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International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice最新文献

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Harmful gun behaviour and perceived collective efficacy: evidence from a cross-national study of youth detainees 有害的枪支行为和集体效能感:来自对被拘留青年的跨国家研究的证据
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249
Steven Cook, T. Bruno, P. Erickson, Jennifer E. Butters, L. Harrison
ABSTRACT This paper examines the patterns of harmful weapon behavior and the protective influence of perceived collective efficacy on harmful weapon behavior among a cross-national sample of youth detainees in Toronto and Philadelphia. Despite different firearms policies, detained youth in both cities reveal considerable knowledge of where to get a gun. Multivariate analyses reveal that participating in gang fights, non-violent delinquency, and neighborhood gun markets are significantly related to harmful gun behavior in both cities. Only one collective efficacy subscale, perceived social cohesion, exerted a protective influence on harmful gun behavior among youth in both cities. These results suggest that in the absence of “strong ties,” reflected in family and residential stability, there may be added value in the “weak ties” provided by the community, making social cohesion an important protective characteristic for this high-risk group of youthful detainees. The significance of the findings, limitations, and potential policy implications are discussed.
摘要本文研究了多伦多和费城青少年在押人员的有害武器行为模式以及集体效能感对有害武器行为的保护作用。尽管有不同的枪支政策,但这两个城市被拘留的年轻人都对在哪里持枪有相当的了解。多元分析显示,在这两个城市,参与帮派斗殴、非暴力犯罪和社区枪支市场与有害枪支行为显著相关。只有一个集体效能分量表,即感知的社会凝聚力,对这两个城市的年轻人的有害枪支行为产生了保护性影响。这些结果表明,在没有反映在家庭和住宅稳定中的“强联系”的情况下,社区提供的“弱联系”可能会增加价值,使社会凝聚力成为这一年轻被拘留者高危群体的重要保护特征。讨论了研究结果的重要性、局限性和潜在的政策影响。
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引用次数: 0
International migration and cross-national homicide: considering the role of economic development 国际移徙与跨国杀人:考虑经济发展的作用
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-09 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250
Mateus Rennó Santos, Douglas B. Weiss, Alexander Testa
ABSTRACT This study investigates the longitudinal relationship between international migration and homicide using a sample of 88 developed and developing countries from 1993 to 2015. Drawing on research demonstrating that (1) economic development reduces violent crime within countries, and (2) migrants often move to countries with improving economic conditions in search of better economic opportunities, we test the hypothesis that the relationship between international migration and homicide is spurious at the cross-national level, as both factors may be attributed to economic development. Using fixed-effects regression, we find that a negative direct association between international migration and homicide is explained by economic development. We conclude that an increase in international migration and a decrease in homicide may both be consequences of a broader process of development.
摘要本研究以1993年至2015年的88个发达国家和发展中国家为样本,调查了国际移民与凶杀之间的纵向关系。研究表明,(1)经济发展减少了国内的暴力犯罪,(2)移民经常搬到经济条件改善的国家寻找更好的经济机会,我们根据这一研究,检验了国际移民与凶杀之间的关系在跨国层面上是虚假的这一假设,因为这两个因素都可以归因于经济发展。使用固定效应回归,我们发现国际移民和凶杀之间的负直接关联可以用经济发展来解释。我们的结论是,国际移民的增加和凶杀案的减少都可能是更广泛的发展进程的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Criminal justice reform and court-imposed bail in Mexico: an empirical report 墨西哥刑事司法改革与法院强制保释:一份实证报告
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1844251
Rodrigo Meneses Reyes, Gustavo Fondevila
ABSTRACT This article furthers the discussion on bail through an analysis of the conditions under which this measure is used in Mexico, a country which has recently reformed its penal system (2008–2016) by introducing new procedural rules, which seek to reduce the use of pretrial detention. The study is based on a statistical-descriptive examination of 1,537 judicial cases in which judges chose to impose either pretrial detention or bail. Our findings indicate that, obtaining bail, rather than pretrial detention, is related to both the specific nature of the crime as well as the circumstances of the criminal investigation. Furthermore, our data confirm that pretrial decisions can affect the entire course of a case. In our sample, defendants who were granted bail were more likely to receive non-condemnatory sentences than those who awaited trial in prison.
本文通过分析墨西哥使用保释措施的条件,进一步讨论保释问题。墨西哥最近改革了其刑事制度(2008-2016年),引入了新的程序规则,旨在减少审前拘留的使用。这项研究基于对1 537个司法案件的统计描述性审查,在这些案件中,法官要么选择审前拘留,要么选择保释。我们的调查结果表明,获得保释,而不是审前拘留,与犯罪的具体性质以及刑事调查的情况有关。此外,我们的数据证实,审前决定可以影响案件的整个过程。在我们的样本中,获得保释的被告比那些在监狱里等待审判的被告更有可能得到非定罪判决。
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引用次数: 1
Shades of blue: Exploring the code of silence in Croatia and Serbia 蓝色的阴影:探索克罗地亚和塞尔维亚的沉默准则
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1824872
R. Peacock, Marko Prpič, Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Irena Cajner Mraović, V. Bozovic
ABSTRACT This paper examines the factors affecting police officer willingness to adhere to a code of silence among the police in Croatia and Serbia. The paper explores the factors predicting police codes of silence in two countries formed after the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s that pursued separate development paths. A police integrity questionnaire recorded the views of 1,007 police officers in Croatia and 1,843 police officers in Serbia. Multivariate modelling was used to analyse the predictors of officers’ perceptions of whether they would report the violation in different scenarios. Decades since the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, the results indicate that many of the factors predicting the code of silence remain similar across police officers in the two countries.
摘要本文考察了克罗地亚和塞尔维亚警察中影响警察遵守沉默准则意愿的因素。本文探讨了20世纪90年代初前南斯拉夫解体后形成的两个追求不同发展道路的国家的警察沉默准则的预测因素。一份警察廉政调查问卷记录了克罗地亚1007名警察和塞尔维亚1843名警察的意见。使用多变量建模来分析官员对他们是否会在不同情况下报告违规行为的看法的预测因素。自前南斯拉夫解体几十年以来,研究结果表明,预测沉默准则的许多因素在两国警察中仍然相似。
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引用次数: 5
The life course of delinquency: reflections on the meaning of trajectories, transitions and turning points in youth justice 犯罪的生命历程:对青年司法的轨迹、过渡和转折点意义的思考
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-28 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1821728
Stephen Case, Roger Smith
ABSTRACT This article challenges contemporary analyses of the nature of youth justice in England and Wales as partial and restricted in theoretical and conceptual terms. A life course perspective is adopted to examine the trajectory of youth justice as a dynamic artefact, constantly shaped by recurring, reconstructed and r/evolving contextual, thematic and stakeholder influences. A critical and thematic review of academic, government, policy and media literature using social construction as its analytical frame of reference in turn opens up the theoretical space to articulate an internally-coherent and nuanced framework for understanding the nature and development of youth justice past, present and future.
摘要本文挑战了当代对英格兰和威尔士青年司法性质的分析,认为其在理论和概念上是片面的和受限的。采用生命历程的视角来审视青年司法作为一种动态的人工制品的轨迹,它不断受到反复出现、重建和不断演变的背景、主题和利益相关者的影响。以社会建构为分析参考框架,对学术、政府、政策和媒体文献进行批判性和主题性审查,反过来又为阐明一个内部连贯和微妙的框架开辟了理论空间,以理解青年司法的性质和发展——过去、现在和未来。
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引用次数: 0
Crime and fear in public places: an introduction to the special issue 公共场所的犯罪与恐惧:特刊简介
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1824716
V. Ceccato, Mahesh K. Nalla
Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (UN-United Nations, 2019) A safe environment is one that maximises the use of public places; it is a place that encourages social interaction....
使城市具有包容性、安全性、韧性和可持续性(联合国,2019)安全的环境是最大限度地利用公共场所的环境;这是一个鼓励社交的地方。。。。
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引用次数: 4
There has to be a better way: place managers for crime prevention in a surveillance society 必须有更好的方法:在监控社会中安置预防犯罪的场所管理人员
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-10 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1788960
Stephen Douglas, Brandon C. Welsh
ABSTRACT We live in a surveillance society. Often justified under the guise of government anti-terrorism activities, domestic crime reduction, or both, surveillance takes many forms, including closed-circuit television cameras, networked cameras, and facial recognition applications. There is also a range of alternative forms of surveillance, measures considered less of an imposition to privacy, civil liberties, and other personal freedoms. One example is place managers: employees who perform a surveillance function secondary to their employment duties (e.g., bus drivers, parking lot attendants, train conductors). This article reports on an updated systematic review of the effects of place managers on crime in public and private space. Following identification and screening of several hundred references, a total of six studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that place managers represent a promising situational technique for preventing crime. Future place manager interventions need to be guided by the rich body of theory on place management.
摘要我们生活在一个监视社会。监视通常以政府反恐活动、减少国内犯罪或两者兼有为借口,采取多种形式,包括闭路电视摄像机、网络摄像机和面部识别应用程序。还有一系列替代形式的监视,这些措施被认为不是对隐私、公民自由和其他个人自由的强加。一个例子是场所经理:履行其工作职责之外的监督职能的员工(如公交车司机、停车场服务员、列车长)。本文报告了对场所管理者对公共和私人空间犯罪影响的最新系统审查。在鉴定和筛选了数百篇参考文献后,共有6项研究符合纳入标准。研究结果表明,场所管理者代表了一种很有前途的预防犯罪的情境技术。未来的场所管理干预需要以丰富的场所管理理论为指导。
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引用次数: 4
Private security’s accountabilities within polycentric assemblages 多中心组合中私人保安的责任
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-06 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1788959
Julie Berg, C. Shearing
ABSTRACT This article will reflect on the multiple ways in which private security can, and is, being held responsible and accountable to the public (and other security providers), in formalised, polycentric, or nodal assemblages. Drawing on empirical research conducted on plural policing partnerships, the article will show that private security is influenced by market forces, but that this is part of an interwoven, layered, formal-informal system of accountabilities – most of which are bottom-up and relational, rather than top-down and legislated. In fact, drawing on the work of John Braithwaite, we show that horizontal or circular forms of accountability (or accountabilities) play a large role in aligning the private sector to the public interest or common good within pluralised environments.
摘要本文将反思在形式化、多中心或节点组合中,私人安全可以而且现在对公众(和其他安全提供者)负责和问责的多种方式。根据对多元警务伙伴关系进行的实证研究,这篇文章将表明,私人安全受到市场力量的影响,但这是一个交织的、分层的、正式的非正式问责体系的一部分——其中大多数是自下而上的和关系的,而不是自上而下的和立法的。事实上,根据约翰·布雷斯韦特的工作,我们表明,横向或循环形式的问责制(或问责制)在多元化环境中使私营部门与公共利益或共同利益保持一致方面发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 2
Editorial 社论
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1794217
Mahesh K. Nalla
We are pleased to bring in this issue (Vol. 44, Iss.3) a key contribution by John Braithwaite, Crime as a cascade phenomenon, followed by three critical reflections and analysis of that work. Braithwaite, in this analytic sketch, noted that “war tends to cascade across space and time to further war, crime to further crime, war to crime, and crime to war.” Drawing data from South Asia, Braithwaite examines crime through a cascade lens to help us visualise how just as crime tends to cascade; peacemaking can cascade non-violence, and crime prevention. He argued that viewing crime through the cascade lens and with self-efficacy and collective efficacy working as catalysts of crime prevention “opens up fertile ways of imagining macrocriminology.” Drawing examples from success stories on gun control and drunk driving from Australian experiences, Braithwaite highlights the importance of explicitly linking individual offenders from evidence-based micro-criminology to a macro-criminology of cultural transformation. Braithwaite’s article has received three critical reviews and comments. Susan Karstedt’s essay On Wake-up calls and metaphors observed that cascade lens could motivate new directions in criminological research while cautioning its limitation for “its potential as organizing structure for testing important propositions.” She suggests that to advance the cascade concept from a metaphor to an analytical tool, it needs to be made operational and testable. She further observed that it is critical to identify the connections between the broader structural conditions such as poverty and concentrated disadvantage and micro-level decision making. Echoing in a similar vein, Ed McGarrell notes that Braithwaite’s work puts emphasis on “crime prevention with the hope that research and practice can build upon the notion Cascades to make more substantial and sustained crime prevention effects” and draws scholars’ attention to several issues that can be explored through cascade framework. Finally, Jay Kennedy highlights that the self-efficacy and collective efficacy that Braithwaite identifies as “mediums through which crime and crime prevention flow are important factors for the sustenance and proliferation of crime prevention cascades, particularly when those cascades include elements of reintegrative approaches to the destigmatisation of criminal histories.” He argues that viewing Crime and crime prevention through the cascade lens given the role collective efficacy plays to “create socially positive rather than exclusionary practices.” In this issue, we also bring you three other articles. The first of these is by Erik Alda and his colleagues, who examine perceived fairness in criminal courts in seven countries in the Caribbean. The findings suggest that a critical indicator of courts’ perceived fairness is the perceived fairness of the police. Additionally, they also find that involvement in one’s community and crime victimisation are important predictors
我们很高兴在本期(第44卷,第3期)中介绍约翰·布雷斯韦特的一篇重要贡献,《犯罪作为级联现象》,随后对这项工作进行了三次批判性反思和分析。Braithwaite在这篇分析草图中指出,“战争往往会在空间和时间上级联,从而进一步战争,犯罪进而犯罪,战争进而犯罪,犯罪进而战争。”Braithwait从南亚获得数据,通过级联镜头来审视犯罪,帮助我们想象犯罪是如何级联的;缔造和平可以把非暴力和预防犯罪串联起来。他认为,从级联视角看待犯罪,并将自我效能和集体效能作为预防犯罪的催化剂,“为想象宏观犯罪学开辟了丰富的途径”,Braithwaite强调了明确将个体罪犯从循证微观犯罪学与文化转型的宏观犯罪学联系起来的重要性。Braithwaite的文章获得了三次批评性评论。Susan Karstedt的文章《唤醒电话和隐喻》指出,级联透镜可以激发犯罪学研究的新方向,同时警告其“作为测试重要命题的组织结构的潜力”的局限性。她建议,要将级联概念从隐喻推进到分析工具,需要使其具有可操作性和可测试性。她进一步指出,至关重要的是要确定更广泛的结构性条件,如贫困和集中劣势与微观决策之间的联系。与此类似,Ed McGarrell指出,Braithwaite的工作强调“犯罪预防,希望研究和实践能够建立在级联概念的基础上,产生更实质和持续的犯罪预防效果”,并提请学者注意可以通过级联框架探索的几个问题。最后,Jay Kennedy强调,Braithwaite认为,自我效能和集体效能是“犯罪和预防犯罪流动的媒介,是维持和扩散预防犯罪级联的重要因素,特别是当这些级联包括消除犯罪历史污名化的重新融入方法的要素时。他认为,鉴于集体效能在“创造社会积极而非排斥性的做法”方面所起的作用,从级联视角看待犯罪和预防犯罪。在本期中,我们还为您带来了其他三篇文章。第一个是Erik Alda和他的同事,他们研究了加勒比七个国家刑事法院的公平感。调查结果表明,法院感知公平的一个关键指标是警察的感知公平。此外,他们还发现,参与社区和犯罪受害是法庭公平感的重要预测因素。Jina Lee和Ksenia Petlakh的第二篇文章研究了韩国囚犯成年后从吸食大麻到服用其他药物的过程。通过对202名囚犯的样本进行倾向匹配技术,作者发现,青少年时期吸食大麻的青少年在成年后更容易服用鸦片类、致幻剂和其他兴奋剂等较难的药物。然而,他们没有发现支持这种进展为使用快克/可卡因。在最后一篇研究报告中,罗宾·霍尔德比较了三个国家专门的家庭暴力法庭的数据,发现这些法庭的程序和组成部分存在高度差异,这引发了人们对跨国比较的担忧。她建议,在法院网站上应用标准化数据网格可以最大限度地减少数据差异《国际比较与应用刑事司法杂志2020》第44卷第3期135–136https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1794217
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引用次数: 0
Antecedents of Perceived Fairness in Criminal Courts: A Comparative Analysis 刑事法院公平感知的前提:比较分析
IF 1.1 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2019.1615521
E. Alda, Richard R. Bennett, Nancy E. Marion, Melissa Morabito, S. Baxter
ABSTRACT Criminal courts are an essential component of the criminal justice system. How people perceive courts determines, in part, their compliance with court decisions. When courts are perceived as being just, fair and trustworthy, citizens are more likely to respect court rulings. However, few people have direct experience with the criminal courts, but many do with the police. This paper explores whether citizens’ perception of police fairness affects their perception of criminal courts as being fair and examines the influences of a variety of individual and community factors upon this relationship. We tested a conceptual model with three clusters of predictive variables (individual, community, and national levels) based on data from the Caribbean. The findings indicate that perceived fairness of courts is driven primarily by perceived fairness of the police as well as by involvement in one’s community and an individual’s crime victimization. Policy implications of these findings are explored.
摘要刑事法院是刑事司法系统的重要组成部分。人们对法院的看法在一定程度上决定了他们对法院判决的遵守程度。当法院被认为是公正、公平和值得信赖的时,公民更有可能尊重法院的裁决。然而,很少有人有刑事法庭的直接经验,但很多人都有警察的经验。本文探讨了公民对警察公平的看法是否会影响他们对刑事法院公平的看法,并考察了各种个人和社区因素对这种关系的影响。我们根据加勒比地区的数据,测试了一个包含三组预测变量(个人、社区和国家层面)的概念模型。调查结果表明,法院的公平感主要是由警察的公平感以及对社区和个人犯罪受害的参与所驱动的。对这些发现的政策含义进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice
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