Language and Cognition最新文献

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Language and executive function relationships in the real world: insights from deafness 真实世界中的语言与执行功能关系：从耳聋中获得的启示

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.10

Mario Figueroa, Nicola Botting, Gary Morgan

Executive functions (EFs) in both regulatory and meta-cognitive contexts are important for a wide variety of children’s daily activities, including play and learning. Despite the growing literature supporting the relationship between EF and language, few studies have focused on these links during everyday behaviours. Data were collected on 208 children from 6 to 12 years old of whom 89 were deaf children (55% female; M = 8;8; SD = 1;9) and 119 were typically hearing children (56% female, M = 8;9; SD = 1;5). Parents completed two inventories: to assess EFs and language proficiency. Parents of deaf children reported greater difficulties with EFs in daily activities than those of hearing children. Correlation analysis between EFs and language showed significant levels only in the deaf group, especially in relation to meta-cognitive EFs. The results are discussed in terms of the role of early parent–child interaction and the relevance of EFs for everyday conversational situations.

执行功能（EFs）在调节和元认知方面对儿童的各种日常活动（包括游戏和学习）都很重要。尽管越来越多的文献支持执行功能与语言之间的关系，但很少有研究关注这些关系在日常行为中的表现。本研究收集了 208 名 6 至 12 岁儿童的数据，其中 89 名是聋哑儿童（55% 为女性；中位数 = 8；8；SD = 1；9），119 名是典型听力儿童（56% 为女性；中位数 = 8；9；SD = 1；5）。家长们填写了两份调查问卷：评估幼儿的情感态度和语言能力。与听力正常儿童的家长相比，失聪儿童的家长在日常活动中遇到更多的EFs困难。EFs与语言之间的相关分析表明，只有聋儿组的EFs达到了显著水平，尤其是在元认知EFs方面。研究结果从早期亲子互动的作用和 EFs 与日常会话的相关性两个方面进行了讨论。

引用次数: 0

The influences of narrative perspective shift and scene detail on narrative semantic processing 叙事视角转换和场景细节对叙事语义加工的影响

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.9

Jian Jin, Siyun Liu

The embodied view of semantic processing holds that readers achieve reading comprehension through mental simulation of the objects and events described in the narrative. However, it remains unclear whether and how the encoding of linguistic factors in narrative descriptions impacts narrative semantic processing. This study aims to explore this issue under the narrative context with and without perspective shift, which is an important and common linguistic factor in narratives. A sentence-picture verification paradigm combined with eye-tracking measures was used to explore the issue. The results showed that (1) the inter-role perspective shift made the participants’ to evenly allocate their first fixation to different elements in the scene following the new perspective; (2) the internal–external perspective shift increased the participants’ total fixation count when they read the sentence with the perspective shift; (3) the scene detail depicted in the picture did not influence the process of narrative semantic processing. These results suggest that perspective shift can disrupt the coherence of situation model and increase the cognitive load of readers during reading. Moreover, scene detail could not be constructed by readers in natural narrative reading.

语义加工的具体化观点认为，读者通过对叙事中描述的对象和事件进行心理模拟来实现阅读理解。然而，叙事描述中语言因素的编码是否以及如何影响叙事语义加工，目前仍不清楚。视角转换是叙事中重要而常见的语言因素，本研究旨在探索在有视角转换和无视角转换的叙事语境下的这一问题。研究采用了句子-图片验证范式，并结合眼动跟踪测量来探讨这一问题。结果表明：(1) 角色间视角转换使被试在新视角下将首次定点平均分配给场景中的不同元素；(2) 内外视角转换增加了被试在阅读视角转换句子时的总定点数；(3) 图片中描绘的场景细节并不影响被试的叙事语义加工过程。这些结果表明，视角转换会破坏情境模型的连贯性，增加读者在阅读过程中的认知负荷。此外，在自然叙事阅读中，读者无法构建场景细节。

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引用次数: 0

The role of consciousness in Chinese nominal metaphor processing: a psychophysical approach 意识在汉语名词隐喻加工中的作用：一种心理物理学方法

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2023.67

Kaiwen Cheng, Yu Chen, Hongmei Yan, Ling Wang

Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) holds that most conceptual metaphors are processed unconsciously. However, whether multiple words can be integrated into a holistic metaphoric sentence without consciousness remains controversial in cognitive science and psychology. This study aims to investigate the role of consciousness in processing Chinese nominal metaphoric sentences ‘A是B’ (A is[like] B) with a psychophysical experimental paradigm referred to as breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS). We manipulated sentence types (metaphoric, literal and anomalous) and word forms (upright, inverted) in a two-staged experiment (CFS and non-CFS). No difference was found in the breakthrough times among all three types of sentences in the CFS stage, while literal sentences were detected more slowly than either metaphoric or anomalous sentences in the non-CFS stage. The results suggest that the integration of multiple words may not succeed without the participation of consciousness, let alone metaphoric processing. These findings may redefine ‘unconscious’ in CMT as ‘preconscious’ and support the indirect access view regarding how the metaphoric meaning is processed in the brain.

概念隐喻理论（CMT）认为，大多数概念隐喻都是在无意识状态下处理的。然而，在认知科学和心理学中，多个词是否能在无意识的情况下整合成一个整体隐喻句仍然存在争议。本研究旨在通过一种心理物理实验范式--断裂连续闪光抑制（b-CFS）--研究意识在处理汉语名词性隐喻句 "A是B"（A is[like] B）中的作用。我们在两阶段实验（CFS 和非 CFS）中对句子类型（隐喻句、字面句和反常句）和词形（直立句和倒立句）进行了操作。结果发现，在 CFS 阶段，三种类型句子的突破时间没有差异，而在非 CFS 阶段，字面句子的检测时间比隐喻句子或反常句子都要慢。结果表明，如果没有意识的参与，多词整合可能无法成功，更不用说隐喻加工了。这些发现可能会将 CMT 中的 "无意识 "重新定义为 "前意识"，并支持关于隐喻意义如何在大脑中处理的间接访问观点。

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引用次数: 0

Prosody of focus in Turkish Sign Language 土耳其手语中的重点拟声

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.4

Serpil Karabüklü, Aslı Gürer

Prosodic realization of focus has been a widely investigated topic across languages and modalities. Simultaneous focus strategies are intriguing to see how they interact regarding their functional and temporal alignment. We explored the multichannel (manual and nonmanual) realization of focus in Turkish Sign Language. We elicited data with focus type, syntactic roles and movement type variables from 20 signers. The results revealed the focus is encoded via increased duration in manual signs, and nonmanuals do not necessarily accompany focused signs. With a multichanneled structure, sign languages use two available channels or opt for one to express focushood.

在各种语言和模式中，焦点的前言实现一直是一个被广泛研究的课题。同时聚焦策略在功能和时间上如何相互配合，这一点很有意思。我们探讨了土耳其手语中焦点的多通道（手动和非手动）实现。我们从 20 位手语者那里获得了有关焦点类型、句法角色和动作类型变量的数据。结果显示，在手动手语中，重点是通过增加持续时间来编码的，而非手动手语并不一定伴随着重点手语。在多通道结构中，手语使用两个可用通道或选择一个通道来表达焦点。

引用次数: 0

Contrasting the semantic space of ‘shame’ and ‘guilt’ in English and Japanese 对比英语和日语中 "羞愧 "和 "内疚 "的语义空间

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.6

Eugenia Diegoli, Emily Öhman

This article sheds light on the significant yet nuanced roles of shame and guilt in influencing moral behaviour, a phenomenon that became particularly prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic with the community’s heightened desire to be seen as moral. These emotions are central to human interactions, and the question of how they are conveyed linguistically is a vast and important one. Our study contributes to this area by analysing the discourses around shame and guilt in English and Japanese online forums, focusing on the terms shame, guilt, haji (‘shame’) and zaiakukan (‘guilt’). We utilise a mix of corpus-based methods and natural language processing tools, including word embeddings, to examine the contexts of these emotion terms and identify semantically similar expressions. Our findings indicate both overlaps and distinct differences in the semantic landscapes of shame and guilt within and across the two languages, highlighting nuanced ways in which these emotions are expressed and distinguished. This investigation provides insights into the complex dynamics between emotion words and the internal states they denote, suggesting avenues for further research in this linguistically rich area.

这篇文章揭示了羞耻感和负罪感在影响道德行为方面所起的重要而又微妙的作用，这种现象在 COVID-19 大流行期间尤为突出，因为当时的人们更希望被视为有道德的人。这些情绪是人际交往的核心，如何在语言中传达这些情绪是一个庞大而重要的问题。我们的研究通过分析英语和日语在线论坛中围绕羞耻感和负罪感的话语，重点关注羞耻感、负罪感、haji（"羞耻"）和zaiakukan（"负罪感"）等术语，为这一领域做出了贡献。我们混合使用了基于语料库的方法和自然语言处理工具（包括单词嵌入）来研究这些情感术语的语境，并识别语义相似的表达方式。我们的研究结果表明，羞愧和内疚在两种语言内部和之间的语义景观既有重叠，也有明显差异，突出了这些情绪的细微表达和区分方式。这项研究深入揭示了情绪词与它们所表示的内部状态之间的复杂动态关系，为在这一语言丰富的领域开展进一步研究提供了思路。

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引用次数: 0

Better letter: iconicity in the manual alphabets of American Sign Language and Swedish Sign Language 更好的字母：美国手语和瑞典手语手动字母的图标性

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.5

Carl Börstell

While iconicity has sometimes been defined as meaning transparency, it is better defined as a subjective phenomenon bound to an individual’s perception and influenced by their previous language experience. In this article, I investigate the subjective nature of iconicity through an experiment in which 72 deaf, hard-of-hearing and hearing (signing and non-signing) participants rate the iconicity of individual letters of the American Sign Language (ASL) and Swedish Sign Language (STS) manual alphabets. It is shown that L1 signers of ASL and STS rate their own (L1) manual alphabet as more iconic than the foreign one. Hearing L2 signers of ASL and STS exhibit the same pattern as L1 signers, showing an iconic preference for their own (L2) manual alphabet. In comparison, hearing non-signers show no general iconic preference for either manual alphabet. Across all groups, some letters are consistently rated as more iconic in one sign language than the other, illustrating general iconic preferences. Overall, the results align with earlier findings from sign language linguistics that point to language experience affecting iconicity ratings and that one’s own signs are rated as more iconic than foreign signs with the same meaning, even if similar iconic mappings are used.

虽然图标性有时被定义为意义透明度，但它更适合被定义为一种主观现象，与个人的感知息息相关，并受其以往语言经验的影响。在本文中，我通过一项实验研究了标志性的主观性质，在该实验中，72 名聋人、重听人和听力正常人（手语和非手语）参与者对美国手语（ASL）和瑞典手语（STS）手写字母表中单个字母的标志性进行了评分。结果表明，ASL 和 STS 的第一手语手语者认为他们自己（第一手语）的手动字母表比外来字母表更具标志性。听力正常的 ASL 和 STS L2 手语手语者表现出与 L1 手语者相同的模式，对自己的（L2）手动字母表表现出标志性偏好。相比之下，非手语听力障碍者对任何一个手语字母表都没有普遍的图标偏好。在所有组别中，有些字母在一种手语中始终比在另一种手语中更具标志性，这说明了一般的标志性偏好。总体而言，这些结果与手语语言学的早期研究结果一致，即语言经验会影响图标性评分，即使使用了相似的图标映射，自己的手语比具有相同含义的外来手语更具图标性。

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引用次数: 0

Backchannel behavior is idiosyncratic 反向渠道行为具有特异性

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.1

Peter Blomsma, Julija Vaitonyté, Gabriel Skantze, Marc Swerts

In spoken conversations, speakers and their addressees constantly seek and provide different forms of audiovisual feedback, also known as backchannels, which include nodding, vocalizations and facial expressions. It has previously been shown that addressees backchannel at specific points during an interaction, namely after a speaker provided a cue to elicit feedback from the addressee. However, addressees may differ in the frequency and type of feedback that they provide, and likewise, speakers may vary the type of cues they generate to signal the backchannel opportunity points (BOPs). Research on the extent to which backchanneling is idiosyncratic is scant. In this article, we quantify and analyze the variability in feedback behavior of 14 addressees who all interacted with the same speaker stimulus. We conducted this research by means of a previously developed experimental paradigm that generates spontaneous interactions in a controlled manner. Our results show that (1) backchanneling behavior varies between listeners (some addressees are more active than others) and (2) backchanneling behavior varies between BOPs (some points trigger more responses than others). We discuss the relevance of these results for models of human–human and human–machine interactions.

在口语会话中，说话人和被说话人不断寻求并提供不同形式的视听反馈，也称为反向渠道，其中包括点头、发声和面部表情。以前的研究表明，在互动过程中的特定时刻，即在说话人发出提示以引起受话人反馈之后，受话人会发出反向信道。然而，受话者提供反馈的频率和类型可能会有所不同，同样，说话者也可能会改变他们发出反向信道机会点（BOPs）信号的提示类型。关于反向渠道在多大程度上具有特异性的研究还很少。在本文中，我们量化并分析了 14 个受话人反馈行为的变异性，这些受话人都与相同的说话者刺激进行了互动。我们通过之前开发的实验范式进行了这项研究，该范式能以受控方式产生自发互动。我们的研究结果表明：(1) 听者之间的反向信道行为各不相同（有些听众比其他听众更活跃）；(2) BOP 之间的反向信道行为各不相同（有些点比其他点引发更多的回应）。我们将讨论这些结果对人际和人机交互模型的意义。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of word and beat priming on Mandarin lexical stress recognition: an event-related potential study 词语和节拍引物对普通话词汇重音识别的影响：一项事件相关电位研究

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2023.75

Wenjing Yu, Yu-Fu Chien, Bing Wang, Jianjun Zhao, Weijun Li

Music and language are unique communication tools in human society, where stress plays a crucial role. Many studies have examined the recognition of lexical stress in Indo-European languages using beat/rhythm priming, but few studies have examined the cross-domain relationship between musical and linguistic stress in tonal languages. The current study investigates how musical stress and lexical stress influence lexical stress recognition in Mandarin. In the auditory priming experiment, disyllabic Mandarin words with initial or final stress were primed by disyllabic words or beats with either congruent or incongruent stress patterns. Results showed that the incongruent condition elicited larger P2 and the late positive component (LPC) amplitudes than the congruent condition. Moreover, the Strong-Weak primes elicited larger N400 amplitudes than the Weak-Strong primes, and the Weak-Strong primes yielded larger LPC amplitudes than the Strong-Weak primes. The findings reveal the neural correlates of the cross-domain influence between music and language during lexical stress recognition in Mandarin.

音乐和语言是人类社会独特的交流工具，其中重音起着至关重要的作用。许多研究利用节拍/节奏引物考察了印欧语言中词汇重音的识别，但很少有研究考察调性语言中音乐重音和语言重音之间的跨域关系。本研究探讨了音乐重音和词汇重音如何影响普通话中的词汇重音识别。在听觉引物实验中，带有首重音或尾重音的双音节普通话词被带有一致或不一致重音模式的双音节词或节拍引出。结果显示，与重音一致的条件相比，重音不一致的条件引起的 P2 和晚期正分量（LPC）振幅更大。此外，"强-弱 "预示比 "弱-强 "预示引起的 N400 振幅大，"弱-强 "预示比 "强-弱 "预示产生的 LPC 振幅大。研究结果揭示了普通话词汇重音识别过程中音乐和语言跨域影响的神经相关性。

引用次数: 0

Does word knowledge account for the effect of world knowledge on pronoun interpretation? 词汇知识是否能解释世界知识对代词解释的影响？

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2024.2

Cameron R. Jones, Benjamin Bergen

To what extent can statistical language knowledge account for the effects of world knowledge in language comprehension? We address this question by focusing on a core aspect of language understanding: pronoun resolution. While existing studies suggest that comprehenders use world knowledge to resolve pronouns, the distributional hypothesis and its operationalization in large language models (LLMs) provide an alternative account of how purely linguistic information could drive apparent world knowledge effects. We addressed these confounds in two experiments. In Experiment 1, we found a strong effect of world knowledge plausibility (measured using a norming study) on responses to comprehension questions that probed pronoun interpretation. In experiment 2, participants were slower to read continuations that contradicted world knowledge-consistent interpretations of a pronoun, implying that comprehenders deploy world knowledge spontaneously. Both effects persisted when controlling for the predictions of GPT-3, an LLM, suggesting that pronoun interpretation is at least partly driven by knowledge about the world and not the word. We propose two potential mechanisms by which knowledge-driven pronoun resolution occurs, based on validation- and expectation-driven discourse processes. The results suggest that while distributional information may capture some aspects of world knowledge, human comprehenders likely draw on other sources unavailable to LLMs.

统计语言知识能在多大程度上解释世界知识对语言理解的影响？我们通过关注语言理解的一个核心方面：代词解析来解决这个问题。现有研究表明，理解者使用世界知识来解决代词问题，而分布假说及其在大型语言模型（LLMs）中的可操作性为纯语言信息如何驱动明显的世界知识效应提供了另一种解释。我们在两个实验中解决了这些问题。在实验 1 中，我们发现世界知识的可信度（通过规范化研究进行测量）对理解问题（探究代词解释）的回答有很强的影响。在实验 2 中，被试在阅读与世界知识相一致的代词解释相矛盾的连词时速度较慢，这意味着理解者会自发地运用世界知识。在控制了 GPT-3 的预测（一种 LLM）后，这两种效应仍然存在，这表明代词的解释至少部分是由世界知识而不是单词知识驱动的。我们根据验证和期望驱动的话语过程，提出了知识驱动代词解释的两种潜在机制。结果表明，虽然分布信息可能捕捉到了世界知识的某些方面，但人类理解者很可能会利用 LLM 无法获得的其他来源。

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引用次数: 0

Motion events in Swedish and French: a Holistic Spatial Semantics analysis 瑞典语和法语中的运动事件：整体空间语义分析

IF 1.8 3区心理学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1017/langcog.2023.62

Nataliia Vesnina

The present study investigates cross-linguistic differences in the description of motion events using Holistic Spatial Semantics (HSS) as a theoretical framework. In this study, six short video stimuli featuring various motion situations were used to elicit narratives from 35 speakers of French and 29 speakers of Swedish. The proportions of semantic category Path linguistically expressed did not vary significantly between the groups. However, the French narratives had significantly less Manner and Direction expression. Furthermore, they included significantly more unbounded non-translocative events compared to the Swedish narratives. Partly, this was due to the tendency within the Swedish group to construe situations as bounded events that were clearly shown as unbounded in the stimuli. There was also a tendency within the French group to distribute the information about the same situation over two clauses. These findings lend further support to the relevance of distinguishing between the Path and Direction categories, as well as other key features of the HSS framework, such as the distinction between non-verbal motion situations and their linguistic construals.

本研究以整体空间语义学（HSS）为理论框架，探讨了运动事件描述的跨语言差异。在本研究中，研究人员使用了六段以各种运动情况为主题的短视频刺激，以引出 35 位法语使用者和 29 位瑞典语使用者的叙述。两组语言所表达的语义类别 Path 的比例差异不大。但是，法语叙述中的 "方式 "和 "方向 "表达明显较少。此外，与瑞典语叙事相比，法语叙事中包含了更多无限制的非翻译事件。这部分是由于瑞典语组倾向于将情境理解为有界限的事件，而在刺激中则明显显示为无界限的事件。此外，法语组还倾向于将有关同一情境的信息分散到两个分句中。这些发现进一步证明了区分路径和方向类别的重要性，以及人机交互系统框架的其他关键特征，如区分非语言运动情境及其语言解释。

引用次数: 0

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