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Whose experts? How federalism shaped psychiatry in the late Habsburg monarchy. 谁的专家?联邦制如何塑造了哈布斯堡君主制后期的精神病学。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231224651
Clemens Ableidinger

The late Habsburg period (1867-1918) created a constitutional dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. This paper discusses the role of psychiatry in Cisleithania, both as a developing profession and as a distinct 'policy field'. Tension between psychiatry's academic professionalisation and the creation of public institutions as signature projects by individual crownlands created complex relationships between psychiatry and politics. In federalist Cisleithania, psychiatrists became very 'political': whether employed by the state or a crownland influenced their position on policy, despite claiming that their expert knowledge was 'scientific' and 'objective'. The conflicts between asylum-based and academic psychiatrists mirrored those between the central state and the crownlands. This led to intractable delays in mental health law reform, eventually resolved by Imperial decree in 1916.

哈布斯堡王朝晚期(1867-1918 年)建立了奥匈帝国的二元君主立宪制。本文讨论了精神病学在西斯莱塔尼亚所扮演的角色,它既是一个发展中的专业,也是一个独特的 "政策领域"。精神病学的学术专业化与各王室作为标志性项目创建公共机构之间的紧张关系造成了精神病学与政治之间的复杂关系。在联邦制的西斯莱塔尼亚,精神病学家变得非常 "政治化":尽管他们声称自己的专业知识是 "科学的"、"客观的",但受雇于国家还是受雇于王室都会影响他们对政策的立场。庇护所精神科医生和学术精神科医生之间的冲突反映了中央政府和王国之间的冲突。这导致了精神健康法改革的艰难拖延,最终于 1916 年通过帝国法令解决了这一问题。
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引用次数: 0
Charles Lloyd Tuckey: medical hypnotist and 'amiable necromancer'. 查尔斯-劳埃德-塔基:医学催眠师和 "和蔼可亲的死灵法师"。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231221047
Gordon Bates

Charles Lloyd Tuckey (1854-1925) was one of the leaders of the British 'New Hypnotism' movement of the late nineteenth century. This neglected figure is important because of his contributions to the early psychotherapies in Britain, ushering in the concept of suggestion to British medicine from Europe. Through his networks and clubs, Tuckey demonstrates the bewildering range of institutions that shaped and spread the novel theory of suggestion and the nascent talking therapies at this time. His affiliations to psychic investigation and ceremonial magic societies demonstrate his intellectual curiosity rather than backwards primitivism. Tuckey played an important role in establishing the term 'psychotherapeutics' and legitimising medical hypnotism, a precursor of the psychological therapies of the early twentieth century.

查尔斯-劳埃德-塔基(1854-1925 年)是十九世纪末英国 "新催眠术 "运动的领袖之一。这位被忽视的人物之所以重要,是因为他对英国早期的心理疗法做出了贡献,将暗示的概念从欧洲引入英国医学界。通过他的网络和俱乐部,塔基展示了当时形成并传播新颖暗示理论和新生谈话疗法的一系列令人困惑的机构。他与通灵调查和仪式魔法协会的关系表明了他的求知欲,而不是落后的原始主义。塔基在确立 "心理治疗 "这一术语和使医学催眠合法化方面发挥了重要作用,医学催眠是二十世纪初心理疗法的先驱。
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引用次数: 0
Deinstitutionalisation and the move to community care: comparing the changing dimensions of mental healthcare after 1922 in the Republic of Ireland and England. 非机构化和转向社区护理:比较 1922 年后爱尔兰共和国和英格兰精神卫生保健的变化。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241231057
Verusca Calabria, Lynsey T Cullen

The advent of deinstitutionalisation and the introduction of community care in the latter part of the twentieth century have revolutionised mental-health service provision across Europe, although implementation, timing and services have varied widely in different countries. This article compares the changing dimensions of mental-health provision in post-independence Ireland with that in England, and will shed light on the current state of mental healthcare in both countries. The article calls for more research into the impact of deinstitutionalisation, such as the challenges faced in the community for those in need of continuing care.

20 世纪后半叶,非机构化的出现和社区护理的引入彻底改变了整个欧洲的精神健康服务,尽管不同国家的实施情况、时间安排和服务大相径庭。本文比较了独立后的爱尔兰和英格兰在提供精神健康服务方面的变化,并将对两国的精神医疗现状做出说明。文章呼吁对非机构化的影响进行更多的研究,例如那些需要持续护理的人在社区所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
De lunatico inquirendo: managing family inheritance across madness in eighteenth-century London. De lunatico inquirendo:十八世纪伦敦跨越疯狂的家族继承管理。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-28 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231222528
Mark McCarthy

An 'inquisition' (or inquiry) held before a Justice of the Peace was the primary instrument for management of lunacy in eighteenth-century England. Yet its purpose was to protect wealth rather than the individual. The 1766 case book of Dr John Monro, London's leading doctor for madness, unexpectedly records a consultation that links two siblings who both had inquisitions. Nicholas Jeffreys' only son was attested lunatic in 1744: to circumvent inheritance through primogeniture, Jeffreys directed the family wealth to his last living child. One of his three daughters married Lord Camden, a former Lord Chancellor: after her and her second sister's deaths, the last-surviving sister was also placed under inquisition in 1780, to ensure the inheritance for his own family.

在十八世纪的英格兰,太平绅士主持的 "宗教裁判所"(或调查所)是管理精神病的主要手段。然而,其目的是保护财富而非个人。1766 年,伦敦著名的精神病医生约翰-蒙罗(John Monro)医生的病例集出人意料地记录了一次会诊,会诊将两兄妹联系在一起,他们都曾接受过审问。尼古拉斯-杰弗里斯(Nicholas Jeffreys)的独子在 1744 年被证实患有精神病:为了规避长子继承权,杰弗里斯将家族财富分配给了他最后一个在世的孩子。他的三个女儿中的一个嫁给了前大法官卡姆登勋爵:在她和二姐去世后,最后一个在世的姐姐也于 1780 年接受了审问,以确保自己家族的继承权。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting Emil Kraepelin's eugenic arguments. 重温埃米尔-克拉佩林的优生论点
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241230273
Keijin Yamamura, Toshiya Murai

It is widely recognized that Emil Kraepelin explicitly advocated for eugenic ideas in his academic works. Given the renewed interest in related concepts such as self-domestication and neo-Lamarckism in different contexts, this article revisits his eugenic arguments by scrutinizing a section of his seminal work, the 8th edition of his textbook published in 1909. Our analysis reveals that Kraepelin's arguments consisted of multiple theories and ideas prevalent at the time (i.e. self-domestication hypothesis, neo-Lamarckism, degeneration theory, social Darwinism, racism and ethnic nationalism), each of which presented individual fundamental claims. Nevertheless, Kraepelin amalgamated them into one combined narrative, which crystallized into an anti-humanistic psychiatry in the next generation. This paper cautions that a similar 'packaging of ideas' might be emerging now.

人们普遍认为,埃米尔-克拉佩林在其学术著作中明确倡导优生思想。鉴于人们在不同背景下对自我阉割和新拉马克主义等相关概念的重新关注,本文通过仔细研究他的开创性著作--1909 年出版的教科书第 8 版--的一部分内容,重新审视了他的优生论点。我们的分析表明,克拉佩林的论点由当时流行的多种理论和观点(即自我驯化假说、新拉马克主义、退化理论、社会达尔文主义、种族主义和种族民族主义)组成,每种理论和观点都提出了各自的基本主张。尽管如此,克拉佩林还是将它们合并成了一个综合叙事,并在下一代具体化为反人本主义的精神病学。本文警告说,类似的 "思想包装 "现在可能正在出现。
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引用次数: 0
Soul, body and mental health - applying Rabbi Moshe de Maimon's philosophy to the contemporary phenomenon of drug addiction. 灵魂、身体和心理健康--将拉比摩西-德-迈蒙的哲学应用于当代的吸毒现象。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241230271
Yula Milshteyn

In modern psychiatry, drug addiction is considered as mainly a mental disorder and a brain disease problem, of complex aetiology. In addition, drug addiction has been characterized as a loss of willpower or akrasia, and even a sin. In this essay, I analyse Maimonides' (Rambam's) treatises More Ha-Nevuchim (Guide for the Perplexed) and Shemona Perakim (The Eight Chapters). He asserts that the soul is one, but has many different faculties (functions) and is intrinsically linked to the body. I argue that drug addiction is a psychological, social-moral deviance, as well as straying from God's path. Addiction is a disorder of the soul and body. Consequently, healing should include social-moral guidelines as well as physical/bodily health.

在现代精神病学中,吸毒成瘾主要被认为是一种病因复杂的精神障碍和脑部疾病问题。此外,吸毒成瘾还被定性为意志力丧失或 "瘾",甚至是一种罪过。在这篇文章中,我分析了迈蒙尼德(兰巴姆)的论文 More Ha-Nevuchim(《困惑者指南》)和 Shemona Perakim(《八章》)。他断言,灵魂是一个整体,但具有多种不同的能力(功能),并且与身体有着内在联系。我认为,吸毒成瘾是一种心理、社会和道德上的偏差,也是对上帝之道的偏离。毒瘾是灵魂和身体的失调。因此,治疗应包括社会道德准则和身体健康。
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引用次数: 0
The Basaglia Law. Returning dignity to psychiatric patients: the historical, political and social factors that led to the closure of psychiatric hospitals in Italy in 1978. 巴萨利亚法还精神病人尊严:导致 1978 年意大利关闭精神病院的历史、政治和社会因素。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231224650
Valentina Badano

Law no. 180 of 1978, which led to the closure of psychiatric hospitals in Italy, has often been erroneously associated with one man, Franco Basaglia, but the reality is much more complex. Not only were countless people involved in the movement that led to the approval of this law, but we should also take into account the historical, social, and political factors that came into play. The 1970s in Italy were a time of change and political ferment which made this psychiatric revolution possible there and nowhere else in the world.

1978年的第180号法律导致了意大利精神病院的关闭,人们常常错误地将该法律与佛朗哥-巴萨利亚(Franco Basaglia)一人联系在一起,但实际情况要复杂得多。不僅有無數人參與了促成這項法律通過的運動,我們也應該考慮到歷史、社會和政治因素的影響。20 世纪 70 年代的意大利是一个变革和政治发酵的时代,这使得这场精神病学革命在那里成为可能,而在世界上其他任何地方都不可能。
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引用次数: 0
The saga of James Lucett and the process for curing insanity, Part 1 (1811-14): The rise and fall of Delahoyde and Lucett. James Lucett的传奇故事和治疗精神错乱的过程,第一部分(1811-14):Delahoyde和Lucett的兴衰。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231199352
Leonard Smith

James Lucett, a London clerk, claimed possession of a secret remedy for curing chronic insanity. In 1813, he and the Irish surgeon Charles Delahoyde secured royal and aristocratic patronage to implement their 'process' and opened a private asylum. They aroused great public interest after apparently remarkable results with hitherto intractable patients from Bethlem and Hoxton. Delahoyde and Lucett attained brief celebrity, but within a year it was evident that the dramatic recoveries were only temporary. Their venture collapsed in disarray and bankruptcy, and the episode was soon largely forgotten. Delahoyde fled to Ireland, but Lucett managed to re-establish himself in practice. This article narrates the origins, operation and failure of the enterprise. A second article will consider Lucett's subsequent career.

James Lucett是伦敦的一名职员,他声称拥有一种治疗慢性精神错乱的秘密药物。1813年,他和爱尔兰外科医生查尔斯·德拉霍伊德获得了王室和贵族的庇护,以实施他们的“程序”,并开设了一家私人庇护机构。在对来自Bethlem和Hoxton的迄今为止难以治疗的患者取得明显显著效果后,他们引起了公众的极大兴趣。Delahoyde和Lucett短暂成名,但不到一年,很明显,戏剧性的恢复只是暂时的。他们的企业在混乱和破产中倒闭,这一事件很快就基本上被遗忘了。德拉霍伊德逃到爱尔兰,但勒塞特设法在实践中重新确立了自己的地位。本文叙述了企业的起源、经营和失败。第二篇文章将探讨Lucett随后的职业生涯。
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引用次数: 0
Neither saintly nor psychotic: a narrative systematic review of the evolving Western perception of voice hearing. 既非圣人,也非精神病人:西方人对声音听觉认知演变的叙事性系统回顾。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241231690
Renaud Evrard, Bevis Beauvais, Aziz Essadek, Joëlle Lighezzolo-Alnot, Christophe Clesse

We present a social-historical perspective on the evolution of the voice-hearing phenomenon in Western society. Based upon a systematic search from a selection of nine databases, we trace the way hearing voices has been understood throughout the ages. Originally, hearing voices was considered a gifted talent for accessing the divine, but the progressive influence of monotheistic religion gradually condemned the practice to social marginalization. Later, the medical and psychiatric professions of secular society were instrumental in attaching stigma to both voice hearers and the phenomenon itself, thereby reinforcing social exclusion. More recently, the re-integration of voice hearers into the community by health authorities in various countries appears to have provided a new, socially acceptable setting for the phenomenon.

我们从社会历史的角度介绍了西方社会中听声现象的演变。在对九个数据库进行系统检索的基础上,我们追溯了各个时代人们对幻听的理解方式。最初,幻听被认为是一种接近神灵的天赋才能,但随着一神论宗教的逐渐影响,这种做法逐渐被社会边缘化。后来,世俗社会的医学和精神病学专业也起了作用,给幻听者和幻听现象本身蒙上了污名,从而加剧了社会排斥。最近,各国卫生当局将听嗓者重新纳入社区,似乎为这一现象提供了一个新的、社会可接受的环境。
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引用次数: 0
‘Early childhood autism, Asperger type’, by H. Asperger (1982) 幼儿自闭症,阿斯伯格型",H. Asperger 著(1982 年)
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x241248261
Kevin Rebecchi
After his 1944 thesis, Asperger continued to write about autism, but none of these texts have been translated. At a time when autism spectrum disorder faces many challenges (e.g. the nature and measurement of autism), this text tells us more about the particular population that Asperger worked with. He describes sensitive, intelligent, creative and rational children, a far cry from the Wing triad. Moreover, ‘Asperger’s Syndrome’ was introduced after he had died, was included in the DSM-IV in 1994 and was omitted from the DSM-5 in 2013. The question posed by this last text, written before his death, is whether Asperger’s descriptions of autistic children are really part of the autism spectrum disorder or whether they are outside the pathological field.
在 1944 年发表论文之后,阿斯佩尔格尔继续撰写有关自闭症的文章,但这些文章都没有翻译成中文。在自闭症谱系障碍面临诸多挑战(如自闭症的性质和测量)的今天,这篇文字让我们更多地了解了阿斯佩尔格尔所研究的特殊人群。他描述了敏感、聪明、有创造力和理性的儿童,这与 "荣氏三联征 "大相径庭。此外,"阿斯伯格综合症 "是在他去世后才出现的,1994 年被纳入 DSM-IV,2013 年又从 DSM-5 中删除。最后这篇在他去世前撰写的文章所提出的问题是,阿斯伯格对自闭症儿童的描述究竟是自闭症谱系障碍的一部分,还是在病理领域之外。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
History of Psychiatry
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