypothesis that listeners’ processing of negation is influenced by expectations about speakers’ production of negation by directly comparing speakers and listeners in two pairs of experiments. In both experiments, speakers produce negative sentences more often when they are both relevant and informative. And in both experiments, listeners in turn are fastest to respond to sentences that they expect speakers to produce. We argue that general pragmatic principles that apply to all sentences can help explain the challenges of processing negation.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ono and Kitazawa (2010) found that the time interval immediately before a fast auditory flutter was perceived to be shorter than the time interval just before a slow auditory flutter, terming it the subsequent flutter effect. In contrast, conceptual replication studies suggested that this phenomenon is unlikely to replicate. A direct replication of the experiment of Ono and Kitazawa (2010) was performed along with three additional experiments to determine why the subsequent flutter effect was not replicated by the previous conceptual replications. The results indicate that the presence or absence of a control condition in which a flutter is not presented within the same block, as well as the time range within which participants should direct attention, is important for the reproducibility of the subsequent flutter effect.
{"title":"Effect of Subsequent Repetitive Tone Stimuli on Time Perception: Replication of Ono and Kitazawa (2010)","authors":"Fuminori Ono","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74875","url":null,"abstract":"Ono and Kitazawa (2010) found that the time interval immediately before a fast auditory flutter was perceived to be shorter than the time interval just before a slow auditory flutter, terming it the subsequent flutter effect. In contrast, conceptual replication studies suggested that this phenomenon is unlikely to replicate. A direct replication of the experiment of Ono and Kitazawa (2010) was performed along with three additional experiments to determine why the subsequent flutter effect was not replicated by the previous conceptual replications. The results indicate that the presence or absence of a control condition in which a flutter is not presented within the same block, as well as the time range within which participants should direct attention, is important for the reproducibility of the subsequent flutter effect.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Sust, Clemens Stachl, Gayatri Kudchadker, M. Bühner, Ramona Schoedel
It is a long-held belief in psychology and beyond that individuals’ music preferences reveal information about their personality traits. While initial evidence relates self-reported preferences for broad musical styles to the Big Five dimensions, little is known about day-to-day music listening behavior and the intrinsic attributes of melodies and lyrics that reflect these individual differences. The present study (N = 330) proposes a personality computing approach to fill these gaps with new insights from ecologically valid music listening records from smartphones. We quantified participants’ music preferences via audio and lyrics characteristics of their played songs through technical audio features from Spotify and textual attributes obtained via natural language processing. Using linear elastic net and non-linear random forest models, these behavioral variables served to predict Big Five personality on domain and facet levels. Out-of-sample prediction performances revealed that – on the domain level – Openness was most strongly related to music listening (r = .25), followed by Conscientiousness (r = .13), while several facets of the Big Five also showed small to medium effects. Hinting at the incremental value of audio and lyrics characteristics, both musical components were differentially informative for models predicting Openness and its facets, whereas lyrics preferences played the more important role for predictions of Conscientiousness dimensions. In doing so, the models’ most predictive variables displayed generally trait-congruent relationships between personality and music preferences. These findings contribute to the development of a cumulative theory on music listening in personality science and may be extended in numerous ways by future work leveraging the computational framework proposed here.
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