Pub Date : 2021-09-14DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1979611
M. Korovich, E. Jeglic, Giovanna A. Jara
ABSTRACT Since the #MeToo movement, sexual abuse on airlines has been receiving increased attention, however there is a dearth of empirical research investigating this phenomenon. This study is one of the first to examine characteristics of victims and perpetrators of in-flight sexual assaults, as well as data on situational risk factors, victim reporting, and airline responses. A review of major media outlets in the past decade identified 73 unique cases of in-flight sexual assault that were coded by two raters independently. Overall findings displayed the majority of victims were unaccompanied young females, being sexually assaulted (groped) by older males travelling alone. Most reported assaults occurred on North American flights under eight hours in length, where the assaults were reported immediately by victims to members of the flight crew, with charges pressed afterwards. Findings will be discussed as they pertain to the detection and prevention of in-flight sexual assault.
{"title":"The nature of in-flight sexual assaults","authors":"M. Korovich, E. Jeglic, Giovanna A. Jara","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1979611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1979611","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the #MeToo movement, sexual abuse on airlines has been receiving increased attention, however there is a dearth of empirical research investigating this phenomenon. This study is one of the first to examine characteristics of victims and perpetrators of in-flight sexual assaults, as well as data on situational risk factors, victim reporting, and airline responses. A review of major media outlets in the past decade identified 73 unique cases of in-flight sexual assault that were coded by two raters independently. Overall findings displayed the majority of victims were unaccompanied young females, being sexually assaulted (groped) by older males travelling alone. Most reported assaults occurred on North American flights under eight hours in length, where the assaults were reported immediately by victims to members of the flight crew, with charges pressed afterwards. Findings will be discussed as they pertain to the detection and prevention of in-flight sexual assault.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"377 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43002193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1953553
Ronald van Steden
ABSTRACT
This paper presents theoretical and empirical research on the collaborative practices of plural policing in the Netherlands and Belgium. It develops and operationalises an explanatory theoretical framework which consists of three factors: network ‘structure and technologies’, ‘culture and relationships’ and ‘governance and policy’. A qualitative analysis of three cases – the Johan Cruijff Arena (the Ajax soccer stadium in Amsterdam), the Nijmegen Four-Day March (a major walking event in the East of the Netherlands) and the Antwerp Diamond Quarter – illustrates that ‘structure and technologies’ and ‘culture and relationships’ are intertwined factors. The lack of a formalised structure for collaboration coincides with lower levels of mutual trust, which, in turn, disturbs the equilibrium that exists between interdependent actors. The state remains salient in anchoring the local security networks studied. Although private actors can act as governing nodes, they only prosper within the remit of government power and public legal authority.
{"title":"Theorising and illustrating the collaborative practices of plural policing: an analysis of three cases in the Netherlands and Belgium","authors":"Ronald van Steden","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1953553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1953553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>ABSTRACT</b></p><p>This paper presents theoretical and empirical research on the collaborative practices of plural policing in the Netherlands and Belgium. It develops and operationalises an explanatory theoretical framework which consists of three factors: network ‘structure and technologies’, ‘culture and relationships’ and ‘governance and policy’. A qualitative analysis of three cases – the Johan Cruijff Arena (the Ajax soccer stadium in Amsterdam), the Nijmegen Four-Day March (a major walking event in the East of the Netherlands) and the Antwerp Diamond Quarter – illustrates that ‘structure and technologies’ and ‘culture and relationships’ are intertwined factors. The lack of a formalised structure for collaboration coincides with lower levels of mutual trust, which, in turn, disturbs the equilibrium that exists between interdependent actors. The state remains salient in anchoring the local security networks studied. Although private actors can act as governing nodes, they only prosper within the remit of government power and public legal authority.</p>","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"65 2","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1958355
Martin A. Andresen, Jordan Wong
ABSTRACT Research has shown that crime is concentrated at a small number of micro-places. This research has found that these spatial patterns are generalisable across different urban settings and are relatively stable over time. Despite this, little is known about the explanatory factors of crime at the micro-spatial scale. Using police incident data and land-use information obtained from the Vancouver Open-Data catalogue, zero-inflated negative binomial models are used to explain the spatial patterns of various types of property crimes at the street segment level. The results demonstrate that aspects of micro-places (multi-unit housing, restaurants (with and without liquor), and retail outlets) have a significant positive impact on these crime types at the micro-spatial level. Depending on the crime type, the strength of the relationship varies in magnitude and level of significance.
{"title":"The influence of micro-places on the spatial patterns of property crime in Vancouver, Canada","authors":"Martin A. Andresen, Jordan Wong","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1958355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1958355","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research has shown that crime is concentrated at a small number of micro-places. This research has found that these spatial patterns are generalisable across different urban settings and are relatively stable over time. Despite this, little is known about the explanatory factors of crime at the micro-spatial scale. Using police incident data and land-use information obtained from the Vancouver Open-Data catalogue, zero-inflated negative binomial models are used to explain the spatial patterns of various types of property crimes at the street segment level. The results demonstrate that aspects of micro-places (multi-unit housing, restaurants (with and without liquor), and retail outlets) have a significant positive impact on these crime types at the micro-spatial level. Depending on the crime type, the strength of the relationship varies in magnitude and level of significance.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1958355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48067485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-18DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1955219
H. Hirtenlehner, Neema Trivedi-Bateman, D. Baier, Dagmar Strohmeier
ABSTRACT The present study investigates whether empathy shapes the criminogenic effect of low self-control in late adulthood. Based on the assumption that the capacity to understand and share the thoughts and emotions of other people moderates the significance of the capability to consider the distant consequences of behaviour on oneself, we posit that poor self-control is less consequential among senior citizens of high empathy. The results of a postal survey of 3,000 randomly selected older adults from Germany indicate that both low trait self-control and weak trait empathy increase offending in advanced age. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence of an interaction according to which the relationship between the risk-taking component of the self-control trait and criminal activity is stronger for older adults characterised by low empathy. Impulsivity, on the other hand, seems to mediate the association of empathy and offending in late life.
{"title":"Does Empathy Attenuate the Criminogenic Effect of Low Self-Control in Late Life?","authors":"H. Hirtenlehner, Neema Trivedi-Bateman, D. Baier, Dagmar Strohmeier","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1955219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1955219","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study investigates whether empathy shapes the criminogenic effect of low self-control in late adulthood. Based on the assumption that the capacity to understand and share the thoughts and emotions of other people moderates the significance of the capability to consider the distant consequences of behaviour on oneself, we posit that poor self-control is less consequential among senior citizens of high empathy. The results of a postal survey of 3,000 randomly selected older adults from Germany indicate that both low trait self-control and weak trait empathy increase offending in advanced age. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence of an interaction according to which the relationship between the risk-taking component of the self-control trait and criminal activity is stronger for older adults characterised by low empathy. Impulsivity, on the other hand, seems to mediate the association of empathy and offending in late life.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"47 1","pages":"57 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1955219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43411460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1949739
Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, M. López-Santana, Camilo Pardo-Herrera
ABSTRACT By focusing on the case of Northern Virginia (NOVA) and comparing it to the countries of the Central American Northern Triangle, this article argues that, in contrast to the dominant narrative, MS-13 in NOVA is a fragmented criminal organisation without much capacity to engage in sophisticated, transnational criminal activities. This piece “brings the State back in” to show that strong State capacity, grounded in a combination of coercive and infrastructural powers, allows us to understand the weakness of MS-13 in NOVA. These findings are supported by interviews with experts, members of law enforcement, and public officials.
{"title":"The nature of MS-13 in the American context: a transnational comparison","authors":"Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, M. López-Santana, Camilo Pardo-Herrera","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1949739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1949739","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT By focusing on the case of Northern Virginia (NOVA) and comparing it to the countries of the Central American Northern Triangle, this article argues that, in contrast to the dominant narrative, MS-13 in NOVA is a fragmented criminal organisation without much capacity to engage in sophisticated, transnational criminal activities. This piece “brings the State back in” to show that strong State capacity, grounded in a combination of coercive and infrastructural powers, allows us to understand the weakness of MS-13 in NOVA. These findings are supported by interviews with experts, members of law enforcement, and public officials.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"47 1","pages":"79 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1949739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45077475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1927124
Otwin Marenin
ABSTRACT I have known David Bayley personally for a long time and followed his career over the years. David’s reputation and status in the profession rests, I think, on four basic achievements. One was his ability to connect micro level analyses of the police who do policing, as well as other actors on fields of security, to larger national and even global trends. He placed the police squarely into the politics of their locations as powerful political actors. He used democracy in its shifting connotations to judge how well police were performing their job. And he convincingly argued that knowledge gained needed to be used to improve and manage policies.
{"title":"David Bayley: a personal reminiscence","authors":"Otwin Marenin","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1927124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1927124","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT I have known David Bayley personally for a long time and followed his career over the years. David’s reputation and status in the profession rests, I think, on four basic achievements. One was his ability to connect micro level analyses of the police who do policing, as well as other actors on fields of security, to larger national and even global trends. He placed the police squarely into the politics of their locations as powerful political actors. He used democracy in its shifting connotations to judge how well police were performing their job. And he convincingly argued that knowledge gained needed to be used to improve and manage policies.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"245 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1927124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41792780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1949620
Jacek Koziarski, Laura Huey
ABSTRACT In this piece we reply to a commentary from Staller and Koerner on our work entitled, #Defund or #Re-Fund? Re-Examining Bayley’s Blueprint for Police Reform. In short, we agree on the necessity of reflexivity within policing research and the area of evidence-based policing more specifically, but also see this reply as an opportunity to clarify some misconceptions around evidence-based policing and what it means to be “evidence-based.” More specifically, we touch upon the flexibility of evidence-based policing to be implemented in tandem with other reform approaches, the value of experiential knowledge and qualitative methods within evidence-based policing, and the confounding of evidence and evidence-based. We conclude on the point of reflexivity and put out a call for follow-up studies that examine the implications of evaluated police practices.
{"title":"Tidying up a few misconceptions around evidence-based policing: Reply to Staller and Koerner (2021)","authors":"Jacek Koziarski, Laura Huey","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1949620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1949620","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this piece we reply to a commentary from Staller and Koerner on our work entitled, #Defund or #Re-Fund? Re-Examining Bayley’s Blueprint for Police Reform. In short, we agree on the necessity of reflexivity within policing research and the area of evidence-based policing more specifically, but also see this reply as an opportunity to clarify some misconceptions around evidence-based policing and what it means to be “evidence-based.” More specifically, we touch upon the flexibility of evidence-based policing to be implemented in tandem with other reform approaches, the value of experiential knowledge and qualitative methods within evidence-based policing, and the confounding of evidence and evidence-based. We conclude on the point of reflexivity and put out a call for follow-up studies that examine the implications of evaluated police practices.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"427 - 430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1949620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41375785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1942103
James Tuttle
ABSTRACT One of the most consistent findings in the cross-national literature is the association between economic inequality and homicide rates. However, recent research has raised doubts concerning causality. To address some of these concerns, I draw on a (modified) version of Coleman’s theory-building model to connect societal-level economic inequality and homicide rates through mechanisms operating at the neighbourhood level. The causal pathway operates through three mechanisms. First, greater economic inequality within society corresponds with higher degrees of spatial segregation by income across neighbourhoods. Second, spatial segregation contributes to concentrated disadvantage and less social integration of the lowest economic stratum, described as (reduced) collective efficacy and social isolation. Finally, more tenuous social integration contributes to higher rates of crime due to weakened social control and cultural/social adaptations to social isolation. This integration of the cross-national and neighbourhood literatures provides new avenues for research on the societal inequality/homicide association.
{"title":"Inequality, concentrated disadvantage, and homicide: towards a multi-level theory of economic inequality and crime","authors":"James Tuttle","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1942103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1942103","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One of the most consistent findings in the cross-national literature is the association between economic inequality and homicide rates. However, recent research has raised doubts concerning causality. To address some of these concerns, I draw on a (modified) version of Coleman’s theory-building model to connect societal-level economic inequality and homicide rates through mechanisms operating at the neighbourhood level. The causal pathway operates through three mechanisms. First, greater economic inequality within society corresponds with higher degrees of spatial segregation by income across neighbourhoods. Second, spatial segregation contributes to concentrated disadvantage and less social integration of the lowest economic stratum, described as (reduced) collective efficacy and social isolation. Finally, more tenuous social integration contributes to higher rates of crime due to weakened social control and cultural/social adaptations to social isolation. This integration of the cross-national and neighbourhood literatures provides new avenues for research on the societal inequality/homicide association.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"215 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1942103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49208091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1938159
P. Oliveira, Eduardo Paes-Machado
ABSTRACT Several authors have stated that the performance of private security firms in public spaces fosters privatisation and the exclusion from these spaces of users who are considered inopportune or undesirable. This study examines the hypothesis that these negative impacts are maximised by the intermingling or hybridism between such companies and the police forces. It analyzes the influence of this hybridism on the security model and the tactics adopted by the organised groups of revellers or roped-off blocos that parade during Carnival. It argues that this hybrid security make use of coercive and confrontational tactics to ensure the wellbeing and safety of member revellers, while barring non-paying revellers’ access to the blocos’ internal perimeters. At the same time, they make it difficult for the latter to remain in public spaces in the immediate surroundings of blocos, even preventing them from moving about in those spaces.
{"title":"Itinerant Bubbles: hybrid carnival security and privatisation of public spaces","authors":"P. Oliveira, Eduardo Paes-Machado","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1938159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1938159","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Several authors have stated that the performance of private security firms in public spaces fosters privatisation and the exclusion from these spaces of users who are considered inopportune or undesirable. This study examines the hypothesis that these negative impacts are maximised by the intermingling or hybridism between such companies and the police forces. It analyzes the influence of this hybridism on the security model and the tactics adopted by the organised groups of revellers or roped-off blocos that parade during Carnival. It argues that this hybrid security make use of coercive and confrontational tactics to ensure the wellbeing and safety of member revellers, while barring non-paying revellers’ access to the blocos’ internal perimeters. At the same time, they make it difficult for the latter to remain in public spaces in the immediate surroundings of blocos, even preventing them from moving about in those spaces.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"31 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1938159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49519173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1930564
Joel A. Capellan, Chunrye Kim, J. Porter, H. Sung
ABSTRACT SafeWalking is of a prevention tool that identifies safe areas for women in public spaces in the City of Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras. The current study examines the effect of using this phone app on users’ self-rated information about “safe places,” the number of precautionary behaviours, and victimisation. This study also examines its effect on constructs, such as fear of crime, perceived safety, and risk of victimisation. Using a pre-test and post-test design, we find that those assigned in the treatment group (i.e., the app users) experienced a significant increase in self-reported knowledge of the dangerous areas in Santa Rosa de Copan. Despite increased knowledge, there was no statistically significant effect on the number of precautionary behaviours and odds of victimisation of the app users. We discuss lessons learned, implications, and ways to improve future iterations of this and similar crime prevention applications.
{"title":"Can information about “safe places” reduce female victimisation in Honduras? a quasi-experimental evaluation of the safeWalking app","authors":"Joel A. Capellan, Chunrye Kim, J. Porter, H. Sung","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1930564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1930564","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT SafeWalking is of a prevention tool that identifies safe areas for women in public spaces in the City of Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras. The current study examines the effect of using this phone app on users’ self-rated information about “safe places,” the number of precautionary behaviours, and victimisation. This study also examines its effect on constructs, such as fear of crime, perceived safety, and risk of victimisation. Using a pre-test and post-test design, we find that those assigned in the treatment group (i.e., the app users) experienced a significant increase in self-reported knowledge of the dangerous areas in Santa Rosa de Copan. Despite increased knowledge, there was no statistically significant effect on the number of precautionary behaviours and odds of victimisation of the app users. We discuss lessons learned, implications, and ways to improve future iterations of this and similar crime prevention applications.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"357 - 370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1930564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42407914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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