A central observation in the recognition memory literature is that neural processes occurring during encoding of stimuli are predictive of their later recognition and recall. Compared to items that are later forgotten, encoding of correctly recognised items has been associated with greater amplitude between 400 ms and 800 ms post stimulus onset across centro-parietal sites (the difference-due-to-memory ERP effect), increased EEG power in the theta and gamma frequency bands and decreased EEG power in the alpha and beta bands, and increased theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. Importantly, theories of encoding based on these findings imply that these effects should be domain-general. In this pre-registered study, we tested this assumption by exploring neural correlates of successful encoding in learning of novel names for novel concepts. Following the previous studies, we used three different measures of neural activity, ERPs, time-frequency representations of power, and phase-amplitude coupling; however, for either of these measures, we could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the novel names that were later recalled and those that were not. We provide three possible interpretations of our findings, and our main conclusion is that the existing theories of encoding may be underspecified and that properly-powered pre-registered studies are needed to further constrain these theories.
{"title":"Neural Correlates of Encoding in Novel Word Learning","authors":"M. Korochkina, P. Sowman, L. Nickels, A. Bürki","doi":"10.1525/collabra.57525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.57525","url":null,"abstract":"A central observation in the recognition memory literature is that neural processes occurring during encoding of stimuli are predictive of their later recognition and recall. Compared to items that are later forgotten, encoding of correctly recognised items has been associated with greater amplitude between 400 ms and 800 ms post stimulus onset across centro-parietal sites (the difference-due-to-memory ERP effect), increased EEG power in the theta and gamma frequency bands and decreased EEG power in the alpha and beta bands, and increased theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. Importantly, theories of encoding based on these findings imply that these effects should be domain-general. In this pre-registered study, we tested this assumption by exploring neural correlates of successful encoding in learning of novel names for novel concepts. Following the previous studies, we used three different measures of neural activity, ERPs, time-frequency representations of power, and phase-amplitude coupling; however, for either of these measures, we could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the novel names that were later recalled and those that were not. We provide three possible interpretations of our findings, and our main conclusion is that the existing theories of encoding may be underspecified and that properly-powered pre-registered studies are needed to further constrain these theories.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Negation is a fundamental element of language and logical systems, but processing negative sentences can be challenging. Early investigations suggested that this difficulty was due to the representational challenge of adding an additional logical element to a proposition. In more recent work, however, supportive contexts mitigate the processing costs of negation, suggesting that pragmatics can modulate this difficulty. We test the pragmatic hypothesis that listeners’ processing of negation is influenced by expectations about speakers’ production of negation by directly comparing speakers and listeners in two pairs of experiments. In both experiments, speakers produce negative sentences more often when they are both relevant and informative. And in both experiments, listeners in turn are fastest to respond to sentences that they expect speakers to produce. We argue that general pragmatic principles that apply to all sentences can help explain the challenges of processing negation.
{"title":"Pragmatic Felicity Facilitates the Production and Comprehension of Negation","authors":"Ann E. Nordmeyer, Michael C. Frank","doi":"10.1525/collabra.67931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.67931","url":null,"abstract":"Negation is a fundamental element of language and logical systems, but processing negative sentences can be challenging. Early investigations suggested that this difficulty was due to the representational challenge of adding an additional logical element to a proposition. In more recent work, however, supportive contexts mitigate the processing costs of negation, suggesting that pragmatics can modulate this difficulty. We test the pragmatic hypothesis that listeners’ processing of negation is influenced by expectations about speakers’ production of negation by directly comparing speakers and listeners in two pairs of experiments. In both experiments, speakers produce negative sentences more often when they are both relevant and informative. And in both experiments, listeners in turn are fastest to respond to sentences that they expect speakers to produce. We argue that general pragmatic principles that apply to all sentences can help explain the challenges of processing negation.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Liefooghe, Manuel Oliveira, L. M. Leisten, Eline Hoogers, H. Aarts, R. Hortensius
Artificial intelligence increasingly plays a crucial role in daily life. At the same time, artificial intelligence is often met with reluctance and distrust. Previous research demonstrated that faces that are visibly artificial are considered to be less trustworthy and remembered less accurately compared to natural faces. Current technology, however, enables the generation of artificial faces that are indistinguishable from natural faces. In five experiments (total N = 867), we tested whether natural faces that are merely labelled to be artificial are also trusted less. A meta-analysis of all five experiments suggested that natural faces merely labeled as being artificial were judged to be less trustworthy. This bias did not depend on the degree of trustworthiness and attractiveness of the faces (Experiments 1-3). It was not modulated by changing raters’ attitude towards artificial intelligence (Experiments 2-3) or by information communicated by the faces (Experiment 4). We also did not observe differences in recall performance between faces labelled as artificial or natural (Experiment 3). When participants only judged one type of face (i.e., either labelled as artificial or natural), the difference in trustworthiness judgments was eliminated (Experiment 5) suggesting that the contrast between the natural and artificial categories in the same task promoted the labelling effect. We conclude that faces that are merely labelled to be artificial are trusted less in situations that also include faces labelled to be real. We propose that understanding and changing social evaluations towards artificial intelligence goes beyond eliminating physical differences between artificial and natural entities.
{"title":"Are Natural Faces Merely Labelled as Artificial Trusted Less?","authors":"B. Liefooghe, Manuel Oliveira, L. M. Leisten, Eline Hoogers, H. Aarts, R. Hortensius","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73066","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence increasingly plays a crucial role in daily life. At the same time, artificial intelligence is often met with reluctance and distrust. Previous research demonstrated that faces that are visibly artificial are considered to be less trustworthy and remembered less accurately compared to natural faces. Current technology, however, enables the generation of artificial faces that are indistinguishable from natural faces. In five experiments (total N = 867), we tested whether natural faces that are merely labelled to be artificial are also trusted less. A meta-analysis of all five experiments suggested that natural faces merely labeled as being artificial were judged to be less trustworthy. This bias did not depend on the degree of trustworthiness and attractiveness of the faces (Experiments 1-3). It was not modulated by changing raters’ attitude towards artificial intelligence (Experiments 2-3) or by information communicated by the faces (Experiment 4). We also did not observe differences in recall performance between faces labelled as artificial or natural (Experiment 3). When participants only judged one type of face (i.e., either labelled as artificial or natural), the difference in trustworthiness judgments was eliminated (Experiment 5) suggesting that the contrast between the natural and artificial categories in the same task promoted the labelling effect. We conclude that faces that are merely labelled to be artificial are trusted less in situations that also include faces labelled to be real. We propose that understanding and changing social evaluations towards artificial intelligence goes beyond eliminating physical differences between artificial and natural entities.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David J. Schwartzman, A. Oblak, N. Rothen, D. Bor, A. Seth
Synaesthesia is a condition defined by additional perceptual experiences, which are automatically and consistently triggered by specific inducing stimuli. The associative nature of synaesthesia has motivated attempts to induce synaesthesia by means of associative learning. Two recent studies of this kind highlighted the potential for perceptual plasticity even in adulthood, by demonstrating that extensive associative training can generate not only behavioural and neurophysiological markers of synaesthesia, but also synaesthesia-like phenomenology. However, while the results of these studies provided tantalising evidence that a learning component may be involved in the development of synesthetic phenomenology, they only provided superficial descriptions regarding the training-related changes in induced synaesthesia-like (Induced) experience. Therefore, it was not possible to assess how closely the phenomenology of Induced and naturally occurring grapheme-colour synaesthesia (Lifelong) overlap. Here, we addressed this question by providing a new qualitative analysis, using grounded theory, of the phenomenological changes associated with learning new perceptual phenomenology (Induced group) and comparing the descriptive similarities in colour experience to equivalent qualitative data acquired from a new group of Lifelong participants. Using this approach, we were able to directly compare associated colour experiences between the Induced and Lifelong group to assess how closely these two types of novel perceptual experience align. Our results reveal that induced and synaesthetic experience are remarkably similar, displaying a high degree of phenomenological overlap across multiple experiential categories, including: stability of experience, location of colour experience, shape of co-occurring colour experience, relative strength of colour experience and automaticity of colour experience. Our results exemplify the benefits of qualitative methods by providing new evidence that intensive training of letter-colour associations can alter conscious perceptual experiences in non-synaesthetes, and that such alterations produce synaesthesia-like phenomenology, which substantially resembles experiences described in natural grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Our results have implications for the plasticity of visual perception and the role of learning and development in establishing perceptual traits.
{"title":"Extensive Phenomenological Overlap Between Training-Induced and Naturally-Occurring Synaesthetic Experiences","authors":"David J. Schwartzman, A. Oblak, N. Rothen, D. Bor, A. Seth","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73832","url":null,"abstract":"Synaesthesia is a condition defined by additional perceptual experiences, which are automatically and consistently triggered by specific inducing stimuli. The associative nature of synaesthesia has motivated attempts to induce synaesthesia by means of associative learning. Two recent studies of this kind highlighted the potential for perceptual plasticity even in adulthood, by demonstrating that extensive associative training can generate not only behavioural and neurophysiological markers of synaesthesia, but also synaesthesia-like phenomenology. However, while the results of these studies provided tantalising evidence that a learning component may be involved in the development of synesthetic phenomenology, they only provided superficial descriptions regarding the training-related changes in induced synaesthesia-like (Induced) experience. Therefore, it was not possible to assess how closely the phenomenology of Induced and naturally occurring grapheme-colour synaesthesia (Lifelong) overlap. Here, we addressed this question by providing a new qualitative analysis, using grounded theory, of the phenomenological changes associated with learning new perceptual phenomenology (Induced group) and comparing the descriptive similarities in colour experience to equivalent qualitative data acquired from a new group of Lifelong participants. Using this approach, we were able to directly compare associated colour experiences between the Induced and Lifelong group to assess how closely these two types of novel perceptual experience align. Our results reveal that induced and synaesthetic experience are remarkably similar, displaying a high degree of phenomenological overlap across multiple experiential categories, including: stability of experience, location of colour experience, shape of co-occurring colour experience, relative strength of colour experience and automaticity of colour experience. Our results exemplify the benefits of qualitative methods by providing new evidence that intensive training of letter-colour associations can alter conscious perceptual experiences in non-synaesthetes, and that such alterations produce synaesthesia-like phenomenology, which substantially resembles experiences described in natural grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Our results have implications for the plasticity of visual perception and the role of learning and development in establishing perceptual traits.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Which information dominates in evaluating performance in music? Both experts and laypeople consistently report believing that sound should be the most important domain when judging music competitions, but experimental studies of Western participants rating video-only vs. audio-only versions of 6-second excerpts of Western classical performances have shown that in at least some cases visual information can play a stronger role. However, whether this phenomenon applies generally to music competitions or is restricted to specific repertoires or contexts is disputed. In this Registered Report, we focus on testing the generalizability of sight vs. sound effects by replicating previous studies of classical piano competitions with Japanese participants, while also expanding the same paradigm using new examples from competitions of a traditional Japanese folk musical instrument: the Tsugaru shamisen. For both classical piano and Tsugaru shamisen, we ask participants to choose the winner between the 1st- and 2nd- placing performers in 5 competitions and the 1st-place and low-ranking performers in 5 competitions (i.e., 40 performers total from 10 piano and 10 shamisen competitions). We tested the following three predictions twice each (once for piano and once for shamisen): 1) an interaction was predicted between domain (video-only vs. audio-only) and variance in quality (choosing between 1st and 2nd place vs. choosing between 1st and low-placing performers); 2) visuals were predicted to trump sound when variation in quality is low (1st vs. 2nd place); and 3) sound was predicted to trump visuals when variation in quality is high (1st vs. low-placing). Our experiments (n = 155 participants) confirmed our first predicted interaction between audio/visual domain and relative performer quality for both piano and shamisen conditions, suggesting that this interaction is cross-culturally general. In contrast, the second prediction was only supported for the piano stimuli and the third prediction was only supported for the shamisen condition, suggesting culturally dependent factors in the specific balance between sight and sound in the judgment of musical performance. Our results resolve discrepancies and debates from previous sight-vs-sound studies by replicating and extending them to include non-Western participants and musical traditions. Our findings may also have practical applications to evaluation criteria for performers, judges, and organizers of competitions, concerts, and auditions.
{"title":"Sight vs. Sound Judgments of Music Performance Depend on Relative Performer Quality: Cross-cultural Evidence From Classical Piano and Tsugaru Shamisen Competitions","authors":"G. Chiba, Yuto Ozaki, S. Fujii, Patrick E. Savage","doi":"10.1525/collabra.73641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73641","url":null,"abstract":"Which information dominates in evaluating performance in music? Both experts and laypeople consistently report believing that sound should be the most important domain when judging music competitions, but experimental studies of Western participants rating video-only vs. audio-only versions of 6-second excerpts of Western classical performances have shown that in at least some cases visual information can play a stronger role. However, whether this phenomenon applies generally to music competitions or is restricted to specific repertoires or contexts is disputed. In this Registered Report, we focus on testing the generalizability of sight vs. sound effects by replicating previous studies of classical piano competitions with Japanese participants, while also expanding the same paradigm using new examples from competitions of a traditional Japanese folk musical instrument: the Tsugaru shamisen. For both classical piano and Tsugaru shamisen, we ask participants to choose the winner between the 1st- and 2nd- placing performers in 5 competitions and the 1st-place and low-ranking performers in 5 competitions (i.e., 40 performers total from 10 piano and 10 shamisen competitions). We tested the following three predictions twice each (once for piano and once for shamisen): 1) an interaction was predicted between domain (video-only vs. audio-only) and variance in quality (choosing between 1st and 2nd place vs. choosing between 1st and low-placing performers); 2) visuals were predicted to trump sound when variation in quality is low (1st vs. 2nd place); and 3) sound was predicted to trump visuals when variation in quality is high (1st vs. low-placing). Our experiments (n = 155 participants) confirmed our first predicted interaction between audio/visual domain and relative performer quality for both piano and shamisen conditions, suggesting that this interaction is cross-culturally general. In contrast, the second prediction was only supported for the piano stimuli and the third prediction was only supported for the shamisen condition, suggesting culturally dependent factors in the specific balance between sight and sound in the judgment of musical performance. Our results resolve discrepancies and debates from previous sight-vs-sound studies by replicating and extending them to include non-Western participants and musical traditions. Our findings may also have practical applications to evaluation criteria for performers, judges, and organizers of competitions, concerts, and auditions.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ono and Kitazawa (2010) found that the time interval immediately before a fast auditory flutter was perceived to be shorter than the time interval just before a slow auditory flutter, terming it the subsequent flutter effect. In contrast, conceptual replication studies suggested that this phenomenon is unlikely to replicate. A direct replication of the experiment of Ono and Kitazawa (2010) was performed along with three additional experiments to determine why the subsequent flutter effect was not replicated by the previous conceptual replications. The results indicate that the presence or absence of a control condition in which a flutter is not presented within the same block, as well as the time range within which participants should direct attention, is important for the reproducibility of the subsequent flutter effect.
{"title":"Effect of Subsequent Repetitive Tone Stimuli on Time Perception: Replication of Ono and Kitazawa (2010)","authors":"Fuminori Ono","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74875","url":null,"abstract":"Ono and Kitazawa (2010) found that the time interval immediately before a fast auditory flutter was perceived to be shorter than the time interval just before a slow auditory flutter, terming it the subsequent flutter effect. In contrast, conceptual replication studies suggested that this phenomenon is unlikely to replicate. A direct replication of the experiment of Ono and Kitazawa (2010) was performed along with three additional experiments to determine why the subsequent flutter effect was not replicated by the previous conceptual replications. The results indicate that the presence or absence of a control condition in which a flutter is not presented within the same block, as well as the time range within which participants should direct attention, is important for the reproducibility of the subsequent flutter effect.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Sust, Clemens Stachl, Gayatri Kudchadker, M. Bühner, Ramona Schoedel
It is a long-held belief in psychology and beyond that individuals’ music preferences reveal information about their personality traits. While initial evidence relates self-reported preferences for broad musical styles to the Big Five dimensions, little is known about day-to-day music listening behavior and the intrinsic attributes of melodies and lyrics that reflect these individual differences. The present study (N = 330) proposes a personality computing approach to fill these gaps with new insights from ecologically valid music listening records from smartphones. We quantified participants’ music preferences via audio and lyrics characteristics of their played songs through technical audio features from Spotify and textual attributes obtained via natural language processing. Using linear elastic net and non-linear random forest models, these behavioral variables served to predict Big Five personality on domain and facet levels. Out-of-sample prediction performances revealed that – on the domain level – Openness was most strongly related to music listening (r = .25), followed by Conscientiousness (r = .13), while several facets of the Big Five also showed small to medium effects. Hinting at the incremental value of audio and lyrics characteristics, both musical components were differentially informative for models predicting Openness and its facets, whereas lyrics preferences played the more important role for predictions of Conscientiousness dimensions. In doing so, the models’ most predictive variables displayed generally trait-congruent relationships between personality and music preferences. These findings contribute to the development of a cumulative theory on music listening in personality science and may be extended in numerous ways by future work leveraging the computational framework proposed here.
{"title":"Personality Computing With Naturalistic Music Listening Behavior: Comparing Audio and Lyrics Preferences","authors":"L. Sust, Clemens Stachl, Gayatri Kudchadker, M. Bühner, Ramona Schoedel","doi":"10.1525/collabra.75214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.75214","url":null,"abstract":"It is a long-held belief in psychology and beyond that individuals’ music preferences reveal information about their personality traits. While initial evidence relates self-reported preferences for broad musical styles to the Big Five dimensions, little is known about day-to-day music listening behavior and the intrinsic attributes of melodies and lyrics that reflect these individual differences. The present study (N = 330) proposes a personality computing approach to fill these gaps with new insights from ecologically valid music listening records from smartphones. We quantified participants’ music preferences via audio and lyrics characteristics of their played songs through technical audio features from Spotify and textual attributes obtained via natural language processing. Using linear elastic net and non-linear random forest models, these behavioral variables served to predict Big Five personality on domain and facet levels. Out-of-sample prediction performances revealed that – on the domain level – Openness was most strongly related to music listening (r = .25), followed by Conscientiousness (r = .13), while several facets of the Big Five also showed small to medium effects. Hinting at the incremental value of audio and lyrics characteristics, both musical components were differentially informative for models predicting Openness and its facets, whereas lyrics preferences played the more important role for predictions of Conscientiousness dimensions. In doing so, the models’ most predictive variables displayed generally trait-congruent relationships between personality and music preferences. These findings contribute to the development of a cumulative theory on music listening in personality science and may be extended in numerous ways by future work leveraging the computational framework proposed here.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The International Mental Health Assessment (IMHA) was developed to provide efficient screening to facilitate prevention and early intervention among employees or community adults at three levels of analysis: a P-factor of general functioning and tendency toward disorder; broad spectra of internalizing and externalizing tendencies and for life difficulties; and nine subscales for common, familiar psychological and behavioral health categories. This study describes the development, refinement, and validation of the inventory using item response theory (IRT), specifically the partial credit model (PCM). Explicit, behavior-focused items drew on commonalities among domain-specific inventories, the DSM-V and empirical literature. A response scale based on concrete frequency of occurrence over the last month was developed to avoid the reference-group effects that plague cross-group survey research, facilitating cross-group comparison at both scale and item levels. In Study 1, a preliminary 69-item version was administered to 5,307 employees, family members, and counseling clients. PCM calibration was used to remove items with overlapping discrimination or unclear scale correspondence. In Study 2, the refined 59-item IMHA was administered to 4,048 employees. In Study 3, the subscales were compared to relevant established inventories to assess and confirm their convergent/divergent validity in a third sample (N = 500). The final 54-item IMHA, intended both for screening for psychological problems among community adults and to facilitate research including cross-cultural and cross-group comparisons, is made available freely for educational, non-profit or research purposes. The three-level measurement strategy draws on recent evidence for the continuous nature of psychopathology and on the well-established co-morbidity of traditional disorder categories, making use of them for communication purposes without unnecessarily reifying them in the model.
{"title":"The International Mental Health Assessment: Validation of an Efficient Screening Inventory","authors":"A. Thalmayer, Julie Marshall, Kathleen Scalise","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74546","url":null,"abstract":"The International Mental Health Assessment (IMHA) was developed to provide efficient screening to facilitate prevention and early intervention among employees or community adults at three levels of analysis: a P-factor of general functioning and tendency toward disorder; broad spectra of internalizing and externalizing tendencies and for life difficulties; and nine subscales for common, familiar psychological and behavioral health categories. This study describes the development, refinement, and validation of the inventory using item response theory (IRT), specifically the partial credit model (PCM). Explicit, behavior-focused items drew on commonalities among domain-specific inventories, the DSM-V and empirical literature. A response scale based on concrete frequency of occurrence over the last month was developed to avoid the reference-group effects that plague cross-group survey research, facilitating cross-group comparison at both scale and item levels. In Study 1, a preliminary 69-item version was administered to 5,307 employees, family members, and counseling clients. PCM calibration was used to remove items with overlapping discrimination or unclear scale correspondence. In Study 2, the refined 59-item IMHA was administered to 4,048 employees. In Study 3, the subscales were compared to relevant established inventories to assess and confirm their convergent/divergent validity in a third sample (N = 500). The final 54-item IMHA, intended both for screening for psychological problems among community adults and to facilitate research including cross-cultural and cross-group comparisons, is made available freely for educational, non-profit or research purposes. The three-level measurement strategy draws on recent evidence for the continuous nature of psychopathology and on the well-established co-morbidity of traditional disorder categories, making use of them for communication purposes without unnecessarily reifying them in the model.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on action and inaction in judgement and decision making has shown that for choices in risky situations resulting in negative outcomes, people tend to prefer inaction over action and regret actions more than inactions. We built on this idea to test whether the established norm preference for inaction over action affects evaluations of decision-makers, and results in stronger preference for an agent who favors inaction over action in risky decisions resulting in negative outcomes. We conducted three pre-registered experiments via the Prolific platform, replicating and further extending the classic action-effect paradigm (overall N = 1138, 355 male, 746 female, 37 others, Mage= 36.98, SDage= 12.34) to examine perceptions of competence and trustworthiness of action versus inaction agents. First, we successfully replicated action-effect (d = 0.58 to 0.96). We then found that participants indeed tended to evaluate an inaction protagonist as more competent, trustworthy, and inline with social norms than an action protagonist (d = 0.05 to d = 0.61). Results concerning our extensions examining perceived social norms and joy attributions over positive outcomes were less clear. Finally, we found that normality moderated the preference-inaction effect into a preference-action effect: Negative prior outcomes led participants to prefer action actors to inaction actors and to find those to be more competent and normative. Overall, we found that, in the context of negative outcomes, inaction is perceived as more trustworthy than action. We concluded that action and inaction seem to extend to social evaluations of agents and that trustworthiness can be affected by action and inaction, context, and norms. All materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/a8e4d/
{"title":"Evaluations of Action and Inaction Decision-makers in Risky Decisions Resulting in Negative Outcomes: Inaction Agents Are Preferred to and Perceived as More Competent and Normative Than Action Agents","authors":"Adrien A. Fillon, Luna Strauch, G. Feldman","doi":"10.1525/collabra.74817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.74817","url":null,"abstract":"Research on action and inaction in judgement and decision making has shown that for choices in risky situations resulting in negative outcomes, people tend to prefer inaction over action and regret actions more than inactions. We built on this idea to test whether the established norm preference for inaction over action affects evaluations of decision-makers, and results in stronger preference for an agent who favors inaction over action in risky decisions resulting in negative outcomes. We conducted three pre-registered experiments via the Prolific platform, replicating and further extending the classic action-effect paradigm (overall N = 1138, 355 male, 746 female, 37 others, Mage= 36.98, SDage= 12.34) to examine perceptions of competence and trustworthiness of action versus inaction agents. First, we successfully replicated action-effect (d = 0.58 to 0.96). We then found that participants indeed tended to evaluate an inaction protagonist as more competent, trustworthy, and inline with social norms than an action protagonist (d = 0.05 to d = 0.61). Results concerning our extensions examining perceived social norms and joy attributions over positive outcomes were less clear. Finally, we found that normality moderated the preference-inaction effect into a preference-action effect: Negative prior outcomes led participants to prefer action actors to inaction actors and to find those to be more competent and normative. Overall, we found that, in the context of negative outcomes, inaction is perceived as more trustworthy than action. We concluded that action and inaction seem to extend to social evaluations of agents and that trustworthiness can be affected by action and inaction, context, and norms. All materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/a8e4d/","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safety learning is considered to be a key aspect in attaining symptom reduction for patients with anxiety disorders. While treatment based on safety learning principles is highly effective in general, individual differences exist in the speed and retention of fear reduction. An individual difference variable that has been demonstrated to be associated with difficulties in safety learning in laboratory paradigms is intolerance of uncertainty, or the incapacity to endure the absence of key information and the corresponding perception of uncertainty. In this study, we sought to determine if intolerance of uncertainty is associated with the course and outcome of an exposure intervention. Intolerance of uncertainty was assessed in 104 subclinical spider-fearful participants, prior to a 30-minute exposure session in virtual reality. While the exposure session was found to be successful in modifying spider fear and avoidance, we failed to find significant correlations between intolerance of uncertainty and any of the outcome measures. Exploratory analyses assessed if intolerance of uncertainty was associated with reductions in physiological arousal during the exposure session itself. No significant correlations were found between intolerance of uncertainty and arousal reduction within the exposure exercises or throughout the session. In conclusion, deviating from some of the findings in extinction research, we failed to find evidence for associations between intolerance of uncertainty and the outcome and course of exposure. Still, additional research is needed to assess the replicability of these findings.
{"title":"Is It Safe Now? Intolerance of Uncertainty as a Pre-treatment Predictor of Exposure Outcome","authors":"Naomi Carpentier, D. Hermans, Sara Scheveneels","doi":"10.1525/collabra.77777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.77777","url":null,"abstract":"Safety learning is considered to be a key aspect in attaining symptom reduction for patients with anxiety disorders. While treatment based on safety learning principles is highly effective in general, individual differences exist in the speed and retention of fear reduction. An individual difference variable that has been demonstrated to be associated with difficulties in safety learning in laboratory paradigms is intolerance of uncertainty, or the incapacity to endure the absence of key information and the corresponding perception of uncertainty. In this study, we sought to determine if intolerance of uncertainty is associated with the course and outcome of an exposure intervention. Intolerance of uncertainty was assessed in 104 subclinical spider-fearful participants, prior to a 30-minute exposure session in virtual reality. While the exposure session was found to be successful in modifying spider fear and avoidance, we failed to find significant correlations between intolerance of uncertainty and any of the outcome measures. Exploratory analyses assessed if intolerance of uncertainty was associated with reductions in physiological arousal during the exposure session itself. No significant correlations were found between intolerance of uncertainty and arousal reduction within the exposure exercises or throughout the session. In conclusion, deviating from some of the findings in extinction research, we failed to find evidence for associations between intolerance of uncertainty and the outcome and course of exposure. Still, additional research is needed to assess the replicability of these findings.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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