Tuai of Ngare Raumati was probably the most written-about Māori in the first quarter of the 19th century. He was a man who lived in unstable times, who moved flexibly within European and Māori society, and who engaged with almost everyone he met, according to a French observer, with “the tact and shrewdness which enabled [him] to realise with whom he had to deal and by what means he could commend himself to all” (Dumont D’Urville in Sharp 1971: 38). His name—or a version of it—appears in most indexes of books about the pre-1830s Bay of Islands. But almost all modern references to him are in passing. Our article seeks to bring into focus this shadowy figure who played a significant role in New Zealand history, and in particular the relationships between Māori and the first Pākehā settlers in the north of New Zealand.
Ngare Raumati的Tuai可能是19世纪前25年被写得最多的Māori。他是一个生活在不稳定时期的人，他在欧洲和Māori社会中灵活地移动，并且与他遇到的几乎每个人都交往，根据一位法国观察家的说法，“机智和精明使[他]意识到他必须与谁打交道，以及他可以通过什么方式向所有人推荐自己”(Dumont D 'Urville in Sharp 1971: 38)。他的名字或名字的一个版本出现在大多数关于19世纪30年代之前的群岛湾的书籍索引中。但几乎所有现代对他的提及都是敷衍了事。我们的文章试图将这个在新西兰历史上扮演重要角色的模糊人物，特别是Māori与新西兰北部第一批Pākehā定居者之间的关系，聚焦在一起。
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Pub Date : 2017-03-30DOI: 10.15286/JPS.126.1.93-122
J. Treadwell
Maori construction and structural principles have received limited detailed attention since Reverend Herbert W. Williams published 'The Maori Whare: Notes on the Construction of a Maori House' in this journal in 1896. Since then, publications that have considered Maori construction have relied heavily on this text. Subsequent discussion of Maori construction has examined 19th-century practices largely through Western historical and technical perspectives. This paper discusses Maori building concepts and technology from a bicultural viewpoint, involving both Maori tectonics and cosmology, and Western engineering principles. In doing so it draws from a close scrutiny of 'whare' 'house' components, written and oral accounts of Maori cosmology and building, and from the analysis of large-scale structural models. The article focuses on the 'tahuhu' 'ridgepole' as a principal component of Maori architecture that activates both the primary cosmological structure of Te Ao Marama 'creation narrative' and the structural system of the 19th-century Maori house. It is argued that the 'tahuhu' in its metaphorical manifestation as the 'atua' 'god' Tane (within Te Ao Marama) corresponds in the construction of the 'whare' with the holding up of the roof, understood as Ranginui, the sky father. Monumental in scale and ancestry, the 'tahuhu' mobilised a cooperative social dimension to its deployment in the 'whare', co-opting manpower from 'hapu' and 'iwi' 'subtribal and tribal groups'. The paper concludes that the 'tahuhu' was a key element in a sophisticated and high performing Pacific building technology that was, in many ways, antithetical to Western building principles. Located in the abstract and conceptual distance of machine function, Western analysis appears to have failed to identify and understand the effective capacity of socially-collective Polynesian engineering.
自从Herbert W. Williams牧师于1896年在本刊上发表了“毛利人的Whare:毛利人房屋的建造笔记”以来，毛利人的建筑和结构原则得到了有限的详细关注。从那时起，考虑毛利人建筑的出版物就严重依赖于这一文本。随后对毛利人建筑的讨论主要是从西方历史和技术的角度来考察19世纪的做法。本文从双文化的角度探讨毛利人的建筑理念和技术，包括毛利人的构造和宇宙学，以及西方的工程原理。在这样做的过程中，它从对“whare”“house”组件的仔细审查，毛利人宇宙学和建筑的书面和口头记录，以及对大型结构模型的分析中汲取灵感。这篇文章的重点是“tahuhu”“脊柱”作为毛利建筑的主要组成部分，它激活了Te Ao Marama“创造叙事”的主要宇宙结构和19世纪毛利房屋的结构系统。有人认为，“tahuhu”的隐喻表现为“atua”“神”Tane(在Te Ao Marama中)对应于“whare”的构造，与支撑屋顶相对应，被理解为Ranginui，天空之父。“tahuhu”在规模和血统上都是巨大的，它在“whare”中调动了一种合作的社会维度，从“hapu”和“iwi”“次部落和部落群体”中吸收人力。论文的结论是，“tahuhu”是太平洋建筑技术中一个复杂和高性能的关键因素，在许多方面，与西方建筑原则相对立。西方的分析停留在机器功能的抽象和概念距离上，似乎未能识别和理解社会集体波利尼西亚工程的有效能力。
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The Society Islands are critical to chronology building in East Polynesia, as the archipelago served as a potential first landfall for voyagers moving out of the West Polynesia homeland. Yet determining the particulars of migration sequences and settlement chronology in the Society Islands, like the rest of East Polynesia, has been challenging. Here, we report on a dating and re-dating program of four coastal sites on the island of Moʻorea, Windward Society Islands, aimed at refining the archipelago's cultural chronology and its place within larger settlement trends for East Polynesia. We begin with a brief discussion of 1960s archaeological research in the Society Islands and the archipelago's role in the East Polynesian colonisation debate before turning to a discussion of the newly dated and re-dated Mo'orea coastal sites. Our new corpus of 14C dates provides evidence for two well-studied Mo'orea Island sites dating to the Colonisation Phase (GS-1 and ScMf-5). The earliest dated occupation of the ScMf-5 site contained an earth oven, diverse artefacts and dense faunal remains indicative of a permanent, and perhaps large, settlement along the north shore of Moʻorea. Results point to established Society Island populations from the 11th to 13th centuries AD, supporting both the Conservative Model of East Polynesian settlement and more inclusive synthetic models. Developmental Phase dates from ScMf-2 illustrate that new parts of the Moʻorea north shore were inhabited at this time, while other earlier coastal sites continued to be occupied, tentatively suggesting population increase. The re-dated M5 site, with its elaborate temples of the 'Oro cult style, fits well into accepted dates for the Classic Phase. Our re-dating program has not only allowed us to refine the Society Islands cultural sequence, but has permitted precise identification or confirmation of two sites dating to the Colonisation Phase.
{"title":"Refining the Society Islands cultural sequence: Colonisation phase and developmental phase coastal occupation on Mo'orea Island","authors":"Jennifer G. Kahn, Y. Sinoto","doi":"10.15286/JPS.1.1.33-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/JPS.1.1.33-60","url":null,"abstract":"The Society Islands are critical to chronology building in East Polynesia, as the archipelago served as a potential first landfall for voyagers moving out of the West Polynesia homeland. Yet determining the particulars of migration sequences and settlement chronology in the Society Islands, like the rest of East Polynesia, has been challenging. Here, we report on a dating and re-dating program of four coastal sites on the island of Moʻorea, Windward Society Islands, aimed at refining the archipelago's cultural chronology and its place within larger settlement trends for East Polynesia. We begin with a brief discussion of 1960s archaeological research in the Society Islands and the archipelago's role in the East Polynesian colonisation debate before turning to a discussion of the newly dated and re-dated Mo'orea coastal sites. Our new corpus of 14C dates provides evidence for two well-studied Mo'orea Island sites dating to the Colonisation Phase (GS-1 and ScMf-5). The earliest dated occupation of the ScMf-5 site contained an earth oven, diverse artefacts and dense faunal remains indicative of a permanent, and perhaps large, settlement along the north shore of Moʻorea. Results point to established Society Island populations from the 11th to 13th centuries AD, supporting both the Conservative Model of East Polynesian settlement and more inclusive synthetic models. Developmental Phase dates from ScMf-2 illustrate that new parts of the Moʻorea north shore were inhabited at this time, while other earlier coastal sites continued to be occupied, tentatively suggesting population increase. The re-dated M5 site, with its elaborate temples of the 'Oro cult style, fits well into accepted dates for the Classic Phase. Our re-dating program has not only allowed us to refine the Society Islands cultural sequence, but has permitted precise identification or confirmation of two sites dating to the Colonisation Phase.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"3 1","pages":"33-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82957697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a writing system with a large number of signs, in particular in the case of a pictorial script, some similarity of two graphic designs is an insufficient basis for considering them to have the same reading value. This paper seeks to apply concepts developed in the graphic analysis of other pictorial writing systems to the still undeciphered script of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The following technical terms are adapted and defined from both theoretical and practical points of view: sign, reading value, graphic design, allograph, graphic variant, seeming graphic variant, iconic formula, and complete, incomplete and false substitution. A modified version of the substitution method (method of inverse sign substitution) is proposed for verifying equivalences and differences between readings values corresponding to the graphic designs analysed in this paper. This method is based on the assumption that two graphic designs that possess the same reading value are in free distribution, so the probability of sign substitution between them should be close to the probability obtained by multiplying the probabilities of their occurrences in texts. Application of these technical concepts to the parallel texts discovered by Boris Kudrjavtzev shows that many graphically similar signs with different reading values have not been previously recognised. This conservative graphic analysis also has permitted the identification of allographs in the strict sense of the word, i.e., signs that look different but possess the same reading value. However, technically speaking, “allograph” in the strict sense of the word is an antonym for “graphic variant”. It is suggested that the method of iconic formulae provides a useful foundation for future iconographic analysis of the highly pictorial signs of the Kohau Rongorongo script.
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Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15286/JPS.125.4.359-382
M. Kawharu
Innovation and entrepreneurial endeavour by Māori communities is increasingly capturing the attention of academics and wider society, but like indigenous entrepreneurship studies more generally, Māori entrepreneurship is still a relatively new field of study. A gap or an opportunity in both cases is to critically examine the application of culture in entrepreneurship. Culture can of course mean many things to many people. Theoretical insights concerning culture in indigenous entrepreneurship will develop as case studies are investigated, and factors unique or different to each are understood. In this article, therefore, and in contributing towards theory development, I explore one particular innovation, modelled by a frame called cultural coding for entrepreneurship. Cultural coding identifies and examines essential features for the successes that unfolded within the Auckland-located kin community Ngāti Whātua as they pursued an extraordinary entrepreneurial endeavour: acquiring and then securing a large area of central business district land (the Railway Land, including the former central Auckland Railway Station) in New Zealand’s largest city. Case study analysis is further aided by insights stemming from renowned economists Ludwig Lachman and Joseph Schumpeter concerning combining and recombining resources in new ways, and the related idea of “opportunity recognition”. The resources were principally the people and their values, but they also included land and finance, without which there was no enterprise. This article stems from research undertaken within Indigenous Entrepreneurship 382 the author’s community from a researcher position that is located between the insider and outsider dichotomies, but which is more aligned to a nuanced Māori research positionality described in this research as a whakapapa or genealogically-informed “included researcher”.
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Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15286/jps.125.4.341-357
V. O'Malley
The depiction of Ngāti Maniapoto generally and Rewi Maniapoto in particular as extremists with an almost fanatical determination to fight the British runs deep in the historiography of the New Zealand Wars, all the way from John Featon to G. W. Rusden, James Cowan to Keith Sinclair and others. And a corollary argument is that Ngāti Maniapoto, through their actions and gestures, provoked the Crown (whether justly or unjustly) into launching an invasion of the Waikato district in July 1863, and 357 Vincent O’Malley then escaped virtually scot-free from the subsequent confiscation of lands. Even fierce critics of the government’s actions in the 1860s thus end up at least partly legitimising or justifying war and confiscation by reference to the supposed partial provocation of Ngāti Maniapoto and their leader. Their stance is often contrasted with that of Wiremu Tamihana, who is said to have been leader of the “moderate” Kīngitanga faction. This article argues that the differences between the two rangatira have been overstated. Wiremu Tamihana and Rewi Maniapoto had more in common than divided them. Furthermore, rather than conceptualising this in terms of “moderate” versus “extremist”, the difference between the two rangatira might be better conceptualised as idealist versus realist. Considered within the context of Māori custom, moreover, both men operated within the accepted limits of chiefly behaviour, which was concerned above all with questions of mana.
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Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15286/jps.125.4.454-456
H. MacDonald
{"title":"Minutes of the 125th Annual General Meeting","authors":"H. MacDonald","doi":"10.15286/jps.125.4.454-456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.125.4.454-456","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"454-456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84581495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15286/JPS.125.4.383-410
Michael P. J. Reilly
A cautionary narrative taken from a 20th-century collection of Cook Islands oral traditions recounts the mistreatment of a daughter, Pataariri, by her chiefly father, Kōtuku, and his consequential death caused by a spirit power putting matters to rights. This paper highlights narrative features such as repetition, expansion, images and gestures, as well as the cultural valuing of the protection of vulnerable people by those in authority. Failure to look after others could result in spiritual interventions that admonished or even killed the perpetrators, a cultural form of policing behaviours that still operates today.
{"title":"Narrative Features and Cultural Motifs in a Cautionary Tradition from Mangaia (Cook Islands).","authors":"Michael P. J. Reilly","doi":"10.15286/JPS.125.4.383-410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/JPS.125.4.383-410","url":null,"abstract":"A cautionary narrative taken from a 20th-century collection of Cook Islands oral traditions recounts the mistreatment of a daughter, Pataariri, by her chiefly father, Kōtuku, and his consequential death caused by a spirit power putting matters to rights. This paper highlights narrative features such as repetition, expansion, images and gestures, as well as the cultural valuing of the protection of vulnerable people by those in authority. Failure to look after others could result in spiritual interventions that admonished or even killed the perpetrators, a cultural form of policing behaviours that still operates today.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"112 1","pages":"383-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87873267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15286/jps.125.4.339-340
R. Benton
{"title":"Obituary: David Simmons, MBE (1930–2015)","authors":"R. Benton","doi":"10.15286/jps.125.4.339-340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.125.4.339-340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"80 1","pages":"339-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87328588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15286/JPS.125.4.457-458
H. MacDonald
{"title":"Index to Volume 125","authors":"H. MacDonald","doi":"10.15286/JPS.125.4.457-458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/JPS.125.4.457-458","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"44 1","pages":"457-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82441053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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