Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.03
Zachary Samalin
Abstract:In this article I consider the debt that contemporary theories of affect owe to nineteenth-century universalizing theories of emotion. I ask how and to what extent affect theory, as a late-twentieth-century intellectual formation, remains connected to the race-thinking and civilizational ideology of the nineteenth century which contributed to the emergence of the modern psychological study of the emotions. In order to take up these questions about the triangulation of affect, civilization, and race, I examine the colonial sources on which Charles Darwin drew in his 1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Turning to the responses that Darwin received to his 1867 questionnaire, “Queries About Expression,” sheds light on the so-called raw data that still forms the scientific and ideological basis of affect theory today.
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.29
Kimberly Vanesveld Adams
Chapter 3 maps Jewish settlement patterns within the three largest cities under consideration. Evidence gathered from Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham shows that Jews tended to settle in specific areas of town adjacent to synagogues and communal centers. Levene surmises that they saw some advantages in living among themselves. Chapter 4 retains the focus on Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham, exploring occupations and incomes. Levene finds less poverty among Jews than among other minority groups, such as the Irish. Jews also gravitated toward certain occupations, particularly the provision and sale of small goods. Levene points to evidence of the existence of networks of knowledge about job opportunities among provincial Jews. Despite the differences among these communities, Levene draws similar conclusions about each of them, revealing evidence of community networks. Chapters 5 and 6 deal with issues of poverty and philanthropy. Chapter 5 looks at charity from 1840 to 1865 and argues that Jews relied more upon the Jewish community for support than on public welfare. Community leaders felt responsible for helping the Jewish poor, and Levene finds that synagogues spent more on poor relief than did the government. Judging from synagogue charity logs, relief often included Passover groceries and free matzah. Levene surmises that Jews of this period saw Judaism’s emphasis on charity as both a mitzvah and an expectation. Chapter 6, which focuses on communal charity from 1865 to 1880, presents the challenges brought about by increasing immigration from Europe. Finally, chapter 7 proffers one of many interesting conclusions: traditional observance remained important to Victorian Jews, as evidenced by synagogue records. Most scholars claim that religious observance had already waned by this point in Anglo-Jewish history, so Levene’s analysis of these records would be of interest to someone studying religious and orthodox history and practices. Overall, the book does not overturn most previously held assumptions about Victorian Jewry, but it provides clarity and insight into details of everyday life. It also challenges assumptions about British communities generally, especially in relation to the Industrial Revolution. And while the book excels at extrapolating meaning from data and using data to reconstruct the provincial Jewish populations of the era, Levene does not present a compelling narrative about that data until the end of the book, a missed opportunity to situate some of the data in its historical context. What is new and novel is Levene’s focus on life outside of London, and that is the book’s critical importance. Lindsay Katzir Langston University
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.33
B. Black
{"title":"How Books, Reading and Subscription Libraries Defined Colonial Clubland in the British Empire by Sterling Joseph Coleman, Jr (review)","authors":"B. Black","doi":"10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45845,"journal":{"name":"VICTORIAN STUDIES","volume":"64 1","pages":"711 - 713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43420870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.09
Angie Blumberg
Abstract:This essay recovers travel writing by Gertrude Bell, a well-known British explorer and archaeologist whose work is seldom examined in literary studies. Building on recent efforts to contextualize Bell’s early texts within late-Victorian Aestheticism and Decadence, this article examines Bell’s meditations on three landscapes and historical sites across Persian Pictures (1894) and The Desert and the Sown (1907), teasing out their rich engagement with political ecologies. Suggesting that in these meditations on Near Eastern landscapes, Bell offers a Decadent political ecology that anticipates her later diplomatic endeavors, this essay offers new ways of understanding the politics of aesthetics at the fin de siècle.
{"title":"Gertrude Bell in the Fin-de-Siècle Near East: Decadent Landscapes and Political Ecologies","authors":"Angie Blumberg","doi":"10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay recovers travel writing by Gertrude Bell, a well-known British explorer and archaeologist whose work is seldom examined in literary studies. Building on recent efforts to contextualize Bell’s early texts within late-Victorian Aestheticism and Decadence, this article examines Bell’s meditations on three landscapes and historical sites across Persian Pictures (1894) and The Desert and the Sown (1907), teasing out their rich engagement with political ecologies. Suggesting that in these meditations on Near Eastern landscapes, Bell offers a Decadent political ecology that anticipates her later diplomatic endeavors, this essay offers new ways of understanding the politics of aesthetics at the fin de siècle.","PeriodicalId":45845,"journal":{"name":"VICTORIAN STUDIES","volume":"64 1","pages":"595 - 604"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46352589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.39
J. Plotz
into this model, in which “everything slides into a hungry homogeneity,” including the personalities of the eponymous characters (26). This interpretation is belied by the stories themselves, in which the strongly individuated personalities of Morella and Ligeia transcend death rather than lose their selfhood within an undifferentiated totality. Similarly, in his chapter on Lovecraft, Newell represents the self-defined atheist and mechanistic materialist as actually a closet metaphysician, whose speculations about ontology in his fiction closely resembled that of Arthur Schopenhauer’s Will. It is true that Lovecraft was familiar with Schopenhauer, sharing his pessimistic outlook about the inevitability of human suffering as well as his embrace of art as a coping mechanism. However, Newell ignores Lovecraft’s primary allegiance to Friedrich Nietzsche’s anti-metaphysical philosophy and avowal of aesthetic artifice; Lovecraft explicitly endorsed Nietzschean perspectivism against metaphysics. Further, Newell claims that Lovecraft’s alleged pursuit of metaphysics entailed a corresponding depiction of the universe in his fiction as a “malignant force” (19). This may be how it appears to the many victims in Lovecraft’s stories, who impose their limited human categories on an amoral cosmos, but it overlooks the sense of wonder that Lovecraft found as he scrutinized the stars, a sentiment that is also found in his fiction. Newell’s account of the weird as a genre that expresses its metaphysical preoccupation with the nonhuman through the affect of disgust has much to commend it. His clear definition of a literary category that eschews definitions is stimulating, often persuasive, and particularly useful in providing a feasible alternative to the shape-shifting gothic. Michael Saler University of California, Davis
{"title":"The Masses are Revolting: Victorian Culture and the Political Aesthetics of Disgust by Zachary Samalin (review)","authors":"J. Plotz","doi":"10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.39","url":null,"abstract":"into this model, in which “everything slides into a hungry homogeneity,” including the personalities of the eponymous characters (26). This interpretation is belied by the stories themselves, in which the strongly individuated personalities of Morella and Ligeia transcend death rather than lose their selfhood within an undifferentiated totality. Similarly, in his chapter on Lovecraft, Newell represents the self-defined atheist and mechanistic materialist as actually a closet metaphysician, whose speculations about ontology in his fiction closely resembled that of Arthur Schopenhauer’s Will. It is true that Lovecraft was familiar with Schopenhauer, sharing his pessimistic outlook about the inevitability of human suffering as well as his embrace of art as a coping mechanism. However, Newell ignores Lovecraft’s primary allegiance to Friedrich Nietzsche’s anti-metaphysical philosophy and avowal of aesthetic artifice; Lovecraft explicitly endorsed Nietzschean perspectivism against metaphysics. Further, Newell claims that Lovecraft’s alleged pursuit of metaphysics entailed a corresponding depiction of the universe in his fiction as a “malignant force” (19). This may be how it appears to the many victims in Lovecraft’s stories, who impose their limited human categories on an amoral cosmos, but it overlooks the sense of wonder that Lovecraft found as he scrutinized the stars, a sentiment that is also found in his fiction. Newell’s account of the weird as a genre that expresses its metaphysical preoccupation with the nonhuman through the affect of disgust has much to commend it. His clear definition of a literary category that eschews definitions is stimulating, often persuasive, and particularly useful in providing a feasible alternative to the shape-shifting gothic. Michael Saler University of California, Davis","PeriodicalId":45845,"journal":{"name":"VICTORIAN STUDIES","volume":"64 1","pages":"724 - 726"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42098176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.37
Lindsay Wells
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.16
Vanessa Warne
In his 1895 short story “The Remarkable Case of Davidson’s Eyes,” H. G. Wells dwells on what it means to be physically at home but cognitively away. The story’s protagonist, Sidney Davidson, is injured when lightning strikes the laboratory in London where he works. Unable to see his surroundings, his visual sense relocated to the other side of the world, Davidson watches penguins nesting on an island he has never visited, his viewpoint on this distant and unfamiliar scene shifting as he moves around London. While he knows from the sound of familiar voices and the feel of surfaces that he is still at home, both his vision and attention are far away. More fortunate than Davidson in the matter of laboratory accidents, participants in the North American Victorian Studies Association (NAVSA) 2022 online conference were, in our own way, both at home and away, visiting the conference’s virtual spaces at the same time that we were present for the day-to-day of our home lives. As we presented and heard work proposed many months earlier, we also became involved in the goings-on of each other’s homes. People we had met with previously in a series of interchangeable conference rooms spoke with us from their kitchen tables. We opened up temporary windows into our living spaces where, in addition to the predictable piles of books, piles of laundry waited to be folded. Dogs and cats gained conference-celebrity status, and we prefaced papers with apologies for the piano lesson happening in the next room. While we habitually both develop our ideas and write them up at home, the domestic origins of our conference papers tend to be obscured by their presentation in public spaces. This conference was an exception. We did our visiting, talking, and thinking while sitting in our most comfortable chairs and wearing shabby slippers; at least, I did.
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2979/victorianstudies.64.4.07
Elisha Cohn
Abstract:The affective turn has prompted literary scholars to take interest in neuroscientific and philosophical approaches to the materiality of bodyminds, even while often insisting on the immaterial qualitativeness of feeling. This paper examines the prehistory of this divided investment, which reinscribes affect into the atom, the cell, the fiber, and the molecule. The Victorian fascination with newly imaginable physical worlds creates unsettling scales of existence that were understood as formative of human identity, emotion, and moral capacities, but were seemingly fungible, nonindividual, and depthless. Examining George Eliot’s treatment of the material basis of feeling in Middlemarch (1871–72), I argue that Victorian science insisted on the metaphorical bearing of materialist concepts, presenting materiality itself as affectively charged to avoid grappling with the threat of a noninteriorized reality.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2979/vic.2023.a911107
Martin Danahay
Abstract: In Balaclava (1876) by Elizabeth Thompson (later known as Lady Butler) the central figure of a traumatized survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade, modeled after real-life veteran of the Charge William Henry Pennington, was criticized as being over-dramatic. The criticism of Pennington's pose and demeanor shows the inability of the Victorian definition of "shock" to encompass what today would be termed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A shift in the Victorian model of trauma has been connected to railway travel; unrecognized has been the connection between the discourses on trauma in railway accidents and from warfare based on the vulnerability of the body. The mechanization of transport led to new anxieties about the precarity of the railway passenger's body and engendered an analogy between railway accident trauma and warfare. Surgeon Edwin Morris's A Practical Treatise on Shock After Surgical Operations and Injuries: With Especial Reference to Shock Caused by Railway Accidents (1867) made this connection explicit. Morris considered physical war wounds specific and verifiable but criticized claims against railway companies for the psychological aftereffects of accidents as unverifiable. Morris expressed the fear that both railway passengers and soldiers could simulate the effects of trauma in the absence of any physiological injury that would make their symptoms verifiable, revealing the shortcomings of the Victorian diagnosis of shock and the privileging of physical over psychological wounds.
摘要:伊丽莎白·汤普森(Elizabeth Thompson，后被称为巴特勒夫人)在1876年的《巴拉克拉瓦》(Balaclava)一书中，以威廉·亨利·彭宁顿(William Henry Pennington)的真实老兵为原型，塑造了轻骑兵冲锋中一个受创伤的幸存者的核心形象，但被批评为过于戏剧化。对彭宁顿姿势和举止的批评表明，维多利亚时代对“震惊”的定义无法涵盖今天所谓的创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)。维多利亚时代创伤模式的转变与铁路旅行有关;关于铁路事故中创伤的论述与基于身体脆弱性的战争之间的联系一直未被认识到。交通运输的机械化导致了对铁路乘客身体不稳定性的新焦虑，并产生了铁路事故创伤与战争之间的类比。外科医生埃德温·莫里斯(Edwin Morris)的《外科手术和损伤后休克的实用论述:特别提到铁路事故引起的休克》(1867)明确了这种联系。莫里斯认为，身体上的战争创伤是具体的、可证实的，但他批评铁路公司因事故造成的心理影响而提出的索赔是无法证实的。莫里斯表达了他的担忧，即铁路乘客和士兵都可能在没有任何生理伤害的情况下模拟创伤的影响，而生理伤害无法证实他们的症状，这揭示了维多利亚时代休克诊断的缺陷，以及对生理创伤的特权高于心理创伤。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2979/vic.2023.a911114
Reviewed by: Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire by Alan Lester, Kate Boehme, and Peter Mitchell Nathan K. Hensley (bio) Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire, by Alan Lester, Kate Boehme, and Peter Mitchell; pp. xii + 403. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, $95.00, $31.99 paper, $31.99 ebook. When scholars of Victorian England and its empire in the year 2023 read this book's title and see, on the cover, a pith-helmeted lieutenant raising the Union Jack over a crowd of white soldiers, they will be forgiven for experiencing a flash of concern. But despite activating the genre signals of the steamship-and-saber histories it superficially resembles, this volume is not a blustering yarn about imperial liberators. Neither is it straightforwardly critical toward that narrative, alas still persuasive to Tory nostalgists and Brexiteers today. Rather it is marked by a tonal restraint whose effect gathers force as the criminal evidence amassed here piles up over almost four hundred pages. Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire "is based," the authors explain, "on an appreciation of what it was to govern the most diverse and extensive empire that there has ever been" (2). Here "appreciation" pings like a tuning fork and resonates differently at the beginning of the book than it does at the end, after the dispossession, famine, kidnapping, and genocide have unfolded, in chapter after chapter, scene after scene, all through the direct statements of the architects themselves. Land wars, frontier lynchings, and military violence made the vision of these Great Men tangible. Accounts of such events share space here with details of state-run narcotics cartels and the regimes of coerced labor required to keep the plantations churning after the much-bragged-about abolition of slavery. These included Indian and Chinese indentureship, so-called apprenticeship in Africa, bondage of Tamil and Mauritian peasants, and the outright abduction of Pacific Islanders for the purposes of slave labor, among other flavors of conscription. Famines eradicated whole populations; [End Page 312] reservation systems marked ethnic groups for death while the policy of "amalgamation" promised what one under-secretary called "euthanasia for savage peoples" (198). Taken together, "the extent of the violence inflicted upon people of colour by the agents of British imperial governance" is, the authors write, "astonishing" (9). On the cover and title page, Ruling the World is described as a collaboratively written monograph by Alan Lester, Kate Boehme, and Peter Mitchell, but the acknowledgements are given in first person, from Lester's perspective, and thank Boehme and Mitchell for "lay[ing] its foundations" (xi). The book's contribution is to combine a biographically grounded focus on elite male actors with an
《统治世界:19世纪大英帝国的自由、文明和自由主义》，作者:艾伦·莱斯特、凯特·伯姆和彼得·米切尔;Pp. xii + 403。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社，2021年，95美元，纸质31.99美元，电子书31.99美元。当研究2023年维多利亚时代的英国及其帝国的学者读到这本书的标题时，看到封面上一位戴着白色头盔的中尉在一群白人士兵面前举起英国国旗，他们会感到一阵担忧，这是可以理解的。但是，尽管它激活了表面上类似于蒸汽船和军刀历史的类型信号，这本书并不是一个关于帝国解放者的虚张声势的故事。它也没有直接批评那种叙事，唉，对今天的保守党怀旧派和脱欧派来说，这种叙事仍然很有说服力。更确切地说，它的特点是语气上的克制，随着犯罪证据在这里堆积起来，这种克制的效果越来越强，超过了近400页。统治世界:《19世纪大英帝国的自由、文明与自由主义》一书的基础是作者解释说，“对统治这个有史以来最多样化和最广泛的帝国的赞赏”(2)。在书的开头和结尾，在剥夺、饥荒、绑架和种族灭绝展开之后，“赞赏”像音叉一样发出不同的共鸣，在一章接一章，一幕接一幕，所有这些都是通过建筑师自己的直接陈述来实现的。土地战争、边境私刑和军事暴力使这些伟人的愿景具体化。这类事件的记述与国营贩毒集团的细节，以及在大肆吹嘘的废除奴隶制后，为了维持种植园的运转而强制劳动的政权，分享在这里的篇幅。其中包括印度和中国的契约，所谓的非洲学徒，泰米尔和毛里求斯农民的奴役，以及太平洋岛民的公然绑架作为奴隶劳动，以及其他形式的征兵。饥荒消灭了整个人口;保留制度标志着少数民族的死亡，而“融合”政策承诺了一位副部长所说的“野蛮人的安乐死”(198)。总之，“大英帝国统治的代理人对有色人种施加的暴力程度”，作者写道，“令人震惊”(9)。在封面和扉页上，《统治世界》被描述为艾伦·莱斯特、凯特·伯姆和彼得·米切尔合作撰写的专著，但从莱斯特的角度来看，作者是以第一人称的方式表示感谢的。并感谢Boehme和Mitchell“奠定了基础”(xi)。这本书的贡献在于将对精英男性演员的传记式关注与对他们的政策所破坏的生活和社会秩序的关注结合起来。其结果是将一些(但不是所有)帝国主义官员的“自由愿望”与灾难性的重新排序(这是他们目前最持久的劳动遗产)放在一起(338)。这些代理的专有名称在书页中闪烁，并且积累得如此之多，以至于在附录中提供了“字符列表”。这种男性政治代理的盛大表演构成了一种公开的“老式”方法，它过分相信传记解释，肯定官方政策是历史变革的特权驱动者，并使性别等结构性因素在没有分析的情况下溜走(丽莎·洛的《四大洲的亲密关系》[2015]本可以成为一个有用的对话对象)。然而，关注精英演员的事迹和生活情节也有一些优点。它使本书易于追踪，例如，看似不同的帝国区域之间的关系，例如，在牙买加杀害黑人农民以考验他们勇气的官员(以威廉·欧文·兰宁为例)，被提升为监督非洲南部复杂的西格里夸兰领土，在那里面对多种族人口，兰宁帮助组织了“现代化，系统化，以及官僚化的种族歧视”，也就是后来的种族隔离(317-18)。对个体主体的关注也有助于将看似不同的叙事线索之间的关系具体化，比如……
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