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The Science of Starving in Victorian Literature, Medicine, and Political Economy by Andrew Mangham (review) 《维多利亚文学、医学和政治经济学中的饥饿科学》作者:安德鲁·曼格姆

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VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.40

Peter Scholliers

family life,” in which the father filled the breadwinner role and the mother was a homemaker (188). The book’s study of breadwinning as ideology, however, implies potential contradictions between the social expectations generated by this template and writers’ experiences. Griffin describes the skepticism toward the political creed of individualism expressed by a woman autobiographer, Louie Stride, who had grown up homeless in the streets of Bath (296). This reference suggests that a more concentrated focus on such critical thinking might have revealed counternarratives centered on women as independent breadwinners. The book’s conclusion would have benefitted from a summary analysis of the range of autobiographers’ critical awareness of the social causes of their poverty and personal struggles. Did writers ever reject the family values enforced by the breadwinner model as hypocritical or oppressive? Did they ever allude to intimacies or partnerships outside the heterosexual norm that impacted household income? The book also lacks the perspectives of immigrant writers from the Caribbean, India, East Asia, or continental Europe, suggesting that a more intricate story about the working-class family’s economic life remains to be told. Sarah Winter University of Connecticut, Storrs

家庭生活”，其中父亲承担养家糊口的角色，母亲是家庭主妇（188）。然而，这本书对养家糊口作为意识形态的研究暗示了这种模板产生的社会期望与作家的经历之间的潜在矛盾。格里芬描述了一位女性传记作家路易·斯特里德对个人主义政治信条的怀疑，她在巴斯街头无家可归（296）。这一参考表明，更集中地关注这种批判性思维可能会揭示出以女性为独立养家糊口者的反叙事。这本书的结论得益于对自传作者对贫困和个人斗争的社会原因的批判性认识的总结分析。作家们有没有拒绝过养家糊口的模式所强加的家庭价值观，认为其虚伪或压迫？他们是否曾暗示过影响家庭收入的异性恋规范之外的亲密关系或伴侣关系？这本书也缺乏来自加勒比海、印度、东亚或欧洲大陆的移民作家的视角，这表明关于工人阶级家庭经济生活的更复杂的故事还有待讲述。萨拉·温特康涅狄格大学，斯托尔斯

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引用次数: 0

Execution Culture in Nineteenth Century Britain: From Public Spectacle to Hidden Ritual, edited by Patrick Low, Helen Rutherford, and Clare Sandford-Couch 《19世纪英国的死刑文化:从公共奇观到隐藏仪式》，由帕特里克·洛、海伦·卢瑟福和克莱尔·桑福德-库奇主编

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VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.31

M. Meranze

引用次数: 0

Narrative Guilt and the Victorian Novel 叙事内疚与维多利亚小说

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VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.02

Will Glovinsky

Abstract:This essay considers the phenomenon of Victorian narrators who express compunction or uneasy conscience about the ways in which they portray characters. In novels by Anthony Trollope, Charles Dickens, and George Eliot, the narrative guilt accompanying the treatment of antagonists reflects the period's contradictory cultural priorities of sociological analysis and melodramatic aesthetics. Where the emerging field of sociology viewed crime as socially contingent—therefore encouraging a systemic account of responsibility—melodramatic aesthetics required villains who could concentrate social responsibility in a single malign figure. The fusing of these political and aesthetic impulses in Victorian realism resulted in a narrative structure both highly dependent on individual culprits and highly ambivalent about scapegoating. This essay proposes that the narrative guilt arising from this impasse, and efforts to redress it through reparative sympathy, contribute to the distinctive affective texture of Victorian realism.

摘要:本文研究了维多利亚时代的叙述者对自己塑造人物的方式表达自责或不安的良心的现象。在安东尼·特罗洛普、查尔斯·狄更斯和乔治·艾略特的小说中，伴随着对对手的处理的叙事内疚反映了那个时期社会分析和情节戏剧美学的矛盾文化优先事项。新兴的社会学领域将犯罪视为社会偶然性——因此鼓励对责任的系统描述——情节戏剧美学要求恶棍能够将社会责任集中在一个邪恶的人物身上。在维多利亚现实主义中，这些政治和审美冲动的融合导致了一种高度依赖于个人罪犯和高度矛盾的替罪羊的叙事结构。本文认为，这种僵局所产生的叙事内疚，以及通过补偿性同情来纠正它的努力，促成了维多利亚现实主义独特的情感质感。

引用次数: 0

Walter Besant: The Business of Literature and the Pleasures of Reform, edited by Kevin A. Morrison Walter Besant:《文学的商业与改革的乐趣》，Kevin A.Morrison主编

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.23

Heidi Kaufman

引用次数: 0

The Commodification of Identity in Victorian Narrative: Autobiography, Sensation, and the Literary Marketplace, by Sean Grass 《维多利亚时代叙事中的身份商品化:自传、感觉和文学市场》，作者:肖恩·格拉斯

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.14

David Vincent

express female trauma, especially marital trauma, is compelling. This chapter returns to The Woman in White, arguing that the abusive and unhappy marriages in the novel lend themselves to contemporary discussions of trauma and the #MeToo movement, as seen in the 2018 BBC television adaptation. Indeed, this is an important point, and a reminder that while sensation novels do depict ways in which the past haunts the present, they were also considered to be up-to-date stories about the present moment, with their depictions of proto-feminism and new technologies. The book demonstrates the continued need to reassess our assumptions about popular fiction and canon formation, implying that the work done by feminist scholars in the 1970s and 80s is far from over. Written in clear prose, and with good knowledge of both Victorian and neo-Victorian scholarship, the book presents a convincing argument for the study of the popularity and legacy of the sensation novel beyond the nineteenth century. Tara MacDonald University of Idaho

引用次数: 0

A Defence of the Humanities in a Utilitarian Age: Imagining What We Know, 1800–1850 by Paul Keen (review) 在功利主义时代为人文学科辩护:想象我们所知道的，1800-1850，保罗·基恩(书评)

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.08

Kimberly J. Stern

help us think about these larger intertwined institutional and social issues it is William Morris, making this a most timely and important collection. Crucially for Morris, intellectual specialization must be seen as part and parcel of a capitalist system in which the division of labor reigns supreme, mental labor is privileged over manual labor, and our alienation from our own world and its making is profound—so much so today that students struggle to wrap their minds around the idea that labor could be pleasurable, or utopian ideals worth desiring and collectively working toward. In this light, the wealth of hands-on strategies here would be very much to Morris’s liking. We so rarely talk about the nuts and bolts of teaching and our wildest hopes and dreams when teaching what we love; this collection does that. It begins with Martinek and Miller identifying Morris as a “tonic to the political conditions of Trumpism and neoliberalism” and someone who “should be an integral part of the twenty-first-century classroom” (2). By the time I finished the collection, I could not agree more. Carolyn Lesjak Simon Fraser University

帮助我们思考这些更大的、相互交织的制度和社会问题的是威廉·莫里斯，使这本书成为一本最及时、最重要的合集。对莫里斯来说，至关重要的是，智力专业化必须被视为资本主义体系的一部分，在这个体系中，劳动分工至高无上，脑力劳动比体力劳动享有特权，我们与自己的世界及其形成的疏离感是深刻的——以至于今天的学生们很难将自己的思想包裹在劳动可以是愉快的想法上，或值得渴望和共同努力实现的乌托邦理想。有鉴于此，这里丰富的动手策略将非常符合莫里斯的喜好。我们很少谈论教学的细节，在教授我们热爱的东西时，我们最疯狂的希望和梦想；这个系列就是这么做的。它始于Martinek和Miller认为Morris是“特朗普主义和新自由主义政治条件的补品”，是“应该成为21世纪课堂不可或缺的一部分”的人（2）。当我完成收集时，我完全同意。Carolyn Lesjak Simon Fraser大学

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引用次数: 0

Diet for a Large Planet: Industrial Britain, Food Systems, and World Ecology by Chris Otter (review) 《大星球的饮食:工业化的英国、食物系统和世界生态》作者:克里斯·奥特

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.41

Susannah Ottaway

引用次数: 0

From Political Economy to Economics Through Nineteenth-Century Literature: Reclaiming the Social, edited by Elaine Hadley, Audrey Jaffe, and Sarah Winter 《从政治经济学到经济学——19世纪文学：重新找回社会》，伊莱恩·哈德利、奥黛丽·贾菲和莎拉·温特主编

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.36

E. Courtemanche

American South were orthodox Christians. Similarly, polygenesis often mattered to polemicists such as Charles Bradlaugh mainly as a stick with which they could poke holes in Genesis. That belief did not weaken, but might actually have supported, a relativist defense of the right of distinct races to live free from interference or oppression. As a Member of Parliament, Bradlaugh became the crusading “member for India” (127). Moreover, the racial payoff of theories of human evolution was hardly straightforward: Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley were abolitionists and committed to monogenesis, but in describing the gradations through which the human race had passed, they often sounded like believers in a hierarchy of distinct races. In any event, freethinkers resembled their Christian foes in preferring more optimistic and teleological visions of evolution than the hard gospel of natural selection. The freethinkers studied here were largely “racial optimists” (160) who argued, admittedly with much condescension, that Black and brown people might deserve social and political inclusion; by the early twentieth century, some explicitly condemned “race prejudice” as superstition (175). By this time, some American freethinkers were Black, undermining the suspicion that secularism was just a mask for white arrogance. Alexander’s research has produced something more interesting than an apology for the kind of secularization still championed by such Victorian rationalist throwbacks as Sam Harris (215). His analysis suggests that Victorian racism was less a solid mentality, ascribable to or blamable on particular social or intellectual formations, than a fluid element which ebbed or flowed with the riptides of political and especially religious controversies. It sometimes suited freethinkers to identify with the shrewd Africans or sophisticated Chinese and Japanese atheists who had apparently seen through missionaries. But there was more ventriloquism than solidarity in that tactic, as when one writer posed as the Confucian tourist “Whang Chang Bang” to ridicule the “English Christian barbarian” (130). Where freethinkers lived in places hostile to Chinese immigration, they abruptly changed tune. One British Columbian atheist attacked the clergy for wanting to “flood this fair land with hordes of yellow boys in order to pump Christ into them” (139). While some American freethinkers stood up for Black people, others sneered that God was a “negro” or Jesus a “darky” to stir up the revulsion of fellow whites against the Bible (152). If controverted by other freethinkers, such utterances were always publishable, which suggests that racism was neither a doctrine nor a taboo, but a vocabulary whose usefulness to the movement varied with time and place. Perhaps the same was true for the churches they abhorred? Michael Ledger-Lomas St Mark’s College

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引用次数: 1

Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850–1914 by Nathan G. Alexander (review) 《无神世界中的种族：无神论、种族与文明，1850–1914》，作者：Nathan G.Alexander（评论）

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.35

Michael Ledger‐Lomas

引用次数: 0

Out of Time 不合时宜

IF 1.1 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

VICTORIAN STUDIES

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.3.04

Dana Luciano

Geology, for many nineteenth-century subjects, promised abundance. James Hutton’s 1788 observation that scientists could find “no vestige of a beginning—no prospect of an end” to planetary time was taken up by nineteenth-century geologists to emphasize the expansive field in which they worked (304). Explaining, in 1827, the processes that produced French volcanos, George Julius Poulett Scrope declared, “The time that must be allowed for the production of effects of this magnitude, by causes evidently so slow in their operation, is indeed immense” (165). The immensity of geological time could be daunting, as Scrope acknowledged, but it also became a resource for nineteenth-century subjects; the fascination that attended geology’s revelation of the “worlds . . . beyond worlds” that the science made visible in the planetary past contributed to its popularity on both sides of the Atlantic (Lyell 16).1 That fascination continues into the present, as evidenced in what some have called a “geologic turn” in the arts and humanities (Ellsworth and Kruse 6). In addition to the awe-inspiring geological timescale—which resurfaces in contemporary discussions of the Anthropocene—geology appears as a vitalizing resource for thinkers inspired by New Materialist thought; it is deemed capable of providing a view of reality as, in Manuel de Landa’s phrasing, “a single matter-energy undergoing phase transitions of various kinds” (21). This perspective, according to New Materialists, may aid us in our search for new ways of thinking about and acting in response to climate change. Elizabeth Carolyn Miller offers a different perspective on what geology has revealed to us. Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion (2021) highlights geology’s participation in a process of diminishment—a radical foreshortening of the future. As a guide to material hidden within the

对于19世纪的许多学科来说，地质学预示着丰富的资源。詹姆斯·赫顿(James Hutton)在1788年观察到，科学家们找不到行星时间“开始的痕迹——也找不到结束的前景”。这句话被19世纪的地质学家用来强调他们工作的广阔领域。1827年，乔治·朱利叶斯·波利特·斯克罗普在解释法国火山的形成过程时宣称:“由于其作用明显如此缓慢的原因，必须允许产生如此巨大的影响的时间确实是巨大的”(165)。正如斯克罗普所承认的那样，地质时间之长可能令人生畏，但它也成为19世纪学科的资源;地质学对“世界”的揭示所带来的魅力……“超越世界”，科学在过去的行星上变得可见，这有助于它在大西洋两岸的流行(莱尔16)这种魅力一直持续到现在，正如一些人所说的艺术和人文学科的“地质转向”所证明的那样(Ellsworth和Kruse 6)。除了令人敬畏的地质时间尺度——在当代关于人类世的讨论中重新出现——地质学似乎是受新唯物主义思想启发的思想家的一种充满活力的资源;用曼努埃尔·德·兰达(Manuel de Landa)的话来说，它被认为能够提供一种对现实的看法，即“一种经历各种相变的单一物质能量”(21)。根据新唯物主义的观点，这种观点可以帮助我们寻找新的思维方式和行动方式来应对气候变化。伊丽莎白·卡洛琳·米勒为我们提供了不同的地质学视角。《开采生态学和长期枯竭文献》(2021年)强调了地质学在减少过程中的参与，这是对未来的激进预测。作为指南的材料隐藏在

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