Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.1177/03631990221079782
B. Hitzer
This article traces the history of the West German debate about whether, how, and why adoptive parents should or should not tell their children the truth about their origins. Concepts of biological and social parenthood, family, parental love, and the maternal bond play a role in this context, as does the ensuing legal discussion on full and partial adoption, anonymous adoption, and finally the novel instrument of “open adoption” that was developed in the 1970s. The conclusion attempts to place these discussions within the context of a more comprehensive history of truth. In drawing attention to how the current trend towards unconditional truth-telling has been shaped by changing historical contexts, the paper reveals that the answers are context-bound, that it is advisable to carefully ponder what effects the overarching emphasis on a single form of truth (or secrecy) may have, and what dangers it may hold.
{"title":"Who am I? The Politics of Lying, Not Knowing and Truth-Telling in the West German History of Child Adoption","authors":"B. Hitzer","doi":"10.1177/03631990221079782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221079782","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the history of the West German debate about whether, how, and why adoptive parents should or should not tell their children the truth about their origins. Concepts of biological and social parenthood, family, parental love, and the maternal bond play a role in this context, as does the ensuing legal discussion on full and partial adoption, anonymous adoption, and finally the novel instrument of “open adoption” that was developed in the 1970s. The conclusion attempts to place these discussions within the context of a more comprehensive history of truth. In drawing attention to how the current trend towards unconditional truth-telling has been shaped by changing historical contexts, the paper reveals that the answers are context-bound, that it is advisable to carefully ponder what effects the overarching emphasis on a single form of truth (or secrecy) may have, and what dangers it may hold.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41797030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.1177/03631990221079774
Johanna Sjöberg, J. Sköld
Giving birth out of wedlock was associated for centuries with shame, economic burden, and secrecy. Unmarried pregnant women could escape stigma by travelling away from home and purchasing a confinement elsewhere. They could hide there when the pregnancy started to show, give birth, have their children adopted or sent to foster care, and then return home. This article explores the social economy of this stigma by investigating the market for anonymous births in Sweden through newspaper advertisements addressing unmarried pregnant women during the period 1905–1935. It shows that unmarried pregnant women risked exploitation when entering this market, in which private midwives, private maternity homes and individuals offering accommodation and employment were all operating.
{"title":"Selling Anonymity: The Market for Secrecy Around Illegitimate Births","authors":"Johanna Sjöberg, J. Sköld","doi":"10.1177/03631990221079774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221079774","url":null,"abstract":"Giving birth out of wedlock was associated for centuries with shame, economic burden, and secrecy. Unmarried pregnant women could escape stigma by travelling away from home and purchasing a confinement elsewhere. They could hide there when the pregnancy started to show, give birth, have their children adopted or sent to foster care, and then return home. This article explores the social economy of this stigma by investigating the market for anonymous births in Sweden through newspaper advertisements addressing unmarried pregnant women during the period 1905–1935. It shows that unmarried pregnant women risked exploitation when entering this market, in which private midwives, private maternity homes and individuals offering accommodation and employment were all operating.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44071992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1177/03631990221079753
Shurlee Swain
Based on a database of Australian cases from 1834–1954, this article argues that abandonment was an intentional strategy intended to maximise a child's chances of survival while preserving its family's reputation. However, abandonment had the potential to expose family secrets, bringing them into the public gaze and subjecting them to interrogation. Abandonment was also used for revenge, exposing the identity of putative fathers in a demand for financial support. Through this analysis the article positions abandonment as a key site of interaction between the individual and society, and the private and the public in relation to the politics of secrecy.
{"title":"Left on a Doorstep: The Role of Infant Abandonment in Preserving and Exposing Family Secrets in Australia 1834–1954","authors":"Shurlee Swain","doi":"10.1177/03631990221079753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221079753","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a database of Australian cases from 1834–1954, this article argues that abandonment was an intentional strategy intended to maximise a child's chances of survival while preserving its family's reputation. However, abandonment had the potential to expose family secrets, bringing them into the public gaze and subjecting them to interrogation. Abandonment was also used for revenge, exposing the identity of putative fathers in a demand for financial support. Through this analysis the article positions abandonment as a key site of interaction between the individual and society, and the private and the public in relation to the politics of secrecy.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65232182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-24DOI: 10.1177/03631990221078208
Alison Rowley
erate productive scholarship on the family. This book indicates but leaves unstated the suggestion that scientifically generated ableist ideologies were central to twentieth-century US familial norms. As scholars, we can dig further with a disability analysis and generate new questions about the history of the family. Helpful in this process is existing scholarship such as that by Allison C. Carey on the twentieth-century families of those with developmental disabilities; Cynthia Lewiecki-Wilson and Jen Cellio’s edited collection Disability and Mothering: Liminal Spaces of Embodied Knowledge (2011); and the explosion of materials by individuals who claim a neurodiverse or autistic identity. A generative piece of scholarship, Intelligent Love prompts an additional number of questions from which historians of the family may benefit. How have non-privileged families made their own through, and resisted, or drowned in, the labyrinth of weighty medical and scientific expertise? How have non-normative families waded through the powerful influences of medicine and expertise? How does the history of the family overlap with that of disability, foster care, and adoption? Intellegent Lovewill enrich scholars and courses on the history of the family, medicine, education, and science. Vicedo explains highly scientific arguments in accessible language without overly simplifying them, making it a readable and teachable book.
{"title":"Book Review: Marriage, Household, and Home in Modern Russia: From Peter the Great to Vladimir Putin by Barbara Alpern Engel","authors":"Alison Rowley","doi":"10.1177/03631990221078208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221078208","url":null,"abstract":"erate productive scholarship on the family. This book indicates but leaves unstated the suggestion that scientifically generated ableist ideologies were central to twentieth-century US familial norms. As scholars, we can dig further with a disability analysis and generate new questions about the history of the family. Helpful in this process is existing scholarship such as that by Allison C. Carey on the twentieth-century families of those with developmental disabilities; Cynthia Lewiecki-Wilson and Jen Cellio’s edited collection Disability and Mothering: Liminal Spaces of Embodied Knowledge (2011); and the explosion of materials by individuals who claim a neurodiverse or autistic identity. A generative piece of scholarship, Intelligent Love prompts an additional number of questions from which historians of the family may benefit. How have non-privileged families made their own through, and resisted, or drowned in, the labyrinth of weighty medical and scientific expertise? How have non-normative families waded through the powerful influences of medicine and expertise? How does the history of the family overlap with that of disability, foster care, and adoption? Intellegent Lovewill enrich scholars and courses on the history of the family, medicine, education, and science. Vicedo explains highly scientific arguments in accessible language without overly simplifying them, making it a readable and teachable book.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49097436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1177/03631990221077916
C. Corretti, S. Desai
This article examines cases of fornication and illegitimacy as they were regulated by the Genevan Consistory, a morals discipline court that John Calvin created in 1541 to eradicate sin from the community. We argue that ordinary people failed to live up to the moral standards of Calvinist reformers as they practiced illicit sex and had bastard children. The authorities did their best to correct such behavior and provide for illegitimate children.
{"title":"Fornication and Illegitimacy in Reformation Geneva: Cases from the Consistory, 1542–1558","authors":"C. Corretti, S. Desai","doi":"10.1177/03631990221077916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221077916","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines cases of fornication and illegitimacy as they were regulated by the Genevan Consistory, a morals discipline court that John Calvin created in 1541 to eradicate sin from the community. We argue that ordinary people failed to live up to the moral standards of Calvinist reformers as they practiced illicit sex and had bastard children. The authorities did their best to correct such behavior and provide for illegitimate children.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45605075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1177/03631990221078588
Delwyn Blondell
What happened to marriage patterns within the British Empire's colonies where more opportunity existed for breaks with past norms? This paper, drawn from research into a group of laborers known as Brogdens’ Navvies who emigrated to New Zealand in 1872 and 1873, argues that working people conformed with social expectations around marriage until legal and economic constraints forced them into alternative forms of relationships. Additionally, communities were sometimes more flexible and accepting of arrangements than legal strictures and prescriptions might suggest. From 1898 onward, law changes that legalized marriage breakdown and allowed remarriage seem to have reduced the need for alternatives.
{"title":"Till Death Do Us Part: Laborers’ Marriage Practices in Late Victorian New Zealand","authors":"Delwyn Blondell","doi":"10.1177/03631990221078588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221078588","url":null,"abstract":"What happened to marriage patterns within the British Empire's colonies where more opportunity existed for breaks with past norms? This paper, drawn from research into a group of laborers known as Brogdens’ Navvies who emigrated to New Zealand in 1872 and 1873, argues that working people conformed with social expectations around marriage until legal and economic constraints forced them into alternative forms of relationships. Additionally, communities were sometimes more flexible and accepting of arrangements than legal strictures and prescriptions might suggest. From 1898 onward, law changes that legalized marriage breakdown and allowed remarriage seem to have reduced the need for alternatives.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46476373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.1177/03631990221077008
Rune Zahl-Olsen
Divorces have become common, but reliable longer-run historical data with several years of follow-up are scarce. This study investigates divorce trends and divorce risk based on prospective data for all Norwegian different-sex marriages formed from 1886–2018, with yearly follow-up continuing until 60 years after the wedding (N = 2.7 million). First marriages and remarriages are investigated separately, as are marriages in rural and urban areas. The results indicate a general decline in divorce risk, but not in rural areas. The previously suggested impacts of age-at-marriage and remarriage on divorce risk are questioned.
{"title":"Understanding Divorce Trends and Risks: The Case of Norway 1886–2018","authors":"Rune Zahl-Olsen","doi":"10.1177/03631990221077008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221077008","url":null,"abstract":"Divorces have become common, but reliable longer-run historical data with several years of follow-up are scarce. This study investigates divorce trends and divorce risk based on prospective data for all Norwegian different-sex marriages formed from 1886–2018, with yearly follow-up continuing until 60 years after the wedding (N = 2.7 million). First marriages and remarriages are investigated separately, as are marriages in rural and urban areas. The results indicate a general decline in divorce risk, but not in rural areas. The previously suggested impacts of age-at-marriage and remarriage on divorce risk are questioned.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44910584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.1177/03631990221077707
Marian Lorrison
Feminist historians have long recognised the symbiotic relationship between personal autonomy and a woman's capacity to earn her own living. This paper draws on legal and press documentation to examine how one woman navigated the difficult path of wage-earning during the 1890s. It argues that Catherine Kirchner saw herself as an autonomous economic entity and conducted herself with equal autonomy within her marriage and an extra-marital love affair. The paper concludes that despite the rhetoric of increasing emancipation and opportunity for women in 1890s New South Wales, the path to economic autonomy remained a difficult one to traverse.
{"title":"‘Going her Own Road’: The Tortured Path to Economic Independence in Late Colonial New South Wales","authors":"Marian Lorrison","doi":"10.1177/03631990221077707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221077707","url":null,"abstract":"Feminist historians have long recognised the symbiotic relationship between personal autonomy and a woman's capacity to earn her own living. This paper draws on legal and press documentation to examine how one woman navigated the difficult path of wage-earning during the 1890s. It argues that Catherine Kirchner saw herself as an autonomous economic entity and conducted herself with equal autonomy within her marriage and an extra-marital love affair. The paper concludes that despite the rhetoric of increasing emancipation and opportunity for women in 1890s New South Wales, the path to economic autonomy remained a difficult one to traverse.","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41612674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-04DOI: 10.1177/03631990221077963
M. DiGangi
{"title":"Book Review: On the Queerness of Early English Drama: Sex in the Subjunctive by Tison Pugh","authors":"M. DiGangi","doi":"10.1177/03631990221077963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221077963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43720398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-04DOI: 10.1177/03631990221077328
Shobana Shankar
argues, enact a “queer historiography.” Bale’s historiography is queer in the sense that his promotion of a chaste, theologically reformed England becomes implicated in his condemnation of clerical chastity as a kind of sodomy. “Sodomitical traces” of a demonized Catholic past thus haunt Bale’s redeemed English present (125). One way that Bale associates the Catholic Church with sodomy is through the character Sodomismus in Thre Lawes of Nature, Moses, and Christ, who boasts of the pederastic tastes of even the Pope. As we saw in the earlier chapter about male friendship, however, sodomy was a broadly defined sin that signified the general debauchery of human will. For Bale, then, sodomy could encompass not only pederasty but also adultery, promiscuity, masturbation, bestiality, and idolatry. Yet because Bale’s interludes, like many of the dramatic texts in Pugh’s study, feature few female characters, sodomy comes to seem particularly descriptive of transgressive male same-sex relations. With the wonderfully paradoxical phrase “sodomitical chastity,” Bale excoriates the sexual hypocrisy of lecherous if unmarried Catholic prelates (and nuns) even as he thereby undercuts the purity of Englande, a chaste widow and mother, in King Johan. King Johan’s chaste asexuality similarly falls under the shadow of “sodomitical chastity.” As always, Pugh is alert to the ways in which performance might add a queer(er) dimension to the text; here, he observes the delicious irony that the performer who played Englande also doubles in the part of lecherous Clergye. In his final chapter (preceding a brief conclusion that situates Terrence McNally’s Corpus Christi within the “queer legacy” of early English drama), Pugh turns from the English Reformation to the Scottish Reformation as presented through David Lyndsay’s Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis. Pugh identifies this carnivalesque text as proto-camp for its foregrounding of the dissonance between the male bodies of actors and the exuberant female bodies they perform, a dynamic that fosters in audiences a “hermaphroditic gaze” in which male and female gender distinctions refuse to congeal (146). Like Bale, Lyndsay attributes sexual incontinence to the Catholic Church; unlike Bale, he fills his play with “an extraordinarily large number of female characters,” some of whom “straddle the borders between masculine and feminine” (157). I appreciated Pugh’s use of contemporary theories of camp to explain how Lyndsay seems to search for an innovative dramatic form with which to explore sexual vices and inversions of traditional gender roles. Camp provides an apt vocabulary for describing not just the dramatic style of Lyndsay’s Satyre but also its production of “epistemological crises” for spectators who might not be able to apprehend the allegory of social reform beneath the performance’s sexually raucous surface. That tension between the orthodox ideological message and the unruly performative energies of early English
{"title":"Book Review: Countless Blessings: A History of Childbirth and Reproduction in the Sahel by Barbara MacGowan Cooper","authors":"Shobana Shankar","doi":"10.1177/03631990221077328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03631990221077328","url":null,"abstract":"argues, enact a “queer historiography.” Bale’s historiography is queer in the sense that his promotion of a chaste, theologically reformed England becomes implicated in his condemnation of clerical chastity as a kind of sodomy. “Sodomitical traces” of a demonized Catholic past thus haunt Bale’s redeemed English present (125). One way that Bale associates the Catholic Church with sodomy is through the character Sodomismus in Thre Lawes of Nature, Moses, and Christ, who boasts of the pederastic tastes of even the Pope. As we saw in the earlier chapter about male friendship, however, sodomy was a broadly defined sin that signified the general debauchery of human will. For Bale, then, sodomy could encompass not only pederasty but also adultery, promiscuity, masturbation, bestiality, and idolatry. Yet because Bale’s interludes, like many of the dramatic texts in Pugh’s study, feature few female characters, sodomy comes to seem particularly descriptive of transgressive male same-sex relations. With the wonderfully paradoxical phrase “sodomitical chastity,” Bale excoriates the sexual hypocrisy of lecherous if unmarried Catholic prelates (and nuns) even as he thereby undercuts the purity of Englande, a chaste widow and mother, in King Johan. King Johan’s chaste asexuality similarly falls under the shadow of “sodomitical chastity.” As always, Pugh is alert to the ways in which performance might add a queer(er) dimension to the text; here, he observes the delicious irony that the performer who played Englande also doubles in the part of lecherous Clergye. In his final chapter (preceding a brief conclusion that situates Terrence McNally’s Corpus Christi within the “queer legacy” of early English drama), Pugh turns from the English Reformation to the Scottish Reformation as presented through David Lyndsay’s Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis. Pugh identifies this carnivalesque text as proto-camp for its foregrounding of the dissonance between the male bodies of actors and the exuberant female bodies they perform, a dynamic that fosters in audiences a “hermaphroditic gaze” in which male and female gender distinctions refuse to congeal (146). Like Bale, Lyndsay attributes sexual incontinence to the Catholic Church; unlike Bale, he fills his play with “an extraordinarily large number of female characters,” some of whom “straddle the borders between masculine and feminine” (157). I appreciated Pugh’s use of contemporary theories of camp to explain how Lyndsay seems to search for an innovative dramatic form with which to explore sexual vices and inversions of traditional gender roles. Camp provides an apt vocabulary for describing not just the dramatic style of Lyndsay’s Satyre but also its production of “epistemological crises” for spectators who might not be able to apprehend the allegory of social reform beneath the performance’s sexually raucous surface. That tension between the orthodox ideological message and the unruly performative energies of early English ","PeriodicalId":45991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48102248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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