This paper examines the relocation of the Skolt Sámi people from Russia to Finland in the first half of the 20th century. Based on empirical fieldwork and a review of literature and reports, I investigate both the decision-making and the place-making processes in the region of Sevettijärvi, Finnish Upper Lapland. This article gives an account of the difficulties resettled villagers had in making themselves home in a new place, albeit decisions had been made in agreement and good faith. Further, this article highlights people’s awareness of the social life of stories and of their own role as storytellers.
{"title":"And People Asked: “We Want to Have Lakes to Fish!” and Lakes Were Given. Skolt Sámi Relocation after WWII in Finland1","authors":"Nuccio Mazzullo","doi":"10.3368/aa.54.1.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.54.1.46","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the relocation of the Skolt Sámi people from Russia to Finland in the first half of the 20th century. Based on empirical fieldwork and a review of literature and reports, I investigate both the decision-making and the place-making processes in the region of Sevettijärvi, Finnish Upper Lapland. This article gives an account of the difficulties resettled villagers had in making themselves home in a new place, albeit decisions had been made in agreement and good faith. Further, this article highlights people’s awareness of the social life of stories and of their own role as storytellers.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"46 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.54.1.46","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48020187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When new discourses appear, they can cause a certain pressure to search for new meaning of past actions and therefore even change recollection. During a period of discursive transition, these processes of memory evolution can cause serious social rifts. These insights from oral history theories are applied in this paper to the Sámi people in Russia, who all too often are seen by outsiders as a homogeneous community. I seek to correct this distorted image by analyzing the several interconnected rifts crisscrossing the Russian Sámi society. The following social fault lines are identified: the generational, the gender, the siyt, and the Lovozero- and-the-rest rifts, as well as a rift of worldviews, which I describe through two conceptual poles called “activists” and “sovkhoists.” Thus, the article contributes to raising awareness about the potentially differing interests of the individuals who constitute what is usually called the Russian Sámi “community” and increasing the critical distance of outsiders towards generalizing claims about “the” Russian Sámi.
{"title":"Yesterday’s Memories, Today’s Discourses: The Struggle of the Russian Sámi to Construct a Meaningful Past1","authors":"L. Allemann","doi":"10.3368/aa.54.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.54.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"When new discourses appear, they can cause a certain pressure to search for new meaning of past actions and therefore even change recollection. During a period of discursive transition, these processes of memory evolution can cause serious social rifts. These insights from oral history theories are applied in this paper to the Sámi people in Russia, who all too often are seen by outsiders as a homogeneous community. I seek to correct this distorted image by analyzing the several interconnected rifts crisscrossing the Russian Sámi society. The following social fault lines are identified: the generational, the gender, the siyt, and the Lovozero- and-the-rest rifts, as well as a rift of worldviews, which I describe through two conceptual poles called “activists” and “sovkhoists.” Thus, the article contributes to raising awareness about the potentially differing interests of the individuals who constitute what is usually called the Russian Sámi “community” and increasing the critical distance of outsiders towards generalizing claims about “the” Russian Sámi.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.54.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48194358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Tundra Nenets have a very well developed oral history tradition, and they use different ways to disseminate this knowledge and memories. This paper examines Nenets’ oral history within the transformation of collective and personal memories about early collectivization in the tundra under the Soviet regime. The Nenets are a flexible society and accommodated most of the external changes in their life without abandoning their nomadic life with reindeer on the tundra. However, even though Nenets elders speak quite positively about the time of Soviet collectivization, relocation, and industrialization in their homeland, it seems that they constantly try to conceal all negative memories and stories connected to tragic events of that time. In place of these memories, they create positive stories to tell young people that selectively edit out the negatives of the past.
{"title":"Collective and Individual Memories: Narrations about the Transformations in the Nenets Society1","authors":"Roza I. Laptander","doi":"10.3368/AA.54.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/AA.54.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"The Tundra Nenets have a very well developed oral history tradition, and they use different ways to disseminate this knowledge and memories. This paper examines Nenets’ oral history within the transformation of collective and personal memories about early collectivization in the tundra under the Soviet regime. The Nenets are a flexible society and accommodated most of the external changes in their life without abandoning their nomadic life with reindeer on the tundra. However, even though Nenets elders speak quite positively about the time of Soviet collectivization, relocation, and industrialization in their homeland, it seems that they constantly try to conceal all negative memories and stories connected to tragic events of that time. In place of these memories, they create positive stories to tell young people that selectively edit out the negatives of the past.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"22 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/AA.54.1.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48236280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pastoralism represents a crucial shift in the relationship between humans and animals that permeates all aspects of culture. One aspect of this transition is changes to settlement and camp structure. Previous studies indicate pastoralists situate themselves in areas suitable for their domesticated animals as opposed to foragers who situate themselves closer to consumable natural resources, such as food and raw materials. Building on these past studies, this paper explores how demography and kinship factor into the decision of where to set up camp and where to place one’s house. We explore this issue through the ethnoarchaeological study of the Dukha reindeer herders of northern Mongolia. Our study reveals two important findings: first, group and herd size does not impact camp spacing; second, the distribution of camps and houses are well correlated with the degree of relatedness. These empirical findings are a significant contribution to our understanding of pastoral settlement structure and further highlight the importance of kinship in nomadic cultures.
{"title":"Spatial Expression of Kinship among the Dukha Reindeer Herders of Northern Mongolia","authors":"M. O'brien, Todd A. Surovell","doi":"10.3368/aa.54.1.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.54.1.110","url":null,"abstract":"Pastoralism represents a crucial shift in the relationship between humans and animals that permeates all aspects of culture. One aspect of this transition is changes to settlement and camp structure. Previous studies indicate pastoralists situate themselves in areas suitable for their domesticated animals as opposed to foragers who situate themselves closer to consumable natural resources, such as food and raw materials. Building on these past studies, this paper explores how demography and kinship factor into the decision of where to set up camp and where to place one’s house. We explore this issue through the ethnoarchaeological study of the Dukha reindeer herders of northern Mongolia. Our study reveals two important findings: first, group and herd size does not impact camp spacing; second, the distribution of camps and houses are well correlated with the degree of relatedness. These empirical findings are a significant contribution to our understanding of pastoral settlement structure and further highlight the importance of kinship in nomadic cultures.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"110 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.54.1.110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48134254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines narrative strategies in recollections related to the resettlement of the Nenets from Novaȋa Zemlȋa during the 1950s. The material consists of interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, newspaper articles, literature on the history of Novaȋa Zemlȋa, and an Internet discussion forum. The strategies are analyzed to be borne at the intersection of public and private discourses and varying relations to the so-called authorized discourse and the nuclear uncanny that those recollecting use and recreate in their reminiscences. The nuclear uncanny and the authorized discourse are used to separate the narrated event (the past) from the contemporary narrative event and to create connections between them.
{"title":"Leaving Novaȋa Zemlȋa: Narrative Strategies of the Resettlement of the Nenets1","authors":"Karina Lukin","doi":"10.3368/aa.54.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.54.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines narrative strategies in recollections related to the resettlement of the Nenets from Novaȋa Zemlȋa during the 1950s. The material consists of interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, newspaper articles, literature on the history of Novaȋa Zemlȋa, and an Internet discussion forum. The strategies are analyzed to be borne at the intersection of public and private discourses and varying relations to the so-called authorized discourse and the nuclear uncanny that those recollecting use and recreate in their reminiscences. The nuclear uncanny and the authorized discourse are used to separate the narrated event (the past) from the contemporary narrative event and to create connections between them.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"32 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.54.1.32","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46344299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The long-contested question of the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore has been illuminated by excavations at five 17th–18th-century sod-house villages. Few organic artifacts survive, and the preserved material culture is almost entirely of European artifacts or materials refashioned into Inuit forms. Faunal assemblages indicate winter occupations. Hare Harbor represents a departure from other settlements in having been an Inuit-Basque/French “joint venture.” Lower North Shore Inuit appear to have had a more positive relationship with Europeans than Labrador Inuit, but their presence was vigorously contested by Innu whose coastal lands they appropriated. Questions about year-round occupancy remain because few summer sites have been found. Was the Lower North Shore Inuit occupation a wave migration followed by long-term settlement and withdrawal a century later, or a series of episodic migrations followed by periodic or even seasonal withdrawal? Historical records document intermittent Innu hostilities ending with Inuit withdrawal by AD 1750. In the mid-19th century, Inuit returned, and today their genetic and cultural heritage is an important feature of Lower North Shore life.
{"title":"Paradise Gained, Lost, and Regained: Pulse Migration and the Inuit Archaeology of the Quebec Lower North Shore","authors":"W. Fitzhugh","doi":"10.3368/aa.56.1.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.56.1.52","url":null,"abstract":"The long-contested question of the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore has been illuminated by excavations at five 17th–18th-century sod-house villages. Few organic artifacts survive, and the preserved material culture is almost entirely of European artifacts or materials refashioned into Inuit forms. Faunal assemblages indicate winter occupations. Hare Harbor represents a departure from other settlements in having been an Inuit-Basque/French “joint venture.” Lower North Shore Inuit appear to have had a more positive relationship with Europeans than Labrador Inuit, but their presence was vigorously contested by Innu whose coastal lands they appropriated. Questions about year-round occupancy remain because few summer sites have been found. Was the Lower North Shore Inuit occupation a wave migration followed by long-term settlement and withdrawal a century later, or a series of episodic migrations followed by periodic or even seasonal withdrawal? Historical records document intermittent Innu hostilities ending with Inuit withdrawal by AD 1750. In the mid-19th century, Inuit returned, and today their genetic and cultural heritage is an important feature of Lower North Shore life.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"56 1","pages":"52 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.56.1.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69574428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asx̂aana x̂ Cave, a burial cave in the Islands of the Four Mountains, was excavated in 1990. One radiocarbon date for a burial in the front area of the cave is 700±60 BP (Beta-39962). Due to the conditions in the cave, there was excellent preservation of organic materials, though these had been considerably disturbed. Wooden artifacts include boat parts and paddles, bentwood and carved trays, bowls and baskets, netting tools, and ceremonial objects. The iqya- x̂ (baidarkas) are definitely Unangan but with peculiarities unique to the Islands of the Four Mountains; the carved Halibut bowl and many of the ceremonial objects bear strong resemblance to artifacts from Karluk One on Kodiak. The distribution of the wooden artifacts within the cave deposits suggests that the three areas excavated within the cave were used for burial by different family groups.
1990年，四山群岛上的一个墓葬洞穴——阿斯亚纳墓葬洞穴被发掘出来。在洞穴前部地区的一个埋葬的放射性碳年代为700±60 BP (Beta-39962)。由于洞穴的条件，有机物质保存得很好，尽管这些物质受到了相当大的干扰。木制工艺品包括船的部件和桨、弯木和雕刻的托盘、碗和篮子、网工具和仪式用品。iqya- x ^ (baidarkas)绝对是乌南加人，但具有四山群岛特有的特点;雕刻的比目鱼碗和许多仪式器物与科迪亚克岛上的卡鲁克一号的器物非常相似。木器在洞穴沉积物中的分布表明，在洞穴中挖掘的三个区域被不同的家庭群体用于埋葬。
{"title":"Wooden Artifacts from Asx̂aana x̂ Cave, Islands of the Four Mountains, Alaska","authors":"L. L. Johnson","doi":"10.3368/aa.53.2.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.53.2.114","url":null,"abstract":"Asx̂aana x̂ Cave, a burial cave in the Islands of the Four Mountains, was excavated in 1990. One radiocarbon date for a burial in the front area of the cave is 700±60 BP (Beta-39962). Due to the conditions in the cave, there was excellent preservation of organic materials, though these had been considerably disturbed. Wooden artifacts include boat parts and paddles, bentwood and carved trays, bowls and baskets, netting tools, and ceremonial objects. The iqya- x̂ (baidarkas) are definitely Unangan but with peculiarities unique to the Islands of the Four Mountains; the carved Halibut bowl and many of the ceremonial objects bear strong resemblance to artifacts from Karluk One on Kodiak. The distribution of the wooden artifacts within the cave deposits suggests that the three areas excavated within the cave were used for burial by different family groups.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"53 1","pages":"114 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.53.2.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69574204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Hatfield, K. Bruner, D. West, A. Savinetsky, O. Krylovich, B. Khasanov, D. Vasyukov, Z. Antipushina, M. Okuno, S. Crockford, K. Nicolaysen, B. MacInnes, L. Persico, P. Izbekov, C. Neal, T. Bartlett, Lydia L. Loopesko, A. Fulton
An interdisciplinary research team conducted archaeological, geological, and biological investigations in the Islands of the Four Mountains, Alaska during the summer of 2014 as part of a three-year project to study long-term geological and ecological patterns and processes with respect to human settlement. Researchers investigated three archaeological sites on Chuginadak Island (SAM-0014, SAM-0016 and SAM-0047) and two archaeological sites on Carlisle Island (AMK-0003 and SAM-0034) as well as peat, tephra, and lava deposition on those islands. These investigations resulted in the delineation of archaeological sites, documentation of geological and cultural stratigraphy, excavation of house-pit features, visual characterization and sampling of potential lithic sources, and documentation of Unangan occupation in the Islands of the Four Mountains from roughly 3,800 years ago to Russian contact.
{"title":"At the Foot of the Smoking Mountains: The 2014 Scientific Investigations in the Islands of the Four Mountains","authors":"V. Hatfield, K. Bruner, D. West, A. Savinetsky, O. Krylovich, B. Khasanov, D. Vasyukov, Z. Antipushina, M. Okuno, S. Crockford, K. Nicolaysen, B. MacInnes, L. Persico, P. Izbekov, C. Neal, T. Bartlett, Lydia L. Loopesko, A. Fulton","doi":"10.3368/AA.53.2.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/AA.53.2.141","url":null,"abstract":"An interdisciplinary research team conducted archaeological, geological, and biological investigations in the Islands of the Four Mountains, Alaska during the summer of 2014 as part of a three-year project to study long-term geological and ecological patterns and processes with respect to human settlement. Researchers investigated three archaeological sites on Chuginadak Island (SAM-0014, SAM-0016 and SAM-0047) and two archaeological sites on Carlisle Island (AMK-0003 and SAM-0034) as well as peat, tephra, and lava deposition on those islands. These investigations resulted in the delineation of archaeological sites, documentation of geological and cultural stratigraphy, excavation of house-pit features, visual characterization and sampling of potential lithic sources, and documentation of Unangan occupation in the Islands of the Four Mountains from roughly 3,800 years ago to Russian contact.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"53 1","pages":"141 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/AA.53.2.141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69574242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Igvak was a Russian-American Company fur-hunting outpost (artel) on the south end of Afognak Island that was occupied from the 1790s to about 1830. Midden samples were recovered from deposits adjacent to the Alutiiq workers’ barracks as part of the Dig Afognak program. Although small amounts of European domesticates were identified, the bulk of the diet focused on traditional local foods. The dominant species included cod, harbor seals, and puffins, with a mix of intertidal invertebrates such as mussels, butter clams, and periwinkles. Also common were salmon, cormorants, sea otters, and sea lions. A single species of whale barnacle was identified. The high number of puffin remains may be related to the production of puffin-skin parkas for the Russian-American Company. The site was likely occupied year-round, but the presence of the bones of harbor seal pups and puffin and cormorant chicks confirms a summer occupation.
{"title":"Alutiiq Subsistence Economy at Igvak, a Russian-American Artel in the Kodiak Archipelago","authors":"M. Etnier, M. Partlow, N. Foster","doi":"10.3368/aa.53.2.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.53.2.52","url":null,"abstract":"Igvak was a Russian-American Company fur-hunting outpost (artel) on the south end of Afognak Island that was occupied from the 1790s to about 1830. Midden samples were recovered from deposits adjacent to the Alutiiq workers’ barracks as part of the Dig Afognak program. Although small amounts of European domesticates were identified, the bulk of the diet focused on traditional local foods. The dominant species included cod, harbor seals, and puffins, with a mix of intertidal invertebrates such as mussels, butter clams, and periwinkles. Also common were salmon, cormorants, sea otters, and sea lions. A single species of whale barnacle was identified. The high number of puffin remains may be related to the production of puffin-skin parkas for the Russian-American Company. The site was likely occupied year-round, but the presence of the bones of harbor seal pups and puffin and cormorant chicks confirms a summer occupation.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"53 1","pages":"52 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.53.2.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69574493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the history of the early Russian-American settlement of Zapadni (XPI-007) on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs. An analysis of faunal remains recovered from the site during archaeological work done in association with The St. Paul History and Archaeology Project, led by Douglas Veltre and Allen McCartney in 2000 and 2001, supplements oral and written historical records. These well-preserved archaeofauna provide insight into the ethnic identity of the Unangax̂ laborers who harvested northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) near the site between AD 1787 and the early 1800s and a glimpse at the beginning of the creolization that affected both Unangax̂ and Russian individuals. Although a small number of domesticated specimens were identified, the Zapadni faunal assemblage demonstrates the maintenance of traditional Unangax̂ foodways during a time of intense colonialism and shows the overwhelming importance of northern fur seal pups as a subsistence resource.
{"title":"An Analysis of Archaeofauna Recovered from a Russian Period Camp on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska","authors":"K. Eldridge","doi":"10.3368/aa.53.2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.53.2.33","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the history of the early Russian-American settlement of Zapadni (XPI-007) on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs. An analysis of faunal remains recovered from the site during archaeological work done in association with The St. Paul History and Archaeology Project, led by Douglas Veltre and Allen McCartney in 2000 and 2001, supplements oral and written historical records. These well-preserved archaeofauna provide insight into the ethnic identity of the Unangax̂ laborers who harvested northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) near the site between AD 1787 and the early 1800s and a glimpse at the beginning of the creolization that affected both Unangax̂ and Russian individuals. Although a small number of domesticated specimens were identified, the Zapadni faunal assemblage demonstrates the maintenance of traditional Unangax̂ foodways during a time of intense colonialism and shows the overwhelming importance of northern fur seal pups as a subsistence resource.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"53 1","pages":"33 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.53.2.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69574586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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