International Journal of Law Crime and Justice最新文献_第3页

Revealing victimization and sexual exploitation through content analysis of online sexual service ads in Spain: a mixed-methods study 通过西班牙在线性服务广告的内容分析揭示受害和性剥削：一项混合方法研究

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100792

Josep Maria Tamarit-Sumalla, Marc Balcells, Pablo Romero-Seseña, Tobias Gretenkort

Victimization in the context of paid sexual services encompasses forced prostitution, exploitation of minors, and individuals with neurodiversity, often tied to human trafficking or other illicit practices. This association notwithstanding, evidence suggests a significant risk of victimization for providers of paid sexual services even in non-exploitative scenarios. Online advertisements provide a plethora of unstructured data on this phenomenon, commonly used by law enforcement for intelligence. Yet, empirical evidence on the association of ad content with victimization risk factors is still scarce. This paper aims to analyse the content of pair sexual contact ads on various internet platforms in Spain to understand supply characteristics and detect risks. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the study examines ad content for indicators of sexual exploitation and victimization risk. These data are triangulated with data from two focus groups comprising both providers of paid sexual services and relevant professionals. The findings confirm some convergence of victimization and sexual exploitation risk factors in online paid sex ads and underscore the practical implications for law enforcement and prevention and care professionals to prevent victimization.

有偿性服务中的受害者包括强迫卖淫、剥削未成年人和神经多样性患者，通常与人口贩运或其他非法行为有关。尽管存在这种联系，但有证据表明，即使在非剥削情况下，有偿性服务提供者也有很大的受害风险。在线广告提供了大量关于这一现象的非结构化数据，这些数据通常被执法部门用作情报。然而，关于广告内容与受害风险因素之间关系的经验证据仍然很少。本文旨在对西班牙各互联网平台上的情侣性接触广告内容进行分析，了解其供应特征并检测风险。该研究结合定量和定性方法，审查了性剥削和受害风险指标的广告内容。这些数据与两个焦点小组的数据进行了三角测量，这些小组既包括有偿性服务提供者，也包括相关专业人员。研究结果证实了在线付费性广告中受害和性剥削风险因素的某些趋同，并强调了执法、预防和护理专业人员防止受害的实际意义。

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引用次数: 0

Employability Perceptions: does a reference from probation reduce rejection rates? 就业能力感知：试用证明是否能降低拒绝率？

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100785

Maisey Lewis, Paul Gavin, Cody N. Porter

Finding and maintaining employment is challenging for those with a prior conviction, especially for those with a sexual offence. This study investigated perceived employability before and after the disclosure of criminal history through a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check, using a mixed-methods design. A total of 226 participants were randomly assigned to one of three DBS conditions, each disclosing a different sexual offence: rape, sexual activity with a child, or possession of indecent images of children. Participants rated candidates on trustworthiness, value, and suitability for employment both before and after the DBS disclosure. To examine the potential mitigating effect of character references, half of the participants in each offence condition received an accompanying probation reference, while the other half did not. All participants were subsequently asked whether they would retain or reject the candidate and to provide reasoning for their decision. As hypothesised, ratings of trustworthiness, value, and suitability significantly declined following the disclosure of the DBS information. However, the inclusion of a probation reference led to reduced rejection rates in the conditions involving sexual activity with a child (by 18 %) and possession of indecent images of children (by 24 %). This mitigating effect was less pronounced in the condition involving rape. These findings highlight the persistent stigma associated with sexual offences in employment contexts and suggest that character references from probation services may partially mitigate negative perceptions, though their effectiveness varies by offence type.

对于那些有前科的人来说，寻找和维持工作是一项挑战，尤其是那些有性犯罪前科的人。本研究采用混合方法设计，通过披露和禁止服务（DBS）检查，调查了犯罪记录披露前后的感知就业能力。共有226名参与者被随机分配到三个DBS条件中的一个，每个条件都暴露了不同的性犯罪：强奸，与儿童发生性行为，或拥有儿童的不雅图像。参与者在星展银行信息披露前后对候选人的可信度、价值和就业适用性进行了评分。为了检验品德推荐信的潜在缓解作用，在每种犯罪情况下，一半的参与者都收到了附带的缓刑推荐信，而另一半没有。随后，所有参与者都被问及他们是否会保留或拒绝该候选人，并提供他们决定的理由。正如假设的那样，在星展银行信息披露后，可信度、价值和适用性的评级显著下降。然而，在涉及与儿童发生性行为（18%）和拥有儿童不雅图像（24%）的情况下，纳入缓刑参考导致拒绝率降低。在涉及强奸的情况下，这种缓解效果不那么明显。这些发现强调了在就业环境中与性犯罪相关的持续耻辱，并表明来自缓刑服务的品格推荐可能部分减轻负面看法，尽管其有效性因犯罪类型而异。

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引用次数: 0

Extended reality environments and child safety: Examining the emerging risks for child sexual exploitation and abuse and discussing prevention and response through a technologised neo-ecological perspective 扩展现实环境和儿童安全：通过技术新生态视角审视儿童性剥削和性虐待的新风险，并讨论预防和应对措施

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100786

Konstantinos Kosmas Gaitis, Inga Vermeulen, James Gregory Stevenson, Deborah Fry

This paper examines the harms and risks for child sexual exploitation and abuse arising from emerging Extended Reality technologies, together with challenges and suggestions for prevention and response through a technologised neo-ecological perspective. To do so, we conducted a scoping review of scholarly and grey literature due to the emerging nature of this topic and the evidence on it, in order to summarise existing knowledge and understand the gaps in theory and policymaking; as well as qualitative online interviews with professionals with expertise in technology, child protection, social work, law and policymaking that were informed by our scoping review and aimed to further explore the gaps and themes that arose through our examination of emerging literature. Evidently, the risks arising from Extended Reality may impact all layers of a child's ecology and may therefore have long-term repercussions for children, negatively affecting their growth and welfare, as well as their immediate and wider environments. Given the multidimensionality of these harms, preventative and responsive efforts need to follow an equally multidimensional approach to safeguard children in these new, immersive online worlds.

本文探讨了新兴的扩展现实技术对儿童性剥削和性虐待的危害和风险，以及通过技术新生态视角预防和应对的挑战和建议。为此，由于该主题的新兴性质及其证据，我们对学术和灰色文献进行了范围审查，以总结现有知识并了解理论和政策制定中的差距；此外，我们还对技术、儿童保护、社会工作、法律和政策制定方面的专业人士进行了定性的在线访谈，这些专业人士通过我们的范围审查获得了信息，旨在进一步探索通过我们对新兴文献的审查产生的差距和主题。显然，扩展现实带来的风险可能会影响儿童生态的所有层面，因此可能对儿童产生长期影响，对他们的成长和福利以及他们的直接和更广泛的环境产生负面影响。鉴于这些危害的多层面性，预防和应对工作需要遵循同样多层面的方法，以保护这些新的沉浸式在线世界中的儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Procedural justice and state compensation in Ireland: accounting for shortcomings and measuring improvements 爱尔兰的程序正义和国家赔偿：缺点的解释和改进的衡量

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100790

Liam O'Driscoll

This article considers procedural justice and state compensation for victims of violent crime in Ireland. Since 1974, state compensation is provided in Ireland through the Criminal Injuries Compensation Tribunal (CICT). In interviewing 21 individuals with experience of the CICT process, including victims of crime, legal and victim support practitioners and former CICT decision-makers, this article examines shortcomings in how applicants are treated by the CICT. These shortcoming include the presence of significant delays in processing times and decision-making, poor telephone manner and communication procedures, inadequate case management systems and the existence of strict procedural requirements which do not take into consideration the consequences of criminal victimisation, including the trauma inflicted on victims. This article also evaluates recent improvements in how victims are treated in the process, the reasons as to why these improvements have been made and the effect, if any, on victim satisfaction levels with the CICT. Overall, this article concludes that reducing delays, improving communication procedures, better managing victims' expectations and relaxing the strict procedural rules all contribute to achieving procedural justice for victims of crime at the CICT. If state compensation frameworks can implement such improvements, the rights of crime victims under European Union (EU) law to both state compensation and protection from secondary victimisation can be better respected by all Member States in the EU.

本文考虑了爱尔兰暴力犯罪受害者的程序正义和国家赔偿。自1974年以来，爱尔兰通过刑事伤害赔偿法庭提供国家赔偿。本文采访了21位有前科的人，包括犯罪受害者、法律和受害者援助从业人员以及前前科犯决策者，探讨了前科犯在对待申请人方面的不足。这些缺点包括在处理时间和决策方面存在严重延误，电话方式和通信程序不佳，案件管理系统不足以及存在严格的程序要求，这些要求没有考虑到犯罪受害的后果，包括对受害者造成的创伤。本文还评估了在这一过程中如何对待受害者的最新改进，这些改进的原因，以及如果有的话，对受害者对CICT满意度的影响。综上所述，减少延误、改进沟通程序、更好地管理受害者期望、放松严格的程序规则，都有助于实现中国信通中心对犯罪受害者的程序正义。如果国家赔偿框架能够实施这些改进，那么欧盟（EU）法律规定的犯罪受害者获得国家赔偿和免受二次受害保护的权利可以得到欧盟所有成员国的更好尊重。

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引用次数: 0

Harnessing clinical forensic medicine in rape investigations: Analyzing legal frameworks and practices in Bangladesh 在强奸调查中利用临床法医：分析孟加拉国的法律框架和做法

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100791

Md Ayub Ali , Robayet Ferdous Syed , Peng Haiqing

This article investigates the role of clinical forensic medicine in the legal response to rape in Bangladesh, critically evaluating how medico-legal practices intersect with statutory and procedural frameworks. Drawing on doctrinal analysis, policy review, and contemporary medical standards, the study explores how forensic medical evidence—when properly collected and interpreted—can substantiate legal claims in rape prosecutions and strengthen access to justice for victims. However, the research identifies systemic deficiencies: outdated laws, the lack of procedural uniformity, insufficient forensic training, infrastructural limitations, and weak institutional coordination between legal and medical bodies. These obstacles not only compromise evidentiary integrity but also erode victim trust and delay justice. The article argues for an urgent recalibration of the medico-legal landscape in Bangladesh, advocating for a harmonized and victim-centered framework that integrates forensic medicine into the legal process. Such reform is essential for ensuring accountability in sexual violence cases and upholding the rights and dignity of survivors.

本文调查了临床法医学在孟加拉国对强奸的法律反应中的作用，批判性地评估了医学-法律实践如何与法定和程序框架交叉。在理论分析、政策审查和当代医学标准的基础上，本研究探讨了法医证据——在正确收集和解释的情况下——如何在强奸起诉中证实法律主张，并加强受害者诉诸司法的机会。然而，研究发现了系统性缺陷：法律过时、程序缺乏统一、法医培训不足、基础设施限制以及法律和医疗机构之间的体制协调薄弱。这些障碍不仅损害了证据的完整性，而且侵蚀了受害者的信任，延误了司法公正。本文主张对孟加拉国的医学-法律环境进行紧急调整，倡导建立一个以受害者为中心的协调框架，将法医纳入法律程序。这种改革对于确保对性暴力案件问责以及维护幸存者的权利和尊严至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Recruits' motivations for joining the police: A scoping review 新兵加入警察的动机：范围审查

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100788

Franklin Epiphanio, Aquino Alves Mário

Although interest in police recruitment has intensified, rigorous empirical work on why recruits choose policing remains scarce. This scoping review examines 22 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 1973 and 2025, retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases, that examine the motivations expressed by entrants to police careers. It analyzes theoretical models, methods, contexts, concepts, and contributions to scholarship, classifying motivations according to Self-Determination Theory (SDT). It also highlights key studies, offers several practical recommendations to improve police recruitment processes, identifies gaps, and outlines directions for future research. Additionally, it discusses connections between SDT and levels of job satisfaction, professional commitment, career outlook and retention. The review contributes to advancing the debate on why individuals pursue policing careers and how their motivations may be shaped by professional practice, organizational culture, and early exposure to police culture.

尽管人们对警察招聘的兴趣日益浓厚，但关于新员工为什么选择当警察的严谨实证研究仍然很少。这一范围审查审查了1973年至2025年间发表的22项同行评议的实证研究，这些研究从Scopus和Web of Science数据库中检索出来，研究了警察职业新手所表达的动机。它分析了理论模型、方法、背景、概念和对学术的贡献，并根据自决理论（SDT）对动机进行了分类。它还强调了关键研究，提供了一些改进警察招聘过程的实用建议，确定了差距，并概述了未来研究的方向。此外，本文还讨论了SDT与工作满意度、专业承诺、职业前景和留任之间的关系。该综述有助于推动关于个人为什么追求警察职业以及他们的动机如何受到专业实践、组织文化和早期接触警察文化的影响的辩论。

引用次数: 0

Uncovering judges’ gender effects in Brazilian sentencing: A counter-hegemonic role of women in the criminal justice system? 揭露法官在巴西量刑中的性别效应：女性在刑事司法系统中的反霸权角色？

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100789

Gabriel Silveira de Queirós Campos , Américo Bedê Jr. , Elda Coelho de Azevedo Bussinguer , Hugo Batista da Silva

This article examines whether judge and defendant gender influence custodial sentencing in Brazil, drawing on a dataset of 1261 convictions issued by the São Paulo State Court of Justice in 2022. Focusing on four high-incidence offenses—simple theft, aggravated theft, robbery, and drug trafficking—the study employs nonparametric statistical tests and multiple linear regression modeling to assess the impact of extralegal factors on sentencing outcomes. Findings reveal that male judges impose significantly longer sentences than female judges in drug trafficking cases, with an average difference of 133 days, even after controlling for legally relevant variables. No systematic effects were observed regarding defendant gender or judge-defendant gender interactions. We interpret these results through a feminist criminological lens, proposing that female judges may perform a counter-hegemonic role in discretionary sentencing practices characterized by punitiveness and inequality. By situating its findings within feminist legal theory and Global South criminologies, the study contributes to critical debates on gender, punishment, and the political dimensions of judicial discretion.

本文利用圣保罗州法院于2022年发布的1261项定罪数据集，研究了巴西法官和被告的性别是否会影响监禁判决。本研究以四种高发犯罪——简单盗窃、严重盗窃、抢劫和贩毒为研究对象，采用非参数统计检验和多元线性回归模型来评估法外因素对量刑结果的影响。调查结果显示，在毒品走私案件中，男性法官判处的刑期明显长于女性法官，即使在控制了法律相关变量之后，平均相差133天。没有观察到关于被告性别或法官-被告性别互动的系统影响。我们通过女权主义犯罪学的视角来解释这些结果，提出女性法官可能在以惩罚性和不平等为特征的自由裁量量刑实践中发挥反霸权作用。通过将其研究结果置于女权主义法律理论和全球南方犯罪学中，该研究有助于对性别、惩罚和司法自由裁量权的政治维度进行批判性辩论。

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引用次数: 0

An emotional exit: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the drivers for leaving and mental health of ex police officers 情感退出：前警官离职动因与心理健康的解释性现象学分析

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100787

S.J. Lennie , S.E. Crozier , A. Sutton

This article explores the emotional labour of ex England and Wales police officers and charts the impact upon their mental health and pathways to leaving their roles. Utilising Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis this paper focuses on the unrestricted voice of officers who have left the service and are no longer bound by the ‘feeling and display rules’ of their profession, thereby offering a unique perspective not often captured by work and stress research. Phenomenological interviews were conducted with seven ex-police officers. Four key drivers for leaving (Consequences and Trust, Self-Sacrifice and Worthlessness, Relationship Breakdown, and Dissociation and Depersonalisation – a culture) intersect as powerful detrimental narratives, illustrating damaging organisational expectations of emotional suppression leading to avoidant coping and emotional alienation, with officers expressing a range of dissociative behaviours. Organisational policy and procedures, and the attitude of senior officers and supervisors send clear signals that emotional expression is a weakness. Implications for theory and practice are illuminated and the paper provides a mapping that illustrates numerous examples of damaging organisational expectations about emotional suppression that accumulate over time and impact individual and organisational consequences.

本文探讨了前英格兰和威尔士警察的情绪劳动，并绘制了对他们心理健康的影响和离开他们角色的途径。利用解释性现象学分析，本文将重点放在那些已经离开服务并且不再受其职业“感觉和表现规则”约束的军官的无限制声音上，从而提供了一个独特的视角，而不是经常被工作和压力研究所捕获。对七名前警务人员进行了现象学访谈。离职的四个关键驱动因素（后果和信任、自我牺牲和无价值、关系破裂、分离和人格解体——一种文化）交织在一起，成为强大的有害叙述，说明了情绪抑制的破坏性组织期望导致逃避性应对和情绪异化，官员表现出一系列分离行为。组织政策和程序，以及高级官员和主管的态度都清楚地表明，情绪表达是一个弱点。本文阐明了理论和实践的含义，并提供了一个地图，说明了许多关于情绪抑制的破坏性组织期望的例子，这些期望随着时间的推移而积累并影响个人和组织的后果。

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引用次数: 0

Women's bodies between passion and honour. Why the German Criminal Code needs to integrate a gender-specific qualifying characteristic in the criminal section for homicide 女人的身体在激情和荣誉之间。为什么德国刑法需要在杀人罪的刑事部分整合一个性别特定的资格特征

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100776

Susanne Nothhafft

The legal discourse and practice regarding the killing of women in Germany was for a long time – even after the Istanbul Convention took effect in 2018 – constructed around a biased perception of the perpetrator and the hegemonic dichotomy of German Leitkultur versus non-European values of ‘migrants failing to integrate’: Perpetrators perceived as ‘people of colour’ or ‘migrants’ were sentenced for homicide due to the killing as honour-related crime whereas ‘white’ (ex)partners as perpetrators were often given a sentence of manslaughter due to the mitigating factor of e.g. separation-induced stress.

The paper refers to German criminal courts' jurisdiction on ‘domestic and/or intimate partner homicide’ and carves out patriarchal, misogynist and racist legal assumptions. It addresses the importance of coining femicide as a distinct criminal offense to implement the requirements of the Istanbul Convention and tackle the broader societal context of femicide. As German courts struggle to identify gender-specific, misogynist motivations for femicide and to consider them in sentencing, the introduction of a woman- and gender-specific qualifying characteristic in the German criminal section for homicide (§ 211 StGB) is core to ensure more consistent prosecution.

很长一段时间以来，甚至在《伊斯坦布尔公约》于2018年生效之后，关于德国杀害妇女的法律话语和实践都是围绕着对犯罪者的偏见以及德国主流文化与“移民未能融入社会”的非欧洲价值观的霸权二分法建立起来的。被认为是“有色人种”或“移民”的犯罪者被判犯有杀人罪，因为杀人是与荣誉有关的罪行，而作为犯罪者的“白人”（前）伴侣往往被判过失杀人罪，因为分离引起的压力等减轻因素。论文提到了德国刑事法院对“家庭和/或亲密伴侣杀人案”的管辖权，并提出了男权主义、厌女主义和种族主义的法律假设。它论述了将杀害妇女作为一种独特的刑事犯罪来执行《伊斯坦布尔公约》的要求和处理杀害妇女的更广泛的社会背景的重要性。由于德国法院努力确定杀害女性的具体性别、厌恶女性的动机，并在量刑时考虑这些动机，因此，在德国杀人罪刑事部分（《刑法》第211条）中引入具体女性和性别的资格特征，是确保更一致起诉的核心。

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引用次数: 0

The path from childhood to crime: Adverse childhood experiences, personality, substance abuse, and criminal decision-making 从童年到犯罪的道路：不良的童年经历、个性、药物滥用和犯罪决策

IF 1.4 4区社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

International Journal of Law Crime and Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100775

Richard J. Stringer , Nicole Gatipon

Research in criminal decision-making has greatly expanded beyond the focus on rational (cognitive) choices in several ways. For example, scholars have begun to explore how Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), affective states, maladaptive personality traits, and substance abuse contribute to offending decisions. However, little research has empirically tested the wholistic path from ACEs, personality traits, substance abuse, affect, cognition, and criminal offending. As such, this project explores the indirect path from ACEs to criminal offending via Dark Triad personality traits, substance abuse, and cognitive and affective states. Findings indicate that ACEs are strong positive predictors of both substance abuse and personality traits. In addition, these traits are also positively related to future offending. The results also show that both cognitive and affective states are important predictors of decisions. Specifically, greater perceived certainty, and confidence in this perception, are related to increased fear of apprehension (affect), which nonlinearly predicts future offending.

对犯罪决策的研究已经大大超出了对理性（认知）选择的关注。例如，学者们已经开始探索不良的童年经历（ace）、情感状态、适应不良的人格特征和药物滥用是如何影响犯罪决定的。然而，很少有研究从经验上测试了ace、人格特征、药物滥用、情感、认知和犯罪行为的整体路径。因此，这个项目通过黑暗三合一人格特征、药物滥用以及认知和情感状态来探索从ace到犯罪的间接途径。研究结果表明，ace是药物滥用和人格特征的强烈积极预测因子。此外，这些特征也与未来的犯罪行为呈正相关。结果还表明，认知和情感状态都是决策的重要预测因素。具体来说，更大的感知确定性和对这种感知的信心，与对恐惧（影响）的恐惧增加有关，这非线性地预测了未来的犯罪。

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引用次数: 0