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Landmarks in the history of neurosyphilis: the neglected observations of Vincenzo Chiarugi. 神经梅毒史上的里程碑:文森佐-恰鲁吉被忽视的观察。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241247959
Daniel Di Francesco
After the emergence of syphilis in Europe in 1495, it would take over 400 years to unpick the full course of the infection, including the involvement of the brain and spinal cord. This syndrome of mental and physical deterioration was called 'general paralysis of the insane' (GPI). Traditionally, the earliest clear description of GPI is attributed to Haslam in 1798. However, here I describe three clear cases and three highly suggestive cases, together with autopsy findings, published in 1794 by the Italian psychiatrist Vincenzo Chiarugi. Historically, Chiarugi's scholarship has been neglected in favour of English- and French-speaking physicians. His observations also give a rare clue regarding the prevalence of syphilis, suggesting a foothold in northern Italy in the late eighteenth century.
1495 年梅毒在欧洲出现后,人们花了 400 多年的时间才弄清梅毒感染的整个过程,包括大脑和脊髓的受累情况。这种精神和身体衰退的综合征被称为 "精神失常者全身瘫痪"(GPI)。传统上,最早明确描述 GPI 的是 1798 年的哈斯勒姆(Haslam)。然而,我在此描述的是意大利精神病学家文森佐-基亚鲁吉(Vincenzo Chiarugi)于 1794 年发表的三例明确病例和三例高度暗示性病例,以及尸检结果。从历史上看,恰鲁吉的学术研究一直被英语和法语医生所忽视。他的观察还为梅毒的流行提供了罕见的线索,表明梅毒在十八世纪末已在意大利北部立足。
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引用次数: 0
Historical and conceptual features of acute polymorphic psychosis: a myth of European psychiatry from bouffée délirante to ICD-11 acute and transient psychotic disorder 急性多形性精神病的历史和概念特征:欧洲精神病学从bouffée délirante到ICD-11急性和短暂性精神病的神话
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x241245886
Augusto C Castagnini
This paper deals with the history and epistemology of acute polymorphic psychosis. We undertook a comparative study of short-lived psychotic disorders used in different European countries since the late nineteenth century. The theory of degeneration offered a speculative basis to conceptualization of conditions such as bouffée délirante, cycloid psychosis and reactive psychosis, but it seems likely that different factors contributed to the profusion of clinical concepts with adverse effects on both nomenclature and classification. The resulting picture suggests that earlier nosological concepts tend to converge on common descriptive features and challenge the diagnostic categories for short-lived psychotic disorders listed in modern symptom-based psychiatric classifications.
本文论述了急性多形性精神病的历史和认识论。我们对十九世纪末以来不同欧洲国家使用的短命精神病进行了比较研究。退化理论为诸如 "嗜睡症"(bouffée délirante)、"环状精神病"(cycloid psychosis)和 "反应性精神病"(reactive psychosis)等病症的概念化提供了推测基础,但似乎也有可能是不同的因素导致了临床概念的繁多,从而对命名和分类产生了不利影响。最终的结果表明,早期的命名学概念趋向于趋同于共同的描述性特征,并对现代基于症状的精神病学分类中所列的短期精神病诊断类别提出了挑战。
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引用次数: 0
‘Eccentricity’, by DH Tuke (1892) 偏心",DH Tuke 著(1892 年)
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x241231167
German E Berrios
An astronomical concept up to the eighteenth century, ‘eccentricity’ started to be used to refer to behaviours considered as odd, strange, rare, extravagant, etc. Once reified into a personality trait, it gained explanatory power. This not only increased its popularity but also facilitated its links with psychopathology and neuropsychology, and, via the shared concept of madness, with the notions of genius and creativity. This Classic Text describes the process whereby Alienism (Psychiatry) medicalized eccentricity. To this day, the latter remains firmly attached to ‘psychoticism’ and to some personality disorders.
在十八世纪之前,"古怪 "一直是一个天文学概念,后来开始用来指被认为古怪、奇特、罕见、奢侈等的行为。一旦被重新整合为一种人格特质,它就获得了解释力。这不仅增加了它的受欢迎程度,还促进了它与精神病理学和神经心理学的联系,并通过共同的 "疯狂 "概念与天才和创造力的概念联系起来。这本经典著作描述了异化论(精神病学)将怪癖医学化的过程。时至今日,后者仍与 "精神病 "和某些人格障碍紧密相连。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: How the Clinic Made Gender: The Medical History of a Transformative Idea 书评:诊所是如何创造性别的?变革理念的医学史
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x241232612
Olivia Weiss
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引用次数: 0
Psychiatric epidemiology and the Chicago School of Sociology. 精神病流行病学与芝加哥社会学派。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231206510
Matthew Smith

This article explores the Chicago School of Sociology's influence on psychiatric epidemiology. While the Chicago School text usually associated with psychiatric epidemiology is the 1939 book by Faris and Dunham, it is important to acknowledge the influence of earlier Chicago School projects during the 1920s. These projects, tackling everything from homelessness and delinquency to the ghetto and suicide, provided models not only for Faris and Dunham, but also for numerous methodological and theoretical insights for the social psychiatry projects that would emerge after World War II. The social sciences and the humanities still have important roles to play in informing contemporary approaches to psychiatric epidemiology and deriving ways to tackle the socio-economic problems that contribute to mental illness.

本文探讨了芝加哥社会学派对精神病流行病学的影响。虽然芝加哥学派通常与精神病流行病学相关的著作是法里斯和邓纳姆于 1939 年出版的《精神病流行病学》,但重要的是要承认芝加哥学派在 20 世纪 20 年代早期的项目所产生的影响。这些项目涉及从无家可归和犯罪到贫民窟和自杀等方方面面,不仅为法里斯和邓纳姆提供了范本,也为二战后出现的社会精神病学项目提供了大量方法论和理论上的启示。社会科学和人文学科在为当代精神病流行病学方法提供信息,以及为解决导致精神疾病的社会经济问题提供方法方面,仍然发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to Special Issue: Geneses, organizations and transformations of psychiatric epidemiology. 特刊简介:精神病流行病学的基因、组织和转变。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231204432
Emmanuel Delille, Samuel Lézé

Recent historiography has revealed a growing interest in the developments of psychiatric epidemiology. This volume aims to explicitly tackle the problem of transforming a diversity of knowledge into a structured scientific unit. Furthermore, it aims to answer this by bringing together historical studies that demonstrate how epistemic authority has led to the hierarchization of knowledge and the institutionalization of psychiatric epidemiology. Interdisciplinary research teams are traced back in history, and their organization is interrogated. Tracing the history of psychiatric epidemiology involves an exploration of disciplinary divisions of labour, such as how survey methods are based on theoretical frameworks, how research programmes are regulated with political and moral ideals, and how the wider public recognizes public health expertise.

最近的史学研究表明,人们对精神病流行病学的发展越来越感兴趣。本卷旨在明确解决将知识多样性转化为结构化科学单元的问题。此外,它旨在通过将历史研究结合起来来回答这个问题,这些研究表明认识权威是如何导致知识的等级化和精神流行病学的制度化的。跨学科研究团队可以追溯到历史上,他们的组织也受到质疑。追踪精神病流行病学的历史涉及对学科分工的探索,例如调查方法如何基于理论框架,研究计划如何与政治和道德理想相一致,以及广大公众如何认可公共卫生专业知识。
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引用次数: 0
'A proposal for research in the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders', by Alexander H Leighton (1950). “精神疾病流行病学研究建议”,亚历山大·H·雷顿(1950年)著。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231210666
Emmanuel Delille

The Classic Text is an outline of the Stirling County Study as conceptualized by Alexander H Leighton. It was first presented at a conference held in 1949 organized by the Milbank Memorial Fund, an American philanthropic foundation. The meeting brought together 30-40 experts from across North America. Leighton succinctly explained his frame of reference for the epidemiology of mental disorders and the methodology of the community-based study he conducted in Nova Scotia. The introduction to the text explains contextual points, certain specificities of Leighton's framework, and the discussions that surrounded it, largely dominated by a group of Harvard professors, including Erich Lindemann and John E Gordon.

《经典文本》是亚历山大·H·雷顿对斯特林县研究的概述。1949年,美国慈善基金会米尔班克纪念基金(Milbank Memorial Fund)在一次会议上首次提出了这一概念。会议汇集了来自北美各地的30-40名专家。雷顿简明地解释了他在精神疾病流行病学方面的参考框架,以及他在新斯科舍省进行的以社区为基础的研究的方法。正文的引言部分解释了上下文要点,雷顿框架的某些特点,以及围绕它的讨论,这些讨论主要由一群哈佛教授主导,包括埃里希·林德曼和约翰·E·戈登。
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引用次数: 0
Child development, film evidence, and epidemiological sciences: Elwyn James Anthony and the 1957 Zurich International Congress of Psychiatry. 儿童发展、电影证据和流行病学:埃尔温-詹姆斯-安东尼与 1957 年苏黎世国际精神病学大会。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231212325
Bonnie Evans

In 1957, the British-Indian child psychiatrist Dr Elwyn James Anthony travelled to the Zurich International Congress of Psychiatry to show a film featuring 70 children with such complex symptomatology and behaviour that they betrayed the certainty of contemporary theories of developmental psychology and psychoanalysis. This article examines the significance of Anthony's film to the creation of new scientific models in international developmental psychology and psychiatric epidemiology. It marked a significant change in the use of filmed evidence that sought to create a truly global and universalist approach to atypical child development based purely on scientific observations. This new observational work was important in shaping new internationally ratified models to study the epidemiology of children's psychiatric conditions.

1957 年,英籍印度儿童精神病学家埃尔温-詹姆斯-安东尼(Elwyn James Anthony)博士前往苏黎世国际精神病学大会,放映了一部影片,片中 70 名儿童的症状和行为非常复杂,完全颠覆了当代发展心理学和精神分析理论的确定性。本文探讨了安东尼的影片对国际发展心理学和精神病流行病学建立新科学模式的重要意义。它标志着在使用电影证据方面的一个重大变化,即试图建立一种纯粹基于科学观察的真正全球性和普遍主义的非典型儿童发展方法。这项新的观察工作对于形成国际认可的研究儿童精神疾病流行病学的新模式非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
The 'social' in psychiatry and mental health: quantification, mental illness and society in international scientific networks (1920s-1950s). 精神病学和心理健康中的 "社会":国际科学网络中的量化、精神疾病和社会(1920-1950 年代)。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231210924
Tiago Pires Marques

The post-World War II international mental health movement placed significant emphasis on the concept of the 'social environment', a true paradigm shift in thinking about the causes of mental illness. Rather than focusing on individual risk factors, experts and policy-makers began to consider the interplay between social context and mental health and illness. Also, during this period, quantification gained prominence within the expanding field of Western psychiatry. Eventually, the concept of the 'social' became fragmented into quantifiable social determinants that could be correlated with mental illness and subjected to systematic neutralization. This trajectory paved the way for the prevailing biomedical psychiatric epidemiology. This broader inquiry challenges us to redefine our understanding of the 'social' in the context of mental health research and practice.

二战后的国际精神卫生运动十分重视 "社会环境 "的概念,这是精神疾病病因思维范式 的真正转变。专家和政策制定者开始考虑社会环境与精神健康和精神疾病之间的相互影响,而不是把重点放在个人风险因素上。此外,在这一时期,量化在不断扩展的西方精神病学领域中占据了重要地位。最终,"社会 "的概念变得支离破碎,变成了可以量化的、与精神疾病相关联的社会决定因素,并对其进行系统的中和。这一轨迹为当前流行的生物医学精神病流行病学铺平了道路。这项更广泛的调查挑战我们在心理健康研究和实践中重新定义对 "社会 "的理解。
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引用次数: 0
The Stirling County Study: a case study of interdisciplinarity and its effects on the history of psychiatric epidemiology. 斯特林县研究:跨学科及其对精神病流行病学历史影响的案例研究。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231206506
Emmanuel Delille

Epidemiology of mental disorders emerged in the post-1945 era at the intersections of different areas of knowledge. Given its ambitions, the Stirling County Study provides an instructive case study. It is also a good example of how the epidemiology applied methodological skills from social sciences. This paper aims, first, to reconstruct one of the first episodes in the development of psychiatric epidemiology. Its second purpose is to provide a detailed description of interdisciplinarity at work, and to examine its effects. After explaining some of the major features of the Stirling County Study, I emphasize the links between some of the first results, particularly regarding young people as a population at risk, and the job market after the Great Depression.

1945 年后,精神疾病流行病学在不同知识领域的交叉点上兴起。鉴于其雄心壮志,斯特林郡研究提供了一个具有启发性的案例研究。它也是流行病学如何应用社会科学方法论技能的良好范例。本文首先旨在重构精神病流行病学发展的最初阶段之一。第二个目的是详细描述跨学科性的作用,并研究其影响。在解释了斯特林县研究的一些主要特点之后,我强调了一些初步结果之间的联系,尤其是关于作为高危人群的年轻人和大萧条之后的就业市场之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
History of Psychiatry
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