This study addresses the significant yet understudied issue of disclosure among adult male survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) in China, elucidating the ecological constraints influencing their pathways to disclosure. Drawing from in-depth qualitative interviews with 61 male survivors, the research adopts a Social-Ecological Model to systematically examine barriers across multiple contextual layers. Findings indicate that at the individual level, survivors commonly internalize shame and self-blame, impeding initial disclosure. Interpersonal and institutional factors, such as strained familial relationships, the absence of trusted adults, and systemic denial within educational settings, further restrict opportunities to disclose. At the societal level, pervasive gender norms, legal invisibility of male survivors, and entrenched rape myths coalesce into a formidable barrier, effectively reinforcing a culture of silence. The study synthesizes these multi-dimensional findings into a novel ecological constraint-opportunity model, highlighting the complex, reciprocal interactions among individual, relational, institutional, and societal constraints. By foregrounding how hegemonic masculinity and cultural ideologies intersect to suppress male victimhood narratives, this research contributes significantly to understanding the culturally-specific dynamics of CSA disclosure in non-Western contexts. It underscores the necessity of shifting intervention strategies from individual-focused to broader systemic changes that actively challenge cultural stigma, institutional passivity, and legal marginalization of male survivors, thereby fostering environments conducive to justice-seeking and healing.
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