Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.3.303-326
James Flexner, B. Muir, S. Bedford, F. Valentin, Denise Elena, David Samoria
{"title":"http://www.thepolynesiansociety.org/jps/index.php/JPS/article/view/482","authors":"James Flexner, B. Muir, S. Bedford, F. Valentin, Denise Elena, David Samoria","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.3.303-326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.3.303-326","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72532991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Publications received: April to June 2020","authors":"H. MacDonald","doi":"10.15286/JPS.129.2.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/JPS.129.2.242","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"138 12","pages":"242-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72444170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.2.171-192
Arcia Tecun, Robert Reeves, M. Wolfgramm
This article examines deep and contemporary history through analysis of the Tongan kava origin story, a kava chant, the rise of the kalapu 'kava club' in the twentieth century and the growing expansion of contemporary kava. It is argued that a key function of past and present kava practices is a ritual liminality of noa 'neutralisation of protective restrictions' that results from mediating mana 'potency, honour' and tapu 'protective restrictions, set apart'. This is supported through ethnohistorical literature, song lyrics and ethnographic data. While the expressions, purpose, material and uses of kava evolve and change throughout time and space, from the titular ceremonies to the social rituals, they are connected through contextually specific mediations that establish noa. The kava origin story indicates a performance of mediations between ancient power relations, while the kava chant describes material culture alongside the establishment of the ritualised chiefly kava ceremony. Kalapu and the expanding contemporary kava practices today maintain connections to past practices while adapting to current circumstances such as global Tongan mobility and cultural diversity.
{"title":"The past before us: a brief history of Tongan kava","authors":"Arcia Tecun, Robert Reeves, M. Wolfgramm","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.2.171-192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.2.171-192","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines deep and contemporary history through analysis of the Tongan kava origin story, a kava chant, the rise of the kalapu 'kava club' in the twentieth century and the growing expansion of contemporary kava. It is argued that a key function of past and present kava practices is a ritual liminality of noa 'neutralisation of protective restrictions' that results from mediating mana 'potency, honour' and tapu 'protective restrictions, set apart'. This is supported through ethnohistorical literature, song lyrics and ethnographic data. While the expressions, purpose, material and uses of kava evolve and change throughout time and space, from the titular ceremonies to the social rituals, they are connected through contextually specific mediations that establish noa. The kava origin story indicates a performance of mediations between ancient power relations, while the kava chant describes material culture alongside the establishment of the ritualised chiefly kava ceremony. Kalapu and the expanding contemporary kava practices today maintain connections to past practices while adapting to current circumstances such as global Tongan mobility and cultural diversity.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"266 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86722943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.2.125-170
Beatrice Hudson
Mortuary archaeology in New Zealand is a tapu 'sacred, prohibited' subject due to the special place that koiwi tangata 'human skeletal remains' hold in Maori culture. Recognition of Maori rights over ancestral remains led to a near cessation of published studies in recent decades. But koiwi tangata are frequently uncovered accidentally by development or erosion and, in collaboration with Maori, recorded prior to reburial. The resulting pool of unpublished data presents an opportunity to advance our currently stagnant archaeological understanding of the burial practices of past Maori communities, particularly given that some sites are demonstrating a higher level of complexity of burial process than has hitherto been discussed archaeologically. Although still a highly charged subject, there exist a number of examples of Maori groups voicing support for respectful, collaborative study of burials. As time and tide continue to expose koiwi, it is time for appraisal of the archaeological literature on this subject. This paper reviews the history and current practice of mortuary archaeology in New Zealand, highlighting how current bioarchaeological perspectives offer valuable potential. In particular, the concept of the burial rite as an ongoing process, the various stages of which can result in different forms of burial, and the application of the principles of field anthropology (anthropologie de terrain) to identify stages of mortuary activity offer new frameworks for exploring the variety evident in Maori burial and the social and conceptual insight this can offer.
{"title":"Variation and process: the history, current practice and future potential of mortuary archaeology in Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"Beatrice Hudson","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.2.125-170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.2.125-170","url":null,"abstract":"Mortuary archaeology in New Zealand is a tapu 'sacred, prohibited' subject due to the special place that koiwi tangata 'human skeletal remains' hold in Maori culture. Recognition of Maori rights over ancestral remains led to a near cessation of published studies in recent decades. But koiwi tangata are frequently uncovered accidentally by development or erosion and, in collaboration with Maori, recorded prior to reburial. The resulting pool of unpublished data presents an opportunity to advance our currently stagnant archaeological understanding of the burial practices of past Maori communities, particularly given that some sites are demonstrating a higher level of complexity of burial process than has hitherto been discussed archaeologically. Although still a highly charged subject, there exist a number of examples of Maori groups voicing support for respectful, collaborative study of burials. As time and tide continue to expose koiwi, it is time for appraisal of the archaeological literature on this subject. This paper reviews the history and current practice of mortuary archaeology in New Zealand, highlighting how current bioarchaeological perspectives offer valuable potential. In particular, the concept of the burial rite as an ongoing process, the various stages of which can result in different forms of burial, and the application of the principles of field anthropology (anthropologie de terrain) to identify stages of mortuary activity offer new frameworks for exploring the variety evident in Maori burial and the social and conceptual insight this can offer.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86606315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.2.193-236
S. Moore
{"title":"Foreign objects in colonial-era Hawaiian sites: change and continuity in nineteenth-century Nu‘alolo Kai, Kaua‘i Island","authors":"S. Moore","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.2.193-236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.2.193-236","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84727908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.1.29-58
G. Irwin
This paper describes previously unreported archaeological work on Ponui Island, New Zealand. Coastal sites date from the end of the fourteenth century AD, and one, S11/20, has evidence for surface structures, cooking, and tool manufacture and use. The harvesting of marine resources and horticulture were involved from the beginning. Earthwork defenses were built at 23 sites between AD 1500 and 1800. At least six of these fortified sites (pa) were later refortified and some were residential. In this study two sites were excavated at Motunau Bay: one was S11/20, an Archaic site previously excavated in the 1950s, and the other was S11/21, a fortified site. Radiocarbon dates are reported from five further undefended coastal sites and from the earthwork defences of 19 pa, which reveal chronological and spatial trends in their construction. On Ponui the archaeological signature of the fifteenth century was what New Zealand archaeologists typically call early or Archaic, but in the sixteenth century it became Classic. The transition in the settlement evidence appears abrupt; however, the tempo of change more likely varied in material culture and the economy, and possible changes in land tenure and social organisation are suggested.
{"title":"The archaeology of Māori settlement and pā on Pōnui Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, AD 1400–1800","authors":"G. Irwin","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.1.29-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.1.29-58","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes previously unreported archaeological work on Ponui Island, New Zealand. Coastal sites date from the end of the fourteenth century AD, and one, S11/20, has evidence for surface structures, cooking, and tool manufacture and use. The harvesting of marine resources and horticulture were involved from the beginning. Earthwork defenses were built at 23 sites between AD 1500 and 1800. At least six of these fortified sites (pa) were later refortified and some were residential. In this study two sites were excavated at Motunau Bay: one was S11/20, an Archaic site previously excavated in the 1950s, and the other was S11/21, a fortified site. Radiocarbon dates are reported from five further undefended coastal sites and from the earthwork defences of 19 pa, which reveal chronological and spatial trends in their construction. On Ponui the archaeological signature of the fifteenth century was what New Zealand archaeologists typically call early or Archaic, but in the sixteenth century it became Classic. The transition in the settlement evidence appears abrupt; however, the tempo of change more likely varied in material culture and the economy, and possible changes in land tenure and social organisation are suggested.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"68 1","pages":"29-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86126080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William Hodges, James Cook's artist on his second voyage, produced notably popular and influential drawings and paintings. These included several illustrations of Tanna Islanders (Vanuatu) that shaped European visions of the island from the 1770s through the 1830s, after which they were supplanted by Christian missionary depictions. Influenced by neoclassicist artistic convention, Hodges's engravings, which subsequently were much copied, commonly paired panpipes with clubs in islander hands. A chain of early engravings that feature panpipes and clubs reveals an initial heroic vision of natural island dignity, as both these accessories evoked European classical ideals. Although subsequent Christian and social evolutionary views later disavowed noble savage tropes, these persist in contemporary touristic appreciation of island musical talent and tradition.
{"title":"Panpipes and clubs: early images of Tanna Islanders","authors":"L. Lindstrom","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.1.7-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.1.7-28","url":null,"abstract":"William Hodges, James Cook's artist on his second voyage, produced notably popular and influential drawings and paintings. These included several illustrations of Tanna Islanders (Vanuatu) that shaped European visions of the island from the 1770s through the 1830s, after which they were supplanted by Christian missionary depictions. Influenced by neoclassicist artistic convention, Hodges's engravings, which subsequently were much copied, commonly paired panpipes with clubs in islander hands. A chain of early engravings that feature panpipes and clubs reveals an initial heroic vision of natural island dignity, as both these accessories evoked European classical ideals. Although subsequent Christian and social evolutionary views later disavowed noble savage tropes, these persist in contemporary touristic appreciation of island musical talent and tradition.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"173 1","pages":"7-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79610039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Publications received: September 2019 to March 2020","authors":"H. MacDonald","doi":"10.15286/JPS.129.1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/JPS.129.1.118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"89 1","pages":"118-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88970964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.1.85-112
Furey Louise, Rebecca Phillipps, J. Emmitt, Andrew McAlister, S. Holdaway
Large stone trolling lure shanks, greater than 100 mm, are rare and stylistically associated with the early period of Maori occupation of Aotearoa New Zealand. The triangular-sectioned shank is distinctive and reminiscent of Polynesian forms. The 2016 find during excavations at T10/360 at Waitapu in Coralie Bay, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island, is the first to be recovered in an archaeological context and only the third large shank attributed to the North Island. Moreover, the shank is the largest complete example known. Radiocarbon dates from contexts in direct association with the shank indicate deposition in the early 15th century, slightly later than other sites such as Wairau Bar and Shag River Mouth where similar shanks have been found. A comparative analysis of the attributes of all 28 shanks in New Zealand museum collections indicates no regional patterns are evident. We review the context in which the Ahuahu shank was found, and its importance, along with the other items recovered, for the interpretation of the Waitapu occupation. We also consider the various reported interpretations of large trolling shanks and, based on Polynesian examples where symbolism and function are discussed, suggest large shanks were not used directly in fishing but had a fishing-related role.
大于100毫米的大型石钓鱼饵柄是罕见的，在风格上与毛利人占领新西兰奥特罗阿的早期有关。三角形的刀柄是独特的，让人想起波利尼西亚的形式。2016年，在Ahuahu大水星岛Coralie湾怀塔普T10/360的挖掘中发现的这一发现，是在考古背景下发现的第一个大小腿，也是北岛发现的第三个大小腿。此外，柄是已知的最大的完整例子。与该柄直接相关的环境的放射性碳测年表明，该柄沉积于15世纪早期，比发现类似柄的其他地点(如Wairau Bar和Shag River Mouth)稍晚。对新西兰博物馆收藏的所有28条小腿的属性进行比较分析表明，没有明显的区域模式。我们回顾了发现阿瓦胡柄的背景，以及它与其他被发现的物品对于解释怀塔普占领的重要性。我们还考虑了各种报道中对大型拖柄的解释，并基于波利尼西亚的例子，讨论了象征和功能，表明大型拖柄并没有直接用于捕鱼，而是具有与捕鱼相关的作用。
{"title":"A large trolling lure shank from Ahuahu Great Mercury Island, New Zealand","authors":"Furey Louise, Rebecca Phillipps, J. Emmitt, Andrew McAlister, S. Holdaway","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.1.85-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.1.85-112","url":null,"abstract":"Large stone trolling lure shanks, greater than 100 mm, are rare and stylistically associated with the early period of Maori occupation of Aotearoa New Zealand. The triangular-sectioned shank is distinctive and reminiscent of Polynesian forms. The 2016 find during excavations at T10/360 at Waitapu in Coralie Bay, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island, is the first to be recovered in an archaeological context and only the third large shank attributed to the North Island. Moreover, the shank is the largest complete example known. Radiocarbon dates from contexts in direct association with the shank indicate deposition in the early 15th century, slightly later than other sites such as Wairau Bar and Shag River Mouth where similar shanks have been found. A comparative analysis of the attributes of all 28 shanks in New Zealand museum collections indicates no regional patterns are evident. We review the context in which the Ahuahu shank was found, and its importance, along with the other items recovered, for the interpretation of the Waitapu occupation. We also consider the various reported interpretations of large trolling shanks and, based on Polynesian examples where symbolism and function are discussed, suggest large shanks were not used directly in fishing but had a fishing-related role.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75681649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.15286/jps.129.1.59-84
Karenleigh A. Overmann
ABSTRACT: The idea the New Zealand Māori once counted by elevens has been viewed as a cultural misunderstanding originating with a mid-nineteenth-century dictionary of their language. Yet this “remarkable singularity” had an earlier, Continental origin, the details of which have been lost over a century of transmission in the literature. The affair is traced to a pair of scientific explorers, René-Primevère Lesson and Jules Poret de Blosseville, as reconstructed through their publications on the 1822–1825 circumnavigational voyage of the Coquille, a French corvette. Possible explanations for the affair are briefly examined, including whether it might have been a prank by the Polynesians or a misunderstanding or hoax on the part of the Europeans. Reasons why the idea of counting by elevens remains topical are discussed. First, its very oddity has obscured the counting method actually used— setting aside every tenth item as a tally. This “ephemeral abacus” is examined for its physical and mental efficiencies and its potential to explain aspects of numerical structure and vocabulary (e.g., Mangarevan binary counting; the Hawaiian number word for twenty, iwakalua), matters suggesting material forms have a critical if underappreciated role in realising concepts like exponential value. Second, it provides insight into why it can be difficult to appreciate highly elaborated but unwritten numbers like those found throughout Polynesia. Finally, the affair illuminates the difficulty of categorising number systems that use multiple units as the basis of enumeration, like Polynesian pair-counting; potential solutions are offered.
摘要:新西兰Māori曾经以11为单位计数的说法被认为是一种文化上的误解，这种误解源于一本19世纪中期的新西兰语词典。然而，这个“非凡的奇点”有一个更早的大陆起源，其细节已经在一个世纪的文献传播中丢失了。这件事可以追溯到两位科学探险家ren - primevires Lesson和Jules Poret de bloseville，这是通过他们关于1822-1825年法国轻巡洋船Coquille号环游世界航行的出版物重建的。对这一事件的可能解释进行了简要的研究，包括它是否可能是波利尼西亚人的恶作剧，还是欧洲人的误解或恶作剧。讨论了为什么按11数的想法仍然是热门话题的原因。首先，它的奇怪之处在于它掩盖了实际使用的计数方法——每隔10个项目计算一次。这种“短暂的算盘”被检查其物理和精神效率及其解释数字结构和词汇方面的潜力(例如，Mangarevan二进制计数;(夏威夷语中表示20的数字，iwakalua)，表明物质形式的问题在实现指数值等概念方面具有关键的作用，但被低估了。其次，它揭示了为什么很难理解像在波利尼西亚发现的那些高度精细但不成文的数字。最后，这件事说明了对使用多个单位作为枚举基础的数字系统进行分类的困难，比如波利尼西亚的成对计数;提供了潜在的解决方案。
{"title":"The curious idea that Māori once counted by elevens, and the insights it still holds for cross-cultural numerical research","authors":"Karenleigh A. Overmann","doi":"10.15286/jps.129.1.59-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.129.1.59-84","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The idea the New Zealand Māori once counted by elevens has been viewed as a cultural misunderstanding originating with a mid-nineteenth-century dictionary of their language. Yet this “remarkable singularity” had an earlier, Continental origin, the details of which have been lost over a century of transmission in the literature. The affair is traced to a pair of scientific explorers, René-Primevère Lesson and Jules Poret de Blosseville, as reconstructed through their publications on the 1822–1825 circumnavigational voyage of the Coquille, a French corvette. Possible explanations for the affair are briefly examined, including whether it might have been a prank by the Polynesians or a misunderstanding or hoax on the part of the Europeans. Reasons why the idea of counting by elevens remains topical are discussed. First, its very oddity has obscured the counting method actually used— setting aside every tenth item as a tally. This “ephemeral abacus” is examined for its physical and mental efficiencies and its potential to explain aspects of numerical structure and vocabulary (e.g., Mangarevan binary counting; the Hawaiian number word for twenty, iwakalua), matters suggesting material forms have a critical if underappreciated role in realising concepts like exponential value. Second, it provides insight into why it can be difficult to appreciate highly elaborated but unwritten numbers like those found throughout Polynesia. Finally, the affair illuminates the difficulty of categorising number systems that use multiple units as the basis of enumeration, like Polynesian pair-counting; potential solutions are offered.","PeriodicalId":45869,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Polynesian Society","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89175504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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