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Aunting as Family Shadow-Work 作为家庭影子工作的阿姨
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221079784
Ashley Barnwell
Women have long been known as family kin-keepers, sources of knowledge about family histories. Yet little has been written on the role of aunts within families, and more specifically on aunts’ domain over sensitive or secret family information. This paper develops the concept of family shadow-work to analyse labours that are unseen yet essential to family life. To do this it explores aunting practices around family secrets using ‘facet methodology’ applied to qualitative research. This analysis highlights aunts’ efforts to manage and transmit information while navigating the politics of family secrecy. While such acts of diagonal transmission may be less recognised as reproductive of family, they are crucial in creating a continuity of family lore, structure, and identity.
长期以来,女性一直被认为是家族的守护者,是家族历史知识的来源。然而,关于阿姨在家庭中的作用,更具体地说,关于阿姨对敏感或秘密家庭信息的控制权,却鲜有报道。本文提出了家庭影子工作的概念,以分析家庭生活中看不见但必不可少的劳动。为了做到这一点,它使用应用于定性研究的“方面方法论”来探索围绕家庭秘密的阿姨实践。这一分析突显了阿姨们在处理家庭保密政治的同时,努力管理和传递信息。虽然这种对角传播行为可能不太被认为是家庭的生殖,但它们对于创造家庭传说、结构和身份的连续性至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to Social Cohesion and Resilience in First Australian Family and Kinship Networks 第一个澳大利亚家庭和亲属网络的社会凝聚力和弹性的勘误
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221087792
K. O'brien
The author wishes to acknowledge Mykaela Saunders, the author’s student-advisee at the University of Sydney. The author served as dissertation advisor to Ms. Saunders for her 2015 thesis titled “Yarning with Minjungbal women: testimonial narratives of transgenerational trauma and healing explored through relationships with country and culture, community and family.” The author extensively referenced Ms. Saunders’ thesis in writing this article.
作者希望感谢Mykaela Saunders,作者在悉尼大学的学生顾问。作者曾担任桑德斯女士2015年的论文导师,论文题目为《与民jungbal女性一起编织:通过与国家、文化、社区和家庭的关系探索跨代创伤和治愈的见证叙事》。作者在撰写这篇文章时广泛引用了桑德斯女士的论文。
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引用次数: 0
The Women's National Abortion Action Coalition & the Abortion Tribunals, 1971–1972 妇女全国堕胎行动联盟和堕胎法庭,1971-1972年
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-21 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221107092
Katherine Parkin
The Women's National Abortion Action Coalition organized for abortion rights, an end to forced sterilization, and accessible birth control. From its formation in July 1971 to its demise with the January 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, it was an inclusive, far-reaching network that spearheaded the call for reproductive justice. Assembling a coalition, including high school and college students and those who called themselves Third World women (Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American women), the group held marches, protests, and in the fall of 1972 abortion tribunals across the country, holding men in power accountable for the oppression of women.
全国妇女堕胎行动联盟组织了堕胎权、终止强制绝育和可获得的节育。从1971年7月成立到1973年1月因罗诉韦德案判决而消亡,它是一个包容性强、影响深远的网络,带头呼吁生殖正义。该组织组建了一个联盟,其中包括高中生和大学生,以及那些自称第三世界女性(黑人、西班牙裔、亚裔和美洲原住民女性)的人,在1972年秋天,该组织在全国各地举行了游行、抗议和堕胎法庭,要求掌权的男性对压迫女性负责。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Mobilizing Japanese Youth: The Cold War and the Making of the Sixties Generation by Christopher Gerteis 书评:《动员日本青年:冷战与六十年代一代的形成》,作者克里斯托弗·格泰斯
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-12 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221099500
K. Hasegawa
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Birthing the West: Mothers and Midwives in the Rockies and Plains by Jennifer Hill 书评:詹妮弗·希尔的《诞生西方:落基山脉和平原上的母亲和助产士》
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221097844
Cassandra Crisman
While all historians came to be through the process of birth, little attention has been paid to the historical significance of childbirth. Perhaps this is because birth is a natural process, something that is part of human life, rather than a medical condition that needs to be met, that we have neglected to study it. Building upon archaeologist Laurie Wilkie’s assertion that there is a tendency to ignore motherhood in her field, Jennifer Hill points out there is a lack of focus on reproduction and childbirth in the field of history also. Hill’s historical analysis of reproduction and childbirth at the turn of the nineteenth century fills this gap in scholarship, while challenging previous ideas about mothers and midwives as well as the overall capitalist-individualist narrative of the American West. Framing her work with the human life cycle: conception, birth, life, and death, Hill seeks to normalize childbirth while also emphasizing the historical importance it played in the colonization of the region. The high death rates of mothers who settled in states like Montana and Wyoming have been dismissed as a consequence of relying on midwives to guide the birthing process. Hill argues that it was not the incompetence of midwives that caused a high death rate, although this was the narrative that public health officials at the time pushed. Instead, the harsh material conditions and poverty that settler women faced contributed to high death rates during and after childbirth. While these conditions made childbirth risky, Hill praises the informal network of support that women created for its ability to manage healthcare. Birthing the West is an excellent addition to the historical field, as it elevates previously silenced voices while challenging major arguments about the American West. Often isolated in their rural settlements, women who settled in the Rockies and plains did not have the same access to healthcare that their urban counterparts had. Despite this challenge, solo birthing experiences were rare, as women formed a community to assist each other. Using personal letters, oral interviews, and journals, Hill maps a unique reciprocal economy that existed among settler women in this region. Still expected to maintain the home and farm, “chronically fatigued mothers living in isolation faced greater physical and emotional burdens than urban women” (58). Hill’s research shows that despite their stressful lives, plains and Rockies rural mothers were able to rely on each other in order to safely give birth and recover. Hill’s statistical data is from the Children’s Bureau, which under Julia Lathrop, interviewed just under five hundred new mothers in rural Montana during the Summer of 1917. According to their findings, the majority of maternity health care during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was provided by midwives. While some of these midwives had formal training, many gained their knowledge from personal experience and through
虽然所有的历史学家都经历过出生的过程,但很少有人注意到分娩的历史意义。也许这是因为出生是一个自然过程,是人类生命的一部分,而不是一种需要满足的医学条件,所以我们忽视了对它的研究。考古学家劳里·威尔基(Laurie Wilkie)断言,在她的研究领域中存在一种忽视母性的倾向,以此为基础,詹妮弗·希尔(Jennifer Hill)指出,在历史领域中也缺乏对生殖和分娩的关注。希尔在19世纪初对生育和生育的历史分析填补了这一学术空白,同时挑战了之前关于母亲和助产士的观点,以及美国西部整体的资本主义-个人主义叙事。她的作品以人类的生命周期为框架:受孕、出生、生命和死亡,希尔试图使分娩正常化,同时也强调了分娩在该地区殖民化中的历史重要性。在蒙大拿和怀俄明等州定居的母亲的高死亡率被认为是依赖助产士指导分娩过程的结果。希尔认为,并不是助产士的无能导致了高死亡率,尽管这是当时公共卫生官员所推崇的说法。相反,移民妇女所面临的恶劣物质条件和贫困造成了分娩期间和分娩后的高死亡率。虽然这些情况使分娩有风险,但希尔赞扬了妇女建立的非正式支持网络,因为它有能力管理医疗保健。《西部的诞生》是对历史领域的一个极好的补充,因为它提升了以前沉默的声音,同时挑战了关于美国西部的主要论点。居住在落基山脉和平原的妇女往往被隔离在农村定居点,她们无法获得与城市妇女相同的医疗保健服务。尽管面临这样的挑战,但独自分娩的经历很少,因为妇女们组成了一个社区,互相帮助。希尔利用私人信件、口头访谈和日记,描绘了该地区妇女定居者之间独特的互惠经济。"独居的长期疲劳的母亲仍然需要维持家庭和农场,她们比城市妇女面临更大的身体和情感负担"(58)。希尔的研究表明,尽管生活压力很大,平原和落基山脉农村的母亲能够相互依赖,以安全分娩和康复。希尔的统计数据来自儿童局,由朱莉娅·莱思罗普领导,1917年夏天在蒙大拿州农村采访了近500名新妈妈。根据他们的调查结果,19世纪末和20世纪初的大部分产妇保健是由助产士提供的。虽然其中一些助产士接受过正式培训,但许多助产士是通过个人经验和帮助其他妇女而不是通过正规教育获得知识的。事实上,从未生过孩子的女性很少成为助产士。在没有助产士的情况下,社区妇女会介入,尽可能地提供指导,有时会用她们的时间和精力来换取鸡蛋和黄油等物质商品。妇女通常会在孩子出生后呆上许多天,在新妈妈康复期间,协助完成家务。书评
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: The Birth Certificate: An American History by Susan J. Pearson 书评:苏珊·皮尔森的《出生证明:一部美国历史》
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221098625
Shannon K. Withycombe
For many Americans, the birth certificate is a valuable document, but only for the purposes of obtaining other “official” documents (driver’s license, passport, marriage license, etc.). Most of us rarely look at our birth certificates, but keep it protected as it is “proof” that we exist and deserve consideration by our government. Citizenship rests upon the birth certificate, and yet citizenship is also constructed within the birth certificate, with each box and space filled with purportedly objective information. Susan J. Pearson’s newest book, The Birth Certificate: An American History reveals the fraught history of this simple document. She examines how the birth certificate has always been about who qualifies as “American” and who does not. What many social groups and political agencies portray as a simple representation of the truth of one’s existence and identity is instead, in Pearson’s work, a complex, layered, and contentious system of categorizing individuals into a country of valuable and valueless groups. Pearson illustrates that over the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, “The more birth certificates came to serve as proof of identity, the less stable their ‘facts’ became.” (124) Pearson set out to trace the creation, development, and challenges to the American birth certificate and did so with admirable depth, creating a book very rich in sources. She opens on mid-nineteenth-century Boston where statistician and public health reformer Lemuel Shattuck presented his plan for systematized and universal vital registration in his state in the 1850s. Like many other white men of influence at this time, Shattuck believed that with enough data and the right numbers, populational health, strength, and value could be determined. Linking vital registration to the changes in childbirth, racial anxieties, and colonialism, Pearson investigates the myriad individuals and organizations in the last half of the nineteenth century who advocated for “accurate” birth recording of some kind. Pearson is able to add another important consideration to the commonly known narrative about the shift in birthing attendants in the United States from midwives to male physicians over the course of the nineteenth century, as birth certificates favored educated males over women who had less access to literacy and official avenues of paper bureaucracy. As states moved to pass birth registration laws, supporters found that convincing doctors, midwives, families, and others who might be involved in a birth to shift their practices accordingly was more difficult than they supposed. The United States Children’s Bureau, formed in 1912, stepped in to fill this role and worked tirelessly to spread the gospel of birth registration across the nation. As popular concerns of Progressive-Era club women, public health officials, and physicians striving to gain a professional monopoly, infant survival and child welfare emerged as problems to be solved by the state. The Child
对许多美国人来说,出生证明是一份有价值的文件,但只是为了获得其他“官方”文件(驾照、护照、结婚证等)。我们大多数人很少看我们的出生证明,但把它保护起来,因为它是我们存在的“证据”,值得政府考虑。公民身份取决于出生证明,但公民身份也在出生证明中构建,每个方框和空格都填满了据称是客观的信息。苏珊·j·皮尔森的新书《出生证明:一部美国历史》揭示了这份简单文件令人担忧的历史。她研究了出生证明是如何一直表明谁有资格成为“美国人”,谁不是。在皮尔逊的作品中,许多社会团体和政治机构所描绘的是一个人存在和身份真相的简单代表,相反,这是一个复杂的、分层的、有争议的系统,将个人划分为有价值和无价值的群体。皮尔逊指出,在19世纪末和20世纪,“作为身份证明的出生证明越多,他们的‘事实’就越不稳定。(124)皮尔森着手追踪美国出生证明的产生、发展和挑战,并以令人钦佩的深度完成了这项工作,创作了一本资料非常丰富的书。她从19世纪中叶的波士顿开始,统计学家和公共卫生改革者Lemuel shatuck在19世纪50年代提出了他的计划,在他的州进行系统化和普遍的生命登记。像当时许多其他有影响力的白人一样,沙塔克相信,有了足够的数据和正确的数字,就可以确定人口的健康、力量和价值。皮尔森将生命登记与生育的变化、种族焦虑和殖民主义联系起来,调查了19世纪下半叶无数主张某种“准确”出生记录的个人和组织。关于19世纪美国接生员从助产士到男性医生的转变这一广为人知的叙述,皮尔逊能够补充另一个重要的考虑因素,因为出生证明更青睐受过教育的男性,而不是女性,因为女性很少接触识字和书面官僚主义的官方渠道。随着各州开始通过出生登记法,支持者发现,说服医生、助产士、家庭和其他可能参与分娩的人相应地改变他们的做法,比他们想象的要困难得多。成立于1912年的美国儿童局(United States Children’s Bureau)填补了这一角色,并不知疲倦地在全国范围内传播出生登记的福音。作为进步时代俱乐部妇女、公共卫生官员和努力获得专业垄断的医生普遍关注的问题,婴儿生存和儿童福利成为需要国家解决的问题。儿童局认为准确的出生登记是解决这些问题的关键。如果不知道有多少婴儿出生,他们就无法确定婴儿死亡率的真正威胁(特别是按种族划分)。如果没有对每个儿童年龄的真实测量,他们就无法推动禁止童工的立法。许多其他组织也加入了儿童局的行列,致力于减少婴儿死亡和童工现象(如书评)
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引用次数: 0
Book review: The Persistence of Slavery: An Economic History of Child Trafficking in Nigeria by Robin P. Chapdelaine 书评:《奴隶制的延续:尼日利亚贩卖儿童的经济史》,罗宾·p·查德莱恩著
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221092992
S. Duff
and as a problem to solve. African Americans and Native Americans had less access to obtaining birth certificates. When they did possess them, the “fact” of their race created obstacles to employment, marriage, and voting rights. Due to pressure brought by multiple groups, including the NAACP, in 1968 the Census Bureau agreed to move “race/color” to a section of the birth certificate that remains, to this day, confidential state information. Pearson reveals the simultaneous meanings of race as a “fact” of the population and a construction that can bring harm to individuals. With these challenges to the birth certificate’s claim to truth by individuals and groups harmed by its growing authority over individual identity and populational policies, Pearson is easily able to bring this long history up to the current wave of “bathroom bills” and other legislation used to empower the facts of the birth control over the autonomy of trans-Americans to live their lives as their authentic selves. Both the state and private citizens have used birth certificates to discriminate against multiple groups in US history, but Pearson shows us that those discriminated against also have a history of action and agency in reshaping the birth certificate. In the closing of the book, Pearson lauds the flexibility of the fixed document that is the birth certificate: “If our documents are meant to say who we are, then we ought to have a say in our documents.” (292) Pearson is only able to craft this sweeping narrative of a complex, powerful document over 150 years with exhausting research. Or at least, research that appears in her notes as exhaustion-inducing (I cannot speak for her frame of mind or level of energy at the end of the project). By my count, Pearson visited eleven different archives in nine different states to dig through papers of both government agencies (such as the Bureau of Indian Affairs or the Children’s Bureau) and individuals at the center of birth registration debates (such as Lemuel Shattuck and Grace Abbott). Juggling personal correspondence, government reports, and newspaper articles (to name just a few source types) Pearson exhibits her dexterity and care as a researcher. Historians interested in any number of topics in twentieth-century America could find new research paths just with a close reading of her footnotes. In the end, Pearson crafts one of those fascinating histories of an entity of all our lives that has always seemed inevitable in the progress of American culture. When I teach graduate students about how to come up with a research question, I ask them to practice by just looking around them and asking: “why is that?” Pearson asked, “why is that?” about one of the most meaningful documents in the country and answered with an original and captivating story that forces us all, historian and American alike, to reconsider our understandings of the facts of our own births. The birth certificate marks all of us, from the very moment we ar
并且作为一个需要解决的问题。非裔美国人和美洲原住民获得出生证明的机会较少。当他们拥有它们时,他们种族的“事实”为就业、婚姻和投票权制造了障碍。由于包括全国有色人种协进会在内的多个团体带来的压力,1968年,人口普查局同意将“种族/肤色”改为出生证明的一部分,直到今天,该部分仍然是国家机密信息。皮尔逊揭示了种族作为人口的“事实”和可能对个人造成伤害的结构的同时含义。由于出生证明在个人身份和人口政策方面的权威不断增强,个人和团体对出生证明的真实性提出了这些挑战,Pearson很容易将这段漫长的历史与当前的“浴室法案”和其他立法浪潮联系起来,这些法案旨在赋予跨性别美国人以真实自我生活的自主权以节育的事实。在美国历史上,国家和私人公民都曾使用出生证明歧视多个群体,但Pearson向我们表明,那些被歧视的人在重塑出生证明方面也有行动和代理的历史。在书的结尾,皮尔逊称赞了出生证明这一固定文件的灵活性:“如果我们的文件是为了说明我们是谁,那么我们应该在我们的文件中有发言权。”。或者至少,她笔记中出现的令人疲惫的研究(我无法代表她在项目结束时的心态或精力水平)。据我统计,皮尔逊访问了九个不同州的十一个不同档案馆,翻阅了政府机构(如印度事务局或儿童局)和出生登记辩论中心人物(如Lemuel Shattuck和Grace Abbott)的文件。皮尔森处理个人信件、政府报告和报纸文章(仅举几个来源类型),展现了她作为一名研究人员的灵活性和细心。对20世纪美国任何一个主题感兴趣的历史学家只要仔细阅读她的脚注,都可以找到新的研究道路。最后,皮尔逊创作了一部引人入胜的历史,讲述了我们所有人的生活,这在美国文化的进步中似乎总是不可避免的。当我教研究生们如何提出一个研究问题时,我会让他们练习,只是环顾四周,问:“为什么是这样?”皮尔森问,“为什么是那样?”关于这个国家最有意义的文件之一,并用一个原创而迷人的故事回答,这个故事迫使我们所有人,无论是历史学家还是美国人,重新考虑我们对自己出生事实的理解。出生证明标志着我们所有人,从我们来到这个世界的那一刻起,无论属于与否,无论是否有价值。它创造了一种虚构,我们都自然地属于社会构建的类别,如性别、种族、血统和发育年龄。皮尔逊巧妙地创造了一种叙事,吸引了多个领域的历史学家,也应该被他们阅读。皮尔逊将政治、种族、性别、健康和家庭的叙事交织在一起,制作了一份手稿,其中的章节可以很容易地用于教授美国历史或任何一系列更专业的课程。《出生证明》是一本及时而令人大开眼界的书,是对国家监控、公共卫生和种族结构之间联系的重要历史干预。
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引用次数: 0
Professors Down the Aisle: Academic Marriage Patterns in the Seventeenth Century Dutch Republic 步入婚姻殿堂的教授:17世纪荷兰共和国的学术婚姻模式
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-04 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221088298
Leonie Price, Manuel Llano
Misogamist discourse prevailed among western European early modern scholars. This article examines whether misogamist discourse translated into behaviour in the Dutch Republic. We identify marriage trends of professors employed by the universities of Leiden and Utrecht in the seventeenth century, using quantitative and qualitative approaches. We analysed a prosopographical dataset of professors and their wives, explored here through several case studies. Against views of exceptionality, seclusion and celibacy in scholarly culture, based on self-fashioning and a handful of memorable examples, we argue that scholars overall replicated and intensified the European Marriage Pattern, and marriage strategies of the Dutch civic elite.
厌恶游戏论在西欧早期现代学者中盛行。这篇文章探讨是否厌恶游戏的话语转化为行为在荷兰共和国。我们用定量和定性的方法确定了17世纪莱顿大学和乌得勒支大学聘用的教授的婚姻趋势。我们分析了教授及其妻子的面部表情数据集,并通过几个案例研究进行了探讨。针对学术文化中的例外、隐居和独身的观点,基于自我塑造和少数令人难忘的例子,我们认为学者们总体上复制并强化了欧洲婚姻模式和荷兰公民精英的婚姻策略。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Stalin’s Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937–1951 by Karl D. Qualls 书评:《斯大林的厄尔尼诺现象:在苏联教育西班牙内战难民儿童,1937–1951》,卡尔·D·夸尔斯著
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221080066
D. Kowalsky
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Intelligent Love: The Story of Clara Park, Her Autistic Daughter, and the Myth of the Refrigerator Mother by Marga Vicedo 书评:《聪明的爱:克拉拉·帕克的故事,她的自闭症女儿,冰箱母亲的神话》,作者:玛加·维切多
IF 0.6 3区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-28 DOI: 10.1177/03631990221084934
K. E. Nielsen
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Family History
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