Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1899000
Elsa Saarikkomäki, Pauliina Lampela
ABSTRACT The global growth of the private security sector is connected to the increasing number of quasi-public spaces policed as private ones but used as public ones. The intensive policing of young people in shopping centres has, however, led to problematic private security–youth relations. This article focuses on a new method in which youth workers train security guards to improve these relations in shopping centres in Finland. The study uses qualitative content analysis to explore unique data – security guards’ daily reports. The encounters displayed control, care and cooperation: security guards controlled the youths’ activities but also talked with them and helped them. The study argues that the role of security guards is even more plural and blurred than previously understood, including a “social” orientation, and cooperation with public, private and third sector agents. Finally, the study highlights the importance of developing procedural justice, both in theory and in practice.
{"title":"Improving private security–youth relations in quasi-public spaces: control, care, cooperation","authors":"Elsa Saarikkomäki, Pauliina Lampela","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1899000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899000","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The global growth of the private security sector is connected to the increasing number of quasi-public spaces policed as private ones but used as public ones. The intensive policing of young people in shopping centres has, however, led to problematic private security–youth relations. This article focuses on a new method in which youth workers train security guards to improve these relations in shopping centres in Finland. The study uses qualitative content analysis to explore unique data – security guards’ daily reports. The encounters displayed control, care and cooperation: security guards controlled the youths’ activities but also talked with them and helped them. The study argues that the role of security guards is even more plural and blurred than previously understood, including a “social” orientation, and cooperation with public, private and third sector agents. Finally, the study highlights the importance of developing procedural justice, both in theory and in practice.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"15 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42933397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-11DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1879885
Amanda L. Thomas, Eric L. Piza, Brandon C. Welsh, D. Farrington
ABSTRACT In the last two decades, closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras have come to occupy a central role in contemporary crime prevention across the world. Widely viewed as the “internationalization” of CCTV surveillance, there has been a corresponding growth in the evidence base about its effect on crime. The cumulative evidence demonstrates that CCTV surveillance is associated with significant yet modest reductions in crime and the effects vary across a range of contextual factors, including country of origin. This paper reports on the global expansion of CCTV schemes and examines – using systematic review methods with meta-analytic techniques – effects of CCTV schemes on crime in different countries. It draws upon a recently updated database of CCTV evaluations (N = 162) covering nearly five decades of research and spanning the globe, which now includes many industrialised countries. Implications for policy and research are discussed, with a special emphasis on emerging surveillance technologies.
{"title":"The internationalisation of cctv surveillance: Effects on crime and implications for emerging technologies","authors":"Amanda L. Thomas, Eric L. Piza, Brandon C. Welsh, D. Farrington","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1879885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1879885","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the last two decades, closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras have come to occupy a central role in contemporary crime prevention across the world. Widely viewed as the “internationalization” of CCTV surveillance, there has been a corresponding growth in the evidence base about its effect on crime. The cumulative evidence demonstrates that CCTV surveillance is associated with significant yet modest reductions in crime and the effects vary across a range of contextual factors, including country of origin. This paper reports on the global expansion of CCTV schemes and examines – using systematic review methods with meta-analytic techniques – effects of CCTV schemes on crime in different countries. It draws upon a recently updated database of CCTV evaluations (N = 162) covering nearly five decades of research and spanning the globe, which now includes many industrialised countries. Implications for policy and research are discussed, with a special emphasis on emerging surveillance technologies.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"81 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1879885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45984550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1899004
G. Alpert, Kyle McLean
ABSTRACT Police departments are consistently challenged to serve their communities by reducing misconduct and being held accountable. In the United States, policing reform is best described as déjà vu or Groundhog Day, with high-profile groups organising every few years to list the same recommendations for improving the police. Additionally, reform suggestions are too often countered by the comment, “we have always done it this way.” By stark contrast, through the Fitzgerald Inquiry and the work of scholars such as David Bayley, the Queensland Police Service stands as a model for creating sustainable change in policing. In this paper, we compare the experiences of the Queensland Police Service with attempts at reform in the United States to suggest a path forward for reforming policing in the US.
{"title":"The more things change, the more they stay the same: the Queensland Police Service as a model for sustainable policing reform","authors":"G. Alpert, Kyle McLean","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1899004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Police departments are consistently challenged to serve their communities by reducing misconduct and being held accountable. In the United States, policing reform is best described as déjà vu or Groundhog Day, with high-profile groups organising every few years to list the same recommendations for improving the police. Additionally, reform suggestions are too often countered by the comment, “we have always done it this way.” By stark contrast, through the Fitzgerald Inquiry and the work of scholars such as David Bayley, the Queensland Police Service stands as a model for creating sustainable change in policing. In this paper, we compare the experiences of the Queensland Police Service with attempts at reform in the United States to suggest a path forward for reforming policing in the US.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"345 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43150353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1899001
S. Paek
ABSTRACT This exploratory research examines the determinants of private security officer’s job satisfaction. Despite the growing private security industries and their influence on security governance around the world, little is known about private security officers’ attitudes towards their work. In order to fill this gap, 436 in-house and contract security officers are analysed in the cultural context of South Korea. The impacts of job and organisational characteristics on job satisfaction are examined, and a subgroup analysis is performed to assess the differences in the predictors of job satisfaction between in-house and contract officers.
{"title":"Correlates of private security officers’ job satisfaction in South Korea","authors":"S. Paek","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1899001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This exploratory research examines the determinants of private security officer’s job satisfaction. Despite the growing private security industries and their influence on security governance around the world, little is known about private security officers’ attitudes towards their work. In order to fill this gap, 436 in-house and contract security officers are analysed in the cultural context of South Korea. The impacts of job and organisational characteristics on job satisfaction are examined, and a subgroup analysis is performed to assess the differences in the predictors of job satisfaction between in-house and contract officers.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"313 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43123172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-05DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1875252
M. Lynch, Elizabeth S. Cass
ABSTRACT This paper employs archival data and historical analysis to trace Florida’s penal history, and to connect that history to the economic and social context of the time. Section I reviews the history of Florida’s penal system, and the use of convict labor and avoidance of imprisonment from 1840 to 1923. Section II examines theoretical assumptions that guide the analysis of Florida’s prison history undertaken in Section III. Drawing upon the insights of Rusche and Kirchheimer, Section III examines Florida’s penal history in relation to economic and social trends and issues. Of particular importance to the discussion are concepts such as race, class, and marginalization.
{"title":"Slavery, economics, race and convict leasing: A general and materialist history of punishment and prisons in Florida, 1840-1923","authors":"M. Lynch, Elizabeth S. Cass","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2021.1875252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1875252","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper employs archival data and historical analysis to trace Florida’s penal history, and to connect that history to the economic and social context of the time. Section I reviews the history of Florida’s penal system, and the use of convict labor and avoidance of imprisonment from 1840 to 1923. Section II examines theoretical assumptions that guide the analysis of Florida’s prison history undertaken in Section III. Drawing upon the insights of Rusche and Kirchheimer, Section III examines Florida’s penal history in relation to economic and social trends and issues. Of particular importance to the discussion are concepts such as race, class, and marginalization.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"253 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2021.1875252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46831648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-06DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1866048
Barbara Prprović, Nikolina Nemec, Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Irena Cajner Mraović, Krunoslav Borovec
ABSTRACT This paper explores public views about police integrity and contrasts them with the police views about police integrity. It also compares citizen and police officer views about the police. A modified version of the police integrity survey, containing 14 hypothetical vignettes describing various forms of police misconduct, was distributed to both students and police officers in Croatia. The respondents in the study, 1,142 police officers from Croatia and 450 students from the University of Zagreb, shared their views of how serious most police officers would evaluate misconduct, the expected discipline, and whether they would report the described misconduct. The results suggest not only that students expressed less positive views of the police than police officers themselves did, but also that students expressed attitudes associated with somewhat lower integrity than police officers did.
{"title":"Inside and outside views of the Croatian police","authors":"Barbara Prprović, Nikolina Nemec, Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Irena Cajner Mraović, Krunoslav Borovec","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1866048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1866048","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores public views about police integrity and contrasts them with the police views about police integrity. It also compares citizen and police officer views about the police. A modified version of the police integrity survey, containing 14 hypothetical vignettes describing various forms of police misconduct, was distributed to both students and police officers in Croatia. The respondents in the study, 1,142 police officers from Croatia and 450 students from the University of Zagreb, shared their views of how serious most police officers would evaluate misconduct, the expected discipline, and whether they would report the described misconduct. The results suggest not only that students expressed less positive views of the police than police officers themselves did, but also that students expressed attitudes associated with somewhat lower integrity than police officers did.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"295 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1866048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46490541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1857278
R. Holder, Tyrone Kirchengast, P. Cassell
ABSTRACT Rights for crime victims have been decried as myths; entitlements that have little enforceability. At the same time, they have been criticised as undermining the legal rights of the accused person. In this Guest Editors Introduction to the Special Issue, Making Rights Real, we suggest that victims’ rights are in transition. Rights may be set out in legal instrument but, we argue, it is through the practices of people in their myriad settings that are part of that shift to realising rights in action. We describe ways in which we see victims’ rights being realised in different parts of the world and develop a human rights framework for the rights of crime victims to further shape the transition.
{"title":"Transforming crime victims’ rights: from myth to reality","authors":"R. Holder, Tyrone Kirchengast, P. Cassell","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1857278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1857278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rights for crime victims have been decried as myths; entitlements that have little enforceability. At the same time, they have been criticised as undermining the legal rights of the accused person. In this Guest Editors Introduction to the Special Issue, Making Rights Real, we suggest that victims’ rights are in transition. Rights may be set out in legal instrument but, we argue, it is through the practices of people in their myriad settings that are part of that shift to realising rights in action. We describe ways in which we see victims’ rights being realised in different parts of the world and develop a human rights framework for the rights of crime victims to further shape the transition.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1857278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46612604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1844248
Jeffrey Ian Ross, Bárbara Barraza Uribe
ABSTRACT During and since the Pinochet dictatorship, Chile has entertained and implemented new criminal justice policies and practices. Many of these ideas originated in the United States, and are tied to neoliberal initiatives. Advocates of these new initiatives, both inside and outside Chile, equate them to panaceas, and solely and/or disproportionately emphasise the benefits that can be achieved by implementing these policies and practices, while neglecting their downsides, particularly the growing empirical evidence which calls into question some of these developments. This article documents Chile’s experience with the new neoliberal criminal justice initiatives that have been considered, where they have gained traction, which constituencies championed their merits, and which policies and practices were eventually chosen and implemented. This case study concludes with a series of hypotheses amenable for testing.
{"title":"“A grandes cautelas, otras mayores”: importing neoliberal criminal justice policies and practices into chile","authors":"Jeffrey Ian Ross, Bárbara Barraza Uribe","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1844248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844248","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During and since the Pinochet dictatorship, Chile has entertained and implemented new criminal justice policies and practices. Many of these ideas originated in the United States, and are tied to neoliberal initiatives. Advocates of these new initiatives, both inside and outside Chile, equate them to panaceas, and solely and/or disproportionately emphasise the benefits that can be achieved by implementing these policies and practices, while neglecting their downsides, particularly the growing empirical evidence which calls into question some of these developments. This article documents Chile’s experience with the new neoliberal criminal justice initiatives that have been considered, where they have gained traction, which constituencies championed their merits, and which policies and practices were eventually chosen and implemented. This case study concludes with a series of hypotheses amenable for testing.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"197 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43842083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249
Steven Cook, T. Bruno, P. Erickson, Jennifer E. Butters, L. Harrison
ABSTRACT This paper examines the patterns of harmful weapon behavior and the protective influence of perceived collective efficacy on harmful weapon behavior among a cross-national sample of youth detainees in Toronto and Philadelphia. Despite different firearms policies, detained youth in both cities reveal considerable knowledge of where to get a gun. Multivariate analyses reveal that participating in gang fights, non-violent delinquency, and neighborhood gun markets are significantly related to harmful gun behavior in both cities. Only one collective efficacy subscale, perceived social cohesion, exerted a protective influence on harmful gun behavior among youth in both cities. These results suggest that in the absence of “strong ties,” reflected in family and residential stability, there may be added value in the “weak ties” provided by the community, making social cohesion an important protective characteristic for this high-risk group of youthful detainees. The significance of the findings, limitations, and potential policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"Harmful gun behaviour and perceived collective efficacy: evidence from a cross-national study of youth detainees","authors":"Steven Cook, T. Bruno, P. Erickson, Jennifer E. Butters, L. Harrison","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the patterns of harmful weapon behavior and the protective influence of perceived collective efficacy on harmful weapon behavior among a cross-national sample of youth detainees in Toronto and Philadelphia. Despite different firearms policies, detained youth in both cities reveal considerable knowledge of where to get a gun. Multivariate analyses reveal that participating in gang fights, non-violent delinquency, and neighborhood gun markets are significantly related to harmful gun behavior in both cities. Only one collective efficacy subscale, perceived social cohesion, exerted a protective influence on harmful gun behavior among youth in both cities. These results suggest that in the absence of “strong ties,” reflected in family and residential stability, there may be added value in the “weak ties” provided by the community, making social cohesion an important protective characteristic for this high-risk group of youthful detainees. The significance of the findings, limitations, and potential policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"103 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42060702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250
Mateus Rennó Santos, Douglas B. Weiss, Alexander Testa
ABSTRACT This study investigates the longitudinal relationship between international migration and homicide using a sample of 88 developed and developing countries from 1993 to 2015. Drawing on research demonstrating that (1) economic development reduces violent crime within countries, and (2) migrants often move to countries with improving economic conditions in search of better economic opportunities, we test the hypothesis that the relationship between international migration and homicide is spurious at the cross-national level, as both factors may be attributed to economic development. Using fixed-effects regression, we find that a negative direct association between international migration and homicide is explained by economic development. We conclude that an increase in international migration and a decrease in homicide may both be consequences of a broader process of development.
{"title":"International migration and cross-national homicide: considering the role of economic development","authors":"Mateus Rennó Santos, Douglas B. Weiss, Alexander Testa","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the longitudinal relationship between international migration and homicide using a sample of 88 developed and developing countries from 1993 to 2015. Drawing on research demonstrating that (1) economic development reduces violent crime within countries, and (2) migrants often move to countries with improving economic conditions in search of better economic opportunities, we test the hypothesis that the relationship between international migration and homicide is spurious at the cross-national level, as both factors may be attributed to economic development. Using fixed-effects regression, we find that a negative direct association between international migration and homicide is explained by economic development. We conclude that an increase in international migration and a decrease in homicide may both be consequences of a broader process of development.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":"46 1","pages":"119 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41630015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：