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The Impacts of Ecotourism and Conservation Measures in Protected Areas on Local Communities in Cameroon 喀麦隆保护区生态旅游和保护措施对当地社区的影响
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-06-07 DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16092157169853
V. Harilal, T. Tichaawa, J. Saarinen
The growth of ecotourism has an impact on the livelihoods of people living within and adjacent to protected areas, where ecotourism activities often take place. In some cases, evolving ecotourism has compromised the ability of locals to sustain and diversify their livelihoods. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of ecotourism and conservation measures implemented in protected areas in Cameroon on local communities residing either within or in close proximity to them. The study employed a mixed method research approach based on two case study areas in Cameroon (the Mount Cameroon National Park and the Douala Edea Wildlife Reserve). Key findings of the study suggest that the geographic location of communities, coupled with instituted conservation and preservation measures and the level of ecotourism activity, has a direct bearing on the severity of resultant impacts experienced by locals. Overall, measures in protected areas have been found to increase the conservation and preservation thereof. However, the extent to which communities are impacted upon by these measures differs in each case study area owing to factors such as geographical proximity, livelihood strategies, and community involvement in ecotourism.
生态旅游的发展对生活在保护区内和保护区附近的人们的生计产生了影响,而生态旅游活动往往发生在这些地区。在某些情况下,不断发展的生态旅游损害了当地人维持生计和使其多样化的能力。本研究的目的是研究喀麦隆保护区实施的生态旅游和保护措施对居住在保护区内或附近的当地社区的影响。该研究采用了一种混合方法研究方法,基于喀麦隆的两个案例研究区域(喀麦隆山国家公园和Douala Edea野生动物保护区)。该研究的主要发现表明,社区的地理位置,加上制定的保护措施和生态旅游活动的水平,对当地人所经历的结果影响的严重程度有直接的影响。总的来说,保护区已经找到了加强保护和保存的措施。然而,由于地理邻近、生计策略和社区对生态旅游的参与等因素,这些措施对社区的影响程度在每个案例研究区域都有所不同。
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引用次数: 2
Constraints and Drivers of Community Participation and Empowerment in Tourism Planning and Development in Nigeria 尼日利亚旅游规划和发展中社区参与和赋权的制约因素和驱动因素
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-06-07 DOI: 10.3727/154427221x16098837280000
Adenike D. Adebayo, J. Butcher
It has been argued in the contemporary academic discourse on tourism planning that community participation in the planning process creates a mechanism to mitigate negative impacts and to satisfy at least some of the needs of the community. In this context, this article analyzes the underlying factors that constrain community participation and empowerment in decision-making in South West Nigeria. It also seeks to identify factors that can drive such processes in tourism development. The research adopts a qualitative approach to gather data from stakeholders in the Nigerian tourism sector. Findings from the research show that three factors constrained local community participation and empowerment. These factors are mainly intangible and relate to the political culture in Nigeria. They include community awareness and education, issues of trust, transparency, and accountability, hence making the community members feel a sense of alienation from the process. It is thus recommended that the Local Government Tourism Committees should be given the capacity to function in order to aid participation and empowerment at the local community level.
在当代关于旅游规划的学术讨论中,人们一直认为社区参与规划过程创造了一种机制,可以减轻负面影响,至少满足社区的一些需求。在此背景下,本文分析了制约尼日利亚西南部社区参与和赋权决策的潜在因素。它还寻求确定能够推动旅游业发展这一进程的因素。该研究采用定性方法从尼日利亚旅游部门的利益相关者那里收集数据。研究结果表明,三个因素制约了当地社区的参与和赋权。这些因素主要是无形的,与尼日利亚的政治文化有关。它们包括社区意识和教育、信任、透明度和问责制等问题,因此使社区成员感到与这个过程疏远。因此,建议应赋予地方政府旅游委员会行使职能的能力,以协助地方社区一级的参与和授权。
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引用次数: 4
Governing Adaptation Strategies of Winter Tourism Destinations in the Context of the 2022 Olympic Winter Games 2022年冬奥会背景下冬季旅游目的地的治理适应策略
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-02-18 DOI: 10.3727/154427220x15990732245727
Guangzhou Chen, J. W. Peachey, M. Stodolska, P. Hooimeijer, Yanliu Lin
The purpose of this study was to analyze how the successful bid for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games (OWG) contributed to the shifts in governance structure and the resulting influence of the new governance structure on the resilience of winter tourism in Zhangjiakou, China. The literature on resilience and governance structure was used as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected by document analysis and semistructured interviews with ski resort managers, tourism planners, and government officials, as well as through focus group discussions with local residents. The results indicated that, since the bid, the central government has taken over the role of initiator in the governance structure of winter tourism destination in Zhangjiakou. The corresponding adaptation strategies were more effective in dealing with external forces in the short run. However, these adaptations mainly focused on increasing tourism revenues and preparation for the OWG. They did not necessarily enhance the long-term resilience, as social and ecological sustainability were hardly considered. This study has important implications for leveraging and managing major sport events. To maximize benefits of major sport events, governments and companies not only need to focus on the success of the events but also need to consider local residents' interests and the sustainability of winter tourism.
本研究的目的是分析2022年冬奥会的成功申办如何促进治理结构的转变,以及新的治理结构对中国张家口冬季旅游韧性的影响。关于复原力和治理结构的文献被用作本研究的概念框架。数据是通过文件分析和对滑雪场经理、旅游规划师和政府官员的半结构化采访,以及与当地居民的焦点小组讨论收集的。研究结果表明,自申办以来,中央政府在张家口冬季旅游目的地的治理结构中承担了发起者的角色。相应的适应战略在短期内更有效地应对外部力量。然而,这些调整主要集中在增加旅游收入和为OWG做准备上。它们不一定能增强长期复原力,因为几乎没有考虑到社会和生态的可持续性。这项研究对利用和管理重大体育赛事具有重要意义。为了最大限度地提高大型体育赛事的效益,政府和公司不仅需要关注赛事的成功,还需要考虑当地居民的利益和冬季旅游的可持续性。
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引用次数: 1
Human Agency and Tourism Development in Natural National Parks in the Context of the Colombian Armed Conflict 哥伦比亚武装冲突背景下自然国家公园的人力资源和旅游业发展
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3727/154427220X16094546258751
César Augusto Oliveros-Ocampo, Cinta Sanz-Ibáñez, R. M. Chávez-Dagostino, Anton Clavé Salvador
The goal of this research is to explore through evolutionary and relational economic geography how the human agency of local communities, organized armed groups, and the central government together shape the evolutionary trajectory of a national natural park as a tourist destination where armed conflict is present. The research was conducted in El Cocuy National Natural Park in Colombia and focuses on the period after the arrival of the High Mountain Battalion in 2003. Data collected from 11 key informants in semistructured interviews were analyzed with Atlas. ti and complemented with documentary analysis. The results show the dynamics of human agency in the National Natural Park and its effects at three levels: 1) local communities see their creative capacity and decision-making conditioned by power and control/pressures exerted by organized armed groups and the government; 2) the actions of organized armed groups control and limit ecotourism development; and 3) public regulations restrict these places' evolutionary pathways. Overall, actions derived from power relations exercised by the organized armed groups and the central government determined the evolutionary trajectory of the destination, reducing its adaptability to change, the empowerment of local communities, and its prospects.
本研究的目的是通过进化和关系经济地理学来探索当地社区、有组织的武装团体和中央政府的人类机构如何共同塑造一个国家自然公园作为一个存在武装冲突的旅游目的地的进化轨迹。这项研究是在哥伦比亚的El Cocuy国家自然公园进行的,重点是2003年高山营到达后的一段时间。采用半结构化访谈法对11名关键举报人的数据进行分析。并辅以文献分析。研究结果表明,国家自然公园的人类能动性及其在三个层面上的影响:1)有组织的武装团体和政府施加的权力和控制/压力制约了当地社区的创造能力和决策能力;2)有组织武装团体的行动控制和限制了生态旅游的发展;3)公共法规限制了这些地方的进化路径。总的来说,有组织的武装团体和中央政府行使的权力关系所产生的行动决定了目的地的演变轨迹,降低了其对变化的适应能力、对当地社区的赋权及其前景。
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引用次数: 0
Contributions of the cruise tourism servicescape to perceived value, delight and expenditure: National identity as a moderator 邮轮旅游服务逃避对感知价值、愉悦感和支出的贡献:国家身份的调节作用
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3727/154427221X16098837279976
Mohammad A. A. Abuelkassem
Servicescape represents a main aspect of cruise tourism as space is confined and guests stay onboard for a long time. This study sets out to examine: first, the direct effects of cruise servicescape on cruise perceived value, guest delight and guest in-house expenditure; second, the mediation effects of both cruise perceived value and guest delight in the linkages between cruise servicescape and guest in-house expenditure; third, the moderation effects of national identity on the linkages between cruise servicescape and both perceived value and guest delight. A questionnaire survey was developed and administered among guests of cruise tourism. The study utilized PLS-SEM to examine the hypothesized model based on collected data from 218 cruise guests. The findings indicated a significant positive influence of cruise servicescape on perceived value, delight and expenditure. Guest delight significantly mediated the association between servicescape and guest expenditure while perceived value did not. National identity has positively moderated the linkage between servicescape and guest delight but not the association between servicescape and perceived value. The findings of this study add to the hospitality literature and its implications enable cruise managers to better use servicescape as a key stimulator for guest delight and expenditure.
服务逃生是邮轮旅游的一个主要方面,因为空间有限,客人在船上待的时间很长。本研究旨在探讨:首先,邮轮服务对邮轮感知价值、客人满意度和客人内部消费的直接影响;第二,邮轮感知价值和宾客满意度在邮轮服务逃离与宾客内部消费关系中的中介作用;第三,民族认同对邮轮服务逃避与感知价值和顾客满意度之间的关系的调节作用。对邮轮旅游的游客进行问卷调查。该研究利用PLS-SEM来检验基于218名邮轮客人收集的数据的假设模型。研究结果显示,邮轮服务对旅客的感知价值、愉悦度和消费均有显著的正向影响。顾客满意显著地调节了服务逃避与顾客消费之间的关系,而感知价值则没有。国家认同正向调节了服务逃避和客人满意度之间的联系,但没有调节服务逃避和感知价值之间的联系。本研究的发现补充了酒店管理文献,其含义使邮轮经理能够更好地利用服务逃避作为客人满意度和消费的关键刺激因素。
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引用次数: 2
Empowering Women Through Community-Based Tourism in the Western Cape, South Africa 在南非西开普省通过社区旅游赋予妇女权力
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3727/154427221X16098837279967
Chanel Emily McCall, K. Mearns
Tourism has received considerable attention in recent years with regards to the impacts of tourism and its ability to contribute toward sustainability. This article focuses on the positive impact communitybased tourism can have on the empowerment of women. Four domains of empowerment have been identified in literature, and the objective of this research specifically reviews the social and economic empowerment domains, which community-based tourism has had on the lives of women involved in tourism. Primary data in the form of life histories were collected through semistructured interviews by the researchers, and data analyzed according to an empowerment framework. The results yielded a number of women considered to be empowered on both economic and social levels. However, despite the considered empowerment of women, aspects of disempowerment were noted. The study fundamentally reveals that Sustainable Development Goal 5, pertaining to women empowerment, can be achieved through the economic empowerment of women who in turn socially empower the communities in which they reside.
近年来,由于旅游业的影响及其促进可持续发展的能力,旅游业受到了相当大的关注。本文的重点是社区旅游对妇女赋权的积极影响。文献中已经确定了四个赋权领域,本研究的目的是特别审查社会和经济赋权领域,这些领域以社区为基础的旅游对参与旅游的妇女的生活产生了影响。研究人员通过半结构化访谈收集生活史形式的原始数据,并根据授权框架对数据进行分析。结果产生了一些被认为在经济和社会两级都被赋予权力的妇女。然而,尽管考虑到赋予妇女权力,但也注意到剥夺妇女权力的方面。该研究从根本上表明,可持续发展目标5与增强妇女权能有关,可以通过增强妇女的经济权能来实现,进而增强她们所在社区的社会权能。
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引用次数: 9
The Impacts of Covid-19 on Nature-based Tourism in Botswana: Implications for Community Development 2019冠状病毒病对博茨瓦纳自然旅游的影响:对社区发展的影响
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3727/154427221X16098837279958
L. S. Stone, M. T. Stone, G. Mogomotsi, P. K. Mogomotsi
COVID-19 has had significant impacts on industries and individuals globally. Due to restrictions put in place to reduce the spread of the disease, it has affected the travel and tourism industry. Using the concepts of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, a systematic qualitative document analysis of available literature was carried out to determine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on nature-based tourism and its implications on community development, using Botswana as a case study. Results indicate that due to the unsustainable and predominant dependence on the international market, the tourism sector in Botswana has come to a standstill. Furthermore, the promotion of domestic tourism to nature-based attractions may lead to conservation issues. COVID-19 has also had an impact on community development through abrupt losses of employment and income. However, several positive environmental impacts have also been experienced. This article calls for a transformation of the tourism sector to make it more resilient. As a response measure, it is necessary to assess whether there is a need to call for a change in policy from high-value low-volume to low-cost high-volume, which may have negative impacts on conservation. However, as an adaptive response, we assert the need to diversify tourism products to consider the needs of both domestic and regional markets so that the focus is not just on nature-based tourism and international clientele. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
新冠肺炎疫情对全球各行业和个人产生了重大影响。由于为减少疾病传播而实施的限制措施,它已影响到旅游业。利用生态旅游和可持续旅游的概念,对现有文献进行了系统的定性文献分析,以确定COVID-19大流行对自然旅游的影响及其对社区发展的影响,并以博茨瓦纳为例进行了研究。结果表明,由于对国际市场的不可持续和主要依赖,博茨瓦纳的旅游业已经陷入停滞。此外,国内旅游推广到以自然为基础的景点可能会导致保护问题。COVID-19还通过突然失去就业和收入对社区发展产生了影响。然而,也经历了一些积极的环境影响。本文呼吁对旅游业进行转型,使其更具弹性。作为一项应对措施,有必要评估是否有必要呼吁改变政策,从高价值低数量到低成本高数量,这可能对保护产生负面影响。然而,作为一种适应性反应,我们主张有必要使旅游产品多样化,以考虑国内和区域市场的需求,这样重点就不仅仅是基于自然的旅游和国际客户。©2021。版权所有。
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引用次数: 18
Women, Fishermen, and Community-based Tourism at Djoudj Bird National Park, Senegal: an Application Of the Actor–structure Livelihood Framework 塞内加尔Djoudj Bird国家公园的妇女、渔民和社区旅游:行为体结构生计框架的应用
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3727/154427220X16092157169862
A. Sène-Harper, L. Duffy, Birame Sarr
While community-based tourism (CBT) has delivered on economic opportunities in some cases, researchers have questioned the viability of its impacts, often citing inequitable distribution of benefits as a critical debilitating factor. CBT is often based on normative principles that assume all actors have equal aspirations, power, voice, and access to resources. Yet tourism activities are embedded in the same uneven social structures that envelope and define local livelihoods. In this qualitative case study of a fishing community outside of Djoudj National Bird Park in Senegal, we analyze the way a CBT project fits within women's and fishermen's livelihood strategies, focusing on the social and cultural norms structuring their participation in tourism. We apply the actor–structure livelihood framework to unveil the interactions between the norms embedded in the community-level social structure (i. e., social and cultural norms) and individuals' agency as they seek out meaningful livelihood opportunities in CBT. The results of our study show that social norms, implicit biases, and cultural identities associated with women and Black Moorish fishermen, normalize their nonparticipation in certain positions within the CBT project. Through this analysis, we highlight norms shaping other livelihood activities and how they spill into the CBT sphere. We situate our findings within the broader scholarly discussion on CBT as a tool that encourages the equitable distribution of benefits and empowerment of local communities. We also discuss livelihood perspectives, specifically actor–structure framework, as a viable approach to explore failures, challenges, and opportunities of tourism as a community development tool.
虽然以社区为基础的旅游(CBT)在某些情况下提供了经济机会,但研究人员对其影响的可行性提出了质疑,通常认为不公平的利益分配是一个关键的削弱因素。CBT通常基于规范原则,假设所有行为者都有平等的愿望、权力、声音和资源获取。然而,旅游活动植根于同样不平衡的社会结构中,这些社会结构包围并决定着当地的生计。在对塞内加尔Djoudj国家鸟类公园外的一个渔业社区的定性案例研究中,我们分析了CBT项目如何适应妇女和渔民的生计战略,重点关注他们参与旅游业的社会和文化规范。我们运用行为者-结构生计框架来揭示嵌入在社区层面社会结构中的规范(即社会和文化规范)与个体在CBT中寻求有意义的生计机会时的代理之间的相互作用。我们的研究结果表明,与女性和黑人摩尔渔民相关的社会规范、内隐偏见和文化认同,使她们不参与CBT项目中的某些职位正常化。通过这一分析,我们强调了塑造其他生计活动的规范,以及它们如何渗透到CBT领域。我们把我们的发现放在更广泛的学术讨论中,把CBT作为一种鼓励公平分配利益和赋予当地社区权力的工具。我们还讨论了生计视角,特别是行动者-结构框架,作为探索旅游业作为社区发展工具的失败、挑战和机遇的可行方法。
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引用次数: 1
Incentivization of Coastal Tourism Product Through Heritagization As a Value-addition Strategy for Kenya's Coastal Destinations 通过传承激励沿海旅游产品作为肯尼亚沿海目的地的增值战略
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.3727/154427220X15990732245637
B. Kihima, G. Ariya
Kenya's coastal strip has not yet developed a tourism product beyond the three Ss (sun, sand, and sea). Consequently, Kenya's coastal tourism has been regarded as "tired" and less competitive product in today's marketplace. This is despite the coastal strip boasting of rich untapped heritage tourism potential. Thus, even though heritage tourism has gained attention in academia and generated a growing body of literature, its application as a value-addition strategy has hardly been investigated. This study explored how Kenya's coastal tourism destination, with a declining touristic appeal, can be incentivized using heritage to stimulate an enhanced tourism experience. The study conveniently sampled seven heritage sites at the Kenyan coast. Within the sites, a site manager/representative and a tour guide were purposely sampled. In total, 15 heritage site managers and 10 tour guides participated in the study through unstructured in-depth interviews. Systematic literature review as well as field observations were also done. The article argues that traditional coastal tourism products can be enhanced through heritagization to spur sustainability. The study concludes that for Kenya's coastal tourism to rebound, beach tourism cannot continue to be a stand-alone tourism product. Instead, heritage sites need to be integrated into the existing beach tourism offer to create a holistic presentation of Kenya's coastal destination with enriched customer experience.
除了三个s(阳光、沙滩和海洋),肯尼亚的沿海地带还没有开发出旅游产品。因此,肯尼亚的沿海旅游业在今天的市场上被认为是“疲惫的”和缺乏竞争力的产品。尽管沿海地带拥有丰富的未开发遗产旅游潜力。因此,尽管遗产旅游已经引起了学术界的关注,并产生了越来越多的文献,但它作为一种增值策略的应用几乎没有被研究过。本研究探讨了肯尼亚沿海旅游目的地在旅游吸引力下降的情况下,如何利用遗产来刺激旅游体验的提升。这项研究方便地在肯尼亚海岸的七个遗产遗址取样。在这些站点内,特意抽取了一名站点经理/代表和一名导游。共有15名文物古迹管理人员和10名导游通过非结构化的深度访谈参与了这项研究。并进行了系统的文献综述和实地观察。本文认为,传统的沿海旅游产品可以通过遗产化来提升,从而促进可持续性。研究得出结论,肯尼亚的沿海旅游要反弹,海滩旅游不能继续作为一个独立的旅游产品。相反,遗产遗址需要整合到现有的海滩旅游服务中,以创造肯尼亚沿海目的地的整体呈现,丰富客户体验。
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引用次数: 0
Support for Cannabis Tourism: A Tale of Two States 支持大麻旅游:两个州的故事
IF 1.7 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.3727/154427220x15990732245691
Soo K. Kang, Pavlina McGrady
The cannabis tourism market has seen tremendous growth in recent years. However, research activities by academic scholars and industry professionals have barely scratched the surface to explore this emerging tourism segment. This study addresses the gap by comparing resident perceptions on cannabis tourism in two states, Colorado and Oregon. A quantitative survey was distributed to Colorado (n = 254) and Oregon (n = 165) residents. Results of the study revealed that the respondents in each state appear to have different views on perceived impact from, benefit of, and support level for cannabis tourism. Overall, Colorado residents' attachment was higher than Oregon respondents. Additionally, Colorado residents showed that if they had a higher place identity, they were less likely to perceive negative impacts. In a similar context, the study results also confirmed that there was a stronger causal relationship between respondents' perceived impact and support for cannabis tourism among Colorado respondents than Oregon respondents, indicating that Colorado residents' support for cannabis tourism was more significantly influenced by their perceived positive and negative impact levels than Oregon respondent. Considering the continued evolvement in the legal and economic landscapes of cannabis tourism, policy makers and industry professionals should engage in continual conversations on how to plan and manage this new tourism segment for community and state development.
近年来,大麻旅游市场出现了巨大的增长。然而,学术学者和行业专业人士的研究活动仅仅触及了这一新兴旅游领域的表面。这项研究通过比较科罗拉多州和俄勒冈州居民对大麻旅游的看法来解决这一差距。对科罗拉多州(n = 254)和俄勒冈州(n = 165)的居民进行了定量调查。研究结果显示,每个州的受访者似乎对大麻旅游的感知影响、利益和支持程度有不同的看法。总体而言,科罗拉多州居民的依恋高于俄勒冈州的受访者。此外,科罗拉多州的居民表明,如果他们有更高的地方认同感,他们就不太可能感受到负面影响。在类似的背景下,研究结果还证实,科罗拉多州受访者对大麻旅游的感知影响与支持之间的因果关系比俄勒冈州受访者更强,这表明科罗拉多州居民对大麻旅游的支持受其感知的积极和消极影响程度的影响比俄勒冈州受访者更显著。考虑到大麻旅游的法律和经济形势的不断演变,政策制定者和行业专业人士应就如何规划和管理这一新的旅游部门以促进社区和国家发展进行持续对话。
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引用次数: 3
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Tourism Review International
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