Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x16034769228656
Benita Combet, Daniel Oesch
A large literature shows that families with more resources are able to provide better learning environments and make more ambitious educational choices for their children. At the end of compulsory education, the result is a social-origin gap in school-track attendance and learning outcomes. Our paper analyses whether this gap further widens thereafter for children with comparable school achievement, and whether the gap varies by gender and migrant status. We examine graduation rates from higher education by combining a cohort study from Switzerland with a reweighting method to match students on their school track, grades, reading literacy and place of residence at the end of compulsory school. The one observed feature that sets them apart is their parents’ socio-economic status. When analysing their graduation rates 14 years later at the age of 30, we find a large social-origin gap. The rate of university completion at age 30 is 20 percentage points higher among students from the highest socio-economic status quartile than among students from the lowest quartile, even though their school abilities were comparable at age 16. This gap appears to be somewhat smaller among women than men, and among natives than migrants, but differences are not statistically significant. For men and women, migrants and natives alike, abundant parental resources strongly increase the likelihood of university graduation in Switzerland.
{"title":"The social-origin gap in university graduation by gender and immigrant status: a cohort analysis for Switzerland","authors":"Benita Combet, Daniel Oesch","doi":"10.1332/175795920x16034769228656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16034769228656","url":null,"abstract":"A large literature shows that families with more resources are able to provide better learning environments and make more ambitious educational choices for their children. At the end of compulsory education, the result is a social-origin gap in school-track attendance and learning outcomes. Our paper analyses whether this gap further widens thereafter for children with comparable school achievement, and whether the gap varies by gender and migrant status. We examine graduation rates from higher education by combining a cohort study from Switzerland with a reweighting method to match students on their school track, grades, reading literacy and place of residence at the end of compulsory school. The one observed feature that sets them apart is their parents’ socio-economic status. When analysing their graduation rates 14 years later at the age of 30, we find a large social-origin gap. The rate of university completion at age 30 is 20 percentage points higher among students from the highest socio-economic status quartile than among students from the lowest quartile, even though their school abilities were comparable at age 16. This gap appears to be somewhat smaller among women than men, and among natives than migrants, but differences are not statistically significant. For men and women, migrants and natives alike, abundant parental resources strongly increase the likelihood of university graduation in Switzerland.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66290011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x16000977636901
P. Otáhal, L. Blizzard, D. Hosmer, J. Stankovich, A. Venn
Attrition is common in longitudinal studies and can lead to bias when the missingness pattern affects the distributions of analysed variables. Characterisation of factors predictive of attrition is vital to longitudinal research. Few studies have investigated the factors predictive of attrition from childhood cohorts with large-scale loss to follow-up. Methods to remove potential bias are available and have been well studied in scenarios of short intervening periods between contact and follow-up. Less is known about the performance of such techniques when there is a large initial loss of participants after a long intervening period. The Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey (ASHFS) was conducted in 1985 when participants were school children aged 7–15 years. The first follow-up occurred 20 years later with substantial loss of participants: 80% were traced, 61% enrolled and provided brief questionnaire information, 47% provided more extensive questionnaire information and 28% attended clinics. Factors associated with attrition were examined and two common techniques, multiple imputation (MI) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) were used to determine the potential for correcting the bias in the estimate of the association between self-rated fitness and BMI in childhood. Attrition from childhood to adulthood was found to be influenced by the same factors that operate in adult cohorts: lower education, lower socio-economic position and male sex. Attrition patterns varied by the stage of follow-up. Estimated childhood associations biased by adulthood attrition were able to be corrected using MI, but IPW was unsuccessful due to a lack of completely observed informative variables.
{"title":"Characterising attrition from childhood to adulthood in a 20-year cohort: which baseline factors are influential, and can bias be corrected?","authors":"P. Otáhal, L. Blizzard, D. Hosmer, J. Stankovich, A. Venn","doi":"10.1332/175795920x16000977636901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16000977636901","url":null,"abstract":"Attrition is common in longitudinal studies and can lead to bias when the missingness pattern affects the distributions of analysed variables. Characterisation of factors predictive of attrition is vital to longitudinal research. Few studies have investigated the factors predictive of attrition from childhood cohorts with large-scale loss to follow-up. Methods to remove potential bias are available and have been well studied in scenarios of short intervening periods between contact and follow-up. Less is known about the performance of such techniques when there is a large initial loss of participants after a long intervening period. The Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey (ASHFS) was conducted in 1985 when participants were school children aged 7–15 years. The first follow-up occurred 20 years later with substantial loss of participants: 80% were traced, 61% enrolled and provided brief questionnaire information, 47% provided more extensive questionnaire information and 28% attended clinics. Factors associated with attrition were examined and two common techniques, multiple imputation (MI) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) were used to determine the potential for correcting the bias in the estimate of the association between self-rated fitness and BMI in childhood. Attrition from childhood to adulthood was found to be influenced by the same factors that operate in adult cohorts: lower education, lower socio-economic position and male sex. Attrition patterns varied by the stage of follow-up. Estimated childhood associations biased by adulthood attrition were able to be corrected using MI, but IPW was unsuccessful due to a lack of completely observed informative variables.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66289622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x16015782777176
Ariane Basler, Irene Kriesi, Christian Imdorf
Gender-typical educational and occupational goals are an important precursor of educational gender segregation and unequal opportunities of men and women in the labour market. However, little is known about how gender-typical aspirations develop during childhood and adolescence. Drawing on identity and opportunity arguments from a developmental perspective, this paper attempts to fill this gap by examining whether and to what extent gender-typical aspirations change during adolescence and how track allocation in secondary school is related to the development of gendered occupational aspirations between the ages of 15 and 21. The analyses are based on the Swiss Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. They include an observation span of six years, during which respondents were surveyed at the ages of 15, 16, 18 and 21.The findings show that gender-typical occupational aspirations were most prevalent at the age of 15. Their level and development differed by upper-secondary school track and gender. Young men’s aspirations were considerably more gender-typical than those of young women. Aspirations became less gender-typical for women in baccalaureate school and in initial vocational education and training programmes with high academic requirements and, in particular, for young men who entered vocational education and training with low requirements. Overall, our results support the assumption that changes in gender-typical aspirations during adolescence are the result of an interplay between opportunity structures offered by the upper-secondary school track, identity and status considerations.
{"title":"The development of gendered occupational aspirations across adolescence: examining the role of different types of upper-secondary education","authors":"Ariane Basler, Irene Kriesi, Christian Imdorf","doi":"10.1332/175795920x16015782777176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16015782777176","url":null,"abstract":"Gender-typical educational and occupational goals are an important precursor of educational gender segregation and unequal opportunities of men and women in the labour market. However, little is known about how gender-typical aspirations develop during childhood and adolescence. Drawing on identity and opportunity arguments from a developmental perspective, this paper attempts to fill this gap by examining whether and to what extent gender-typical aspirations change during adolescence and how track allocation in secondary school is related to the development of gendered occupational aspirations between the ages of 15 and 21. The analyses are based on the Swiss Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. They include an observation span of six years, during which respondents were surveyed at the ages of 15, 16, 18 and 21.The findings show that gender-typical occupational aspirations were most prevalent at the age of 15. Their level and development differed by upper-secondary school track and gender. Young men’s aspirations were considerably more gender-typical than those of young women. Aspirations became less gender-typical for women in baccalaureate school and in initial vocational education and training programmes with high academic requirements and, in particular, for young men who entered vocational education and training with low requirements. Overall, our results support the assumption that changes in gender-typical aspirations during adolescence are the result of an interplay between opportunity structures offered by the upper-secondary school track, identity and status considerations.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66289778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x16025975665508
Steven A. Haas, Zhangjun Zhou, Katsuya Oi
Social gradients in health have been a focus of research for decades. Two important lines of social gradient research have examined (1) international variation in their magnitude and (2) their life course / developmental antecedents. The present study brings these two strands together to explore the developmental origins of educational gradients in health. We leverage data spanning 14 high-income contexts from the Health and Retirement Study and its sisters in Europe. We find that early-life health and socio-economic status consistently attenuate educational gradients in multimorbidity and functional limitation. However, the relative contribution of early-life factors to gradients varies substantially across contexts. The results suggest that research on social gradients, and population health broadly, would benefit from the unique insights available from a conceptual and empirical approach that integrates comparative and life course perspectives.
{"title":"What role for the ‘long arm of childhood’ in social gradients in health? An international comparison of high-income contexts","authors":"Steven A. Haas, Zhangjun Zhou, Katsuya Oi","doi":"10.1332/175795920x16025975665508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16025975665508","url":null,"abstract":"Social gradients in health have been a focus of research for decades. Two important lines of social gradient research have examined (1) international variation in their magnitude and (2) their life course / developmental antecedents. The present study brings these two strands together to explore the developmental origins of educational gradients in health. We leverage data spanning 14 high-income contexts from the Health and Retirement Study and its sisters in Europe. We find that early-life health and socio-economic status consistently attenuate educational gradients in multimorbidity and functional limitation. However, the relative contribution of early-life factors to gradients varies substantially across contexts. The results suggest that research on social gradients, and population health broadly, would benefit from the unique insights available from a conceptual and empirical approach that integrates comparative and life course perspectives.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66289846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x16032960406152
L. Bernardi, Núria Sánchez‐Mira
The combination of qualitative approaches and longitudinal research designs is a powerful way to explore changes in individual life courses as they occur. While qualitative research is mostly associated with retrospective studies that analyse lives ‘backwards’ in time, prospective qualitative studies that track lives as they unfold have grown in popularity over the past two decades. Their increased importance goes hand in hand with the growing attention in the social sciences to process and change versus stability and continuity through time. Prospective qualitative studies are uniquely suited to analysing continuity and change in people’s lives, offering a complex understanding of critical junctures, transitions and gradual, non-linear or contradictory processes of change as they are interpreted and revisited by individuals with the unfolding of their lives. With its intrinsic focus on time and temporalities, prospective qualitative research allows us to address not only changing meanings and perceptions, but how people examine their pasts and look into their futures, and how these temporal perspectives are modified along with life events and transitions. Together with its undoubted advantages, a range of analytical and methodological challenges arise in the process of engaging with participants in a prospective qualitative study, where time, lives, perceptions and meanings are continually shifting and under revision. The benefits of combining prospective and retrospective insights and meanings involve a complex and demanding analytical effort that addresses potentially emerging discrepancies in the reporting of the same event or transition. The notion of a linear temporality that structures social action needs to be reconciled with narratives that reflect the fluidity of past and future time, stagnation, zigzag or even reversible developments. Questions of archiving are a source of concern for researchers whose data sets are iteratively generated over time, raising issues about consent, anonymity and ownership. Ethical issues also sharpen as the level of personal involvement between researcher and participant increases with repeated interactions across the different waves. With the increased availability of qualitative prospective studies, there is a growing agreement about the benefits of using secondary data. Arguments about research costs and underexploitation of existing data are gaining ground against the traditional reluctance of qualitative researchers to make their data available for reuse. There is, hence, an emerging need to reflect on the strategies and practices of data creation and management for long-term storage and use by others. In parallel, challenges of combining different data sources with similar foci for analytical and comparative purposes are increasingly recognised. These are just a few of the challenges facing prospective qualitative researchers, but they clearly point to the need for further methodological reflection
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue: Prospective qualitative research: new directions, opportunities and challenges","authors":"L. Bernardi, Núria Sánchez‐Mira","doi":"10.1332/175795920x16032960406152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16032960406152","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of qualitative approaches and longitudinal research designs is a powerful way to explore changes in individual life courses as they occur. While qualitative research is mostly associated with retrospective studies that analyse lives ‘backwards’ in time, prospective qualitative studies that track lives as they unfold have grown in popularity over the past two decades. Their increased importance goes hand in hand with the growing attention in the social sciences to process and change versus stability and continuity through time. Prospective qualitative studies are uniquely suited to analysing continuity and change in people’s lives, offering a complex understanding of critical junctures, transitions and gradual, non-linear or contradictory processes of change as they are interpreted and revisited by individuals with the unfolding of their lives. With its intrinsic focus on time and temporalities, prospective qualitative research allows us to address not only changing meanings and perceptions, but how people examine their pasts and look into their futures, and how these temporal perspectives are modified along with life events and transitions. Together with its undoubted advantages, a range of analytical and methodological challenges arise in the process of engaging with participants in a prospective qualitative study, where time, lives, perceptions and meanings are continually shifting and under revision. The benefits of combining prospective and retrospective insights and meanings involve a complex and demanding analytical effort that addresses potentially emerging discrepancies in the reporting of the same event or transition. The notion of a linear temporality that structures social action needs to be reconciled with narratives that reflect the fluidity of past and future time, stagnation, zigzag or even reversible developments. Questions of archiving are a source of concern for researchers whose data sets are iteratively generated over time, raising issues about consent, anonymity and ownership. Ethical issues also sharpen as the level of personal involvement between researcher and participant increases with repeated interactions across the different waves. With the increased availability of qualitative prospective studies, there is a growing agreement about the benefits of using secondary data. Arguments about research costs and underexploitation of existing data are gaining ground against the traditional reluctance of qualitative researchers to make their data available for reuse. There is, hence, an emerging need to reflect on the strategies and practices of data creation and management for long-term storage and use by others. In parallel, challenges of combining different data sources with similar foci for analytical and comparative purposes are increasingly recognised. These are just a few of the challenges facing prospective qualitative researchers, but they clearly point to the need for further methodological reflection","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66289953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795919x15719917311075
Yi Lu, A. Pearce, Leah Li
Height growth is an important biomarker for early life exposures that influence later disease risk. Previous studies show that ethnic minority children in the UK tend to be born lighter but experience more rapid infancy growth than White peers. However, whether subsequent child-to-adolescent growth differs by ethnic group is insufficiently understood. We used the data from 15,239 singletons in the UK Millennium Cohort Study and applied mixed-effects cubic growth models to examine ethnic differences in height trajectories between 3y and 14y. Models were subsequently adjusted for potential early life explanatory factors. Compared with White counterparts, South Asian children had lower birthweight and shorter parents on average, but were slightly taller at 3y by 0.5cm [95% CI: 0.2–0.9] and had comparable childhood and adolescent trajectories, except that girls had a slower growth in adolescence. Height of South Asians relative to White children increased after adjusting for birthweight (taller by 1.3cm at 3y). Black African/Caribbeans were taller than White children at all ages between 3y and 14y (at 3y boys: 2.2cm, 1.2–2.7; girls: 3.2cm, 2.6–3.8) with height differences widening in childhood and reducing in adolescence. Adjustment for potential explanatory factors did not alter these differences. Despite having lower birthweight, contemporary UK South Asian children had comparable child-to-adolescent growth as White children. Black African/Caribbeans were considerably taller than other ethnic groups. Future research is needed in understanding the role of genetic and other environmental factors (such as diet) in these distinct growth patterns across ethnic groups and their health implications.
{"title":"Ethnic differences in height growth trajectories and early life factors: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study","authors":"Yi Lu, A. Pearce, Leah Li","doi":"10.1332/175795919x15719917311075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795919x15719917311075","url":null,"abstract":"Height growth is an important biomarker for early life exposures that influence later disease risk. Previous studies show that ethnic minority children in the UK tend to be born lighter but experience more rapid infancy growth than White peers. However, whether subsequent child-to-adolescent\u0000 growth differs by ethnic group is insufficiently understood. We used the data from 15,239 singletons in the UK Millennium Cohort Study and applied mixed-effects cubic growth models to examine ethnic differences in height trajectories between 3y and 14y. Models were subsequently adjusted for\u0000 potential early life explanatory factors. Compared with White counterparts, South Asian children had lower birthweight and shorter parents on average, but were slightly taller at 3y by 0.5cm [95% CI: 0.2–0.9] and had comparable childhood and adolescent trajectories, except that girls\u0000 had a slower growth in adolescence. Height of South Asians relative to White children increased after adjusting for birthweight (taller by 1.3cm at 3y). Black African/Caribbeans were taller than White children at all ages between 3y and 14y (at 3y boys: 2.2cm, 1.2–2.7; girls: 3.2cm,\u0000 2.6–3.8) with height differences widening in childhood and reducing in adolescence. Adjustment for potential explanatory factors did not alter these differences. Despite having lower birthweight, contemporary UK South Asian children had comparable child-to-adolescent growth as White\u0000 children. Black African/Caribbeans were considerably taller than other ethnic groups. Future research is needed in understanding the role of genetic and other environmental factors (such as diet) in these distinct growth patterns across ethnic groups and their health implications.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43155453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795919x15728445647266
M. Iveson, C. Dibben, I. Deary
As the population ages, older adults are expected to work for longer into the life course. However, older adults experience particular problems staying economically active, even prior to reaching statutory retirement. Recent work has suggested that economic activity in midlife can be predicted by the far-reaching effects of early life, such as childhood socio-economic circumstances, cognitive ability and education. The present study investigates whether these same early-life factors predict the odds of being economically active much later in life, from age 55 to age 75. We capitalise on data linkage conducted between a subsample of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 cohort and the Scottish Longitudinal Study, which includes three waves of national census data (1991, 2001 and 2011). The structural association between early-life factors and later-life economic activity was assessed using latent growth curve analyses conducted for males and females separately. In both males and females, the odds of being economically active decreased non-linearly across the 20-year follow-up period. For males, greater odds of being economically active at age 55 were predicted by higher childhood cognitive ability and higher educational attainment. For females, greater odds of being economically active at age 55 were predicted by higher childhood socio-economic status and higher childhood cognitive ability. In contrast, early-life factors did not predict the odds of becoming inactive over the 20-year follow-up period. We suggest that early-life advantage may contribute to the capacity for work in later life, but that it does not necessarily protect from subsequent decline in this capacity.
{"title":"Childhood socio-economic circumstances, cognitive function and education and later-life economic activity: linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 to administrative data","authors":"M. Iveson, C. Dibben, I. Deary","doi":"10.1332/175795919x15728445647266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795919x15728445647266","url":null,"abstract":"As the population ages, older adults are expected to work for longer into the life course. However, older adults experience particular problems staying economically active, even prior to reaching statutory retirement. Recent work has suggested that economic activity in midlife can be\u0000 predicted by the far-reaching effects of early life, such as childhood socio-economic circumstances, cognitive ability and education. The present study investigates whether these same early-life factors predict the odds of being economically active much later in life, from age 55 to age 75.\u0000 We capitalise on data linkage conducted between a subsample of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 cohort and the Scottish Longitudinal Study, which includes three waves of national census data (1991, 2001 and 2011). The structural association between early-life factors and later-life economic\u0000 activity was assessed using latent growth curve analyses conducted for males and females separately. In both males and females, the odds of being economically active decreased non-linearly across the 20-year follow-up period. For males, greater odds of being economically active at age 55 were\u0000 predicted by higher childhood cognitive ability and higher educational attainment. For females, greater odds of being economically active at age 55 were predicted by higher childhood socio-economic status and higher childhood cognitive ability. In contrast, early-life factors did not predict\u0000 the odds of becoming inactive over the 20-year follow-up period. We suggest that early-life advantage may contribute to the capacity for work in later life, but that it does not necessarily protect from subsequent decline in this capacity.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46207452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795919X15707903679599
A. Heshmati, G. Mishra, A. Goodman, I. Koupil
Socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with all-cause mortality across all stages of the life course; however, it is valuable to distinguish at what time periods SEP has the most influence on mortality. Our aim was to investigate whether the effect of SEP on all-cause mortality accumulates over the life course or if some periods of the life course are more important. Our study population were from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study, born 1915-1929 at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. We followed 3,951 men and 3,601 women who had SEP available at birth, during childhood (at age ten), in adulthood (ages 30-45) and in later life (ages (50-65) from 15 September 1980 until emigration, death, or until 31 December 2010. We compared a set of nested Cox proportional regression models, each corresponding to a specific life course model (critical, sensitive and accumulation models), to a fully saturated model, to ascertain which model best describes the relationship between SEP and mortality. Analyses were stratified by gender. For both men and women the effect of SEP across the life course on all-cause mortality is best described by the sensitive period model, whereby being advantaged in later life (ages 50-65 years) provides the largest protective effect. However, the linear accumulation model also provided a good fit of the data for women suggesting that as improvements in SEP at any stage of the life course corresponds to a decrease in all-cause mortality.
{"title":"Socio-economic position at four time points across the life course and all-cause mortality: updated results from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study","authors":"A. Heshmati, G. Mishra, A. Goodman, I. Koupil","doi":"10.1332/175795919X15707903679599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795919X15707903679599","url":null,"abstract":"Socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with all-cause mortality across all stages of the life course; however, it is valuable to distinguish at what time periods SEP has the most influence on mortality. Our aim was to investigate whether the effect of SEP on all-cause mortality accumulates over the life course or if some periods of the life course are more important. Our study population were from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study, born 1915-1929 at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. We followed 3,951 men and 3,601 women who had SEP available at birth, during childhood (at age ten), in adulthood (ages 30-45) and in later life (ages (50-65) from 15 September 1980 until emigration, death, or until 31 December 2010. We compared a set of nested Cox proportional regression models, each corresponding to a specific life course model (critical, sensitive and accumulation models), to a fully saturated model, to ascertain which model best describes the relationship between SEP and mortality. Analyses were stratified by gender. For both men and women the effect of SEP across the life course on all-cause mortality is best described by the sensitive period model, whereby being advantaged in later life (ages 50-65 years) provides the largest protective effect. However, the linear accumulation model also provided a good fit of the data for women suggesting that as improvements in SEP at any stage of the life course corresponds to a decrease in all-cause mortality.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"27-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66289236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x15949756176915
Nicolas M. Legewie, Ingrid Tucci
Turning points describe a fundamental change of direction in a life course trajectory. However, they are challenging to study because of their temporal extension, the complexity of processes at stake during those critical life sequences, and the fact that individuals’ interpretation as well as more objective changes in social status and position play important roles in turning points. Panel-based mixed methods designs are well suited to address those challenges. In-depth interview data enable researchers to understand individuals’ interpretations and offer detailed understanding of the processes at stake on multiple levels and domains. The panel survey data allow a glimpse into the respondents’ past, which can serve as a detailed resource for further case-based information. At the same time, the continuing survey data collection in prospective waves yields important data on respondents’ futures that can be analysed against the background of the told history. In this paper, we draw on data from a mixed methods study on the labour market trajectories of 23 descendants of immigrants in Germany, based on the Socio-Economic Panel survey (SOEP). The aim of the paper is to show the potential of combining retrospective interviews and panel data to account for the objective as well as subjective dimensions of turning points. Combining qualitative data and panel data does not aim at reaching the ‘right’ understanding of each case but at obtaining a multifaceted picture of respondents’ lives, which can help to avoid misinterpretation and under-theorisation.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175795920x15913557982929
Peter Dwyer, Ruth Patrick
This article brings together methodological insight from two policy-focused studies centrally concerned with understanding experiences of, and responses to, rapidly expanding welfare conditionality (that is, making claimants’ eligibility to social welfare rights dependent on engagement with mandatory behavioural responsibilities under threat of sanction for non-compliance), in the UK context. Qualitative longitudinal approaches are ideally suited to seeking a better understanding of the efficacy and consequences of welfare conditionality and enabling an exploration of how the policy assumptions underpinning this approach intersect with (and often contradict) lived experiences. In this article, we detail the approaches we have taken in employing qualitative longitudinal methodologies and explore the similarities and distinctive features of two policy studies with which the authors were involved (Patrick, 2017; WelCond, 2018). Drawing on data from our two studies, we highlight how a focus on time can deepen our understanding of policy changes and their impact on people’s past, present and future lives. We consider the difference in scale of the two studies and the respective possibilities and challenges in working with quite small and very large sample sizes, including the analytical challenge particular to qualitative longitudinal research. Further, we highlight the value of qualitative longitudinal methods for research that seeks to comprehend the varied effects of welfare conditionality on the lives and behaviour of social security benefit recipients over time. Finally, we reflect on the merits of qualitative longitudinal studies for social policy research more broadly.
{"title":"Little and large: methodological reflections from two qualitative longitudinal policy studies on welfare conditionality","authors":"Peter Dwyer, Ruth Patrick","doi":"10.1332/175795920x15913557982929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920x15913557982929","url":null,"abstract":"This article brings together methodological insight from two policy-focused studies centrally concerned with understanding experiences of, and responses to, rapidly expanding welfare conditionality (that is, making claimants’ eligibility to social welfare rights dependent on engagement with mandatory behavioural responsibilities under threat of sanction for non-compliance), in the UK context. Qualitative longitudinal approaches are ideally suited to seeking a better understanding of the efficacy and consequences of welfare conditionality and enabling an exploration of how the policy assumptions underpinning this approach intersect with (and often contradict) lived experiences. In this article, we detail the approaches we have taken in employing qualitative longitudinal methodologies and explore the similarities and distinctive features of two policy studies with which the authors were involved (Patrick, 2017; WelCond, 2018). Drawing on data from our two studies, we highlight how a focus on time can deepen our understanding of policy changes and their impact on people’s past, present and future lives. We consider the difference in scale of the two studies and the respective possibilities and challenges in working with quite small and very large sample sizes, including the analytical challenge particular to qualitative longitudinal research. Further, we highlight the value of qualitative longitudinal methods for research that seeks to comprehend the varied effects of welfare conditionality on the lives and behaviour of social security benefit recipients over time. Finally, we reflect on the merits of qualitative longitudinal studies for social policy research more broadly.","PeriodicalId":45988,"journal":{"name":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66289447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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