Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094952
Cindy Berman
Moral outrage often follows news stories exposing egregious abuse of workers, but it does not result in the actions needed to address it. Sadly, it feels like a perpetual game of whack-a-mole. I will argue, giving three examples from my own professional experience, that we need a new governance system regulating the world of work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the right institution, but often has the wrong actors around the negotiating table who can fix the endemic labour abuse that characterises our global economic system today.
{"title":"Is the ILO’s governance system fit for the 21st century?","authors":"Cindy Berman","doi":"10.1177/14680181221094952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221094952","url":null,"abstract":"Moral outrage often follows news stories exposing egregious abuse of workers, but it does not result in the actions needed to address it. Sadly, it feels like a perpetual game of whack-a-mole. I will argue, giving three examples from my own professional experience, that we need a new governance system regulating the world of work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the right institution, but often has the wrong actors around the negotiating table who can fix the endemic labour abuse that characterises our global economic system today.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42163032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094926
Dorothea Hoehtker
Although the terminology has changed over time, the ‘human-centredness’ of the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) work was already enshrined in the objective of a ‘regime de travail réellement humain’ (humane working conditions) and the conviction that labour is not a commodity, as stated in the ILO’s founding constitution. These principles have informed the Declaration of Philadelphia in 1944 and the Decent Work Agenda adopted in 2000. They have been reconfirmed in the Centenary Declaration. The ILO has also always been oriented towards the future. And as a child of the industrial revolution and the 19th-century social reform movement, its mandate to improve labour conditions and promote labour rights envisioned this future as a democratic form of regulated welfare capitalism. However, more explicitly future-oriented debates have been primarily on technological change and its impact on the world of work. Silva rightly criticizes this narrow focus (Silva, 2021), since it reflects, until today, the dominant role of advanced industrial member states of the ILO. On the contrary, technological change can still be seen, together with climate change, as the most obvious driver of transformation in the world of work, in developed but also more and more in developing countries. The ideas and policy strategies to promote the ILO’s vision for the future of work and response to technological change have been adjusted over time. They have been influenced first by the power constellation in the ILO’s tripartite Governing Body and International Labour Conference and second by the innovative force and technical capacity of the International Labour Office, the ILO’s secretariat, which is not tripartite. While the ILO’s tripartite structure with employers’, workers’ and government representation
{"title":"A long duree perspective on the ‘Future of Work’ debate in the ILO: A response and analysis in response to paper by Vicente Silva","authors":"Dorothea Hoehtker","doi":"10.1177/14680181221094926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221094926","url":null,"abstract":"Although the terminology has changed over time, the ‘human-centredness’ of the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) work was already enshrined in the objective of a ‘regime de travail réellement humain’ (humane working conditions) and the conviction that labour is not a commodity, as stated in the ILO’s founding constitution. These principles have informed the Declaration of Philadelphia in 1944 and the Decent Work Agenda adopted in 2000. They have been reconfirmed in the Centenary Declaration. The ILO has also always been oriented towards the future. And as a child of the industrial revolution and the 19th-century social reform movement, its mandate to improve labour conditions and promote labour rights envisioned this future as a democratic form of regulated welfare capitalism. However, more explicitly future-oriented debates have been primarily on technological change and its impact on the world of work. Silva rightly criticizes this narrow focus (Silva, 2021), since it reflects, until today, the dominant role of advanced industrial member states of the ILO. On the contrary, technological change can still be seen, together with climate change, as the most obvious driver of transformation in the world of work, in developed but also more and more in developing countries. The ideas and policy strategies to promote the ILO’s vision for the future of work and response to technological change have been adjusted over time. They have been influenced first by the power constellation in the ILO’s tripartite Governing Body and International Labour Conference and second by the innovative force and technical capacity of the International Labour Office, the ILO’s secretariat, which is not tripartite. While the ILO’s tripartite structure with employers’, workers’ and government representation","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46637067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-15DOI: 10.1177/14680181221084854
S. Hameed, L. Banks, Sofoora Kawsar Usman, H. Kuper
Disability-targeted cash transfers are increasingly used by governments in low- and middle-income countries as a tool to address poverty and exclusion among people with disabilities. However, in many settings, accurate estimates of coverage and an understanding of factors affecting uptake are needed for effective delivery. This study explores coverage of the Disability Allowance in the Maldives, an unconditional, non-means tested cash transfer (2000 MVR or US$130 per month) and factors affecting uptake. It uses mixed methods, combining data from a nationally representative population-based survey with qualitative research among people with disabilities who are and are not receiving the Disability Allowance. This research found that 25.6% of people with disabilities across the Maldives are receiving the Disability Allowance. Coverage was lowest for women, older adults, people living in the capital (Malé), wealthier households and people with sensory impairments. Factors affecting uptake included lack of information about the programme, perceptions of disability and eligibility criteria, geographical and financial factors, and stigma.
{"title":"Access to the Disability Allowance in the Maldives: National coverage and factors affecting uptake","authors":"S. Hameed, L. Banks, Sofoora Kawsar Usman, H. Kuper","doi":"10.1177/14680181221084854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221084854","url":null,"abstract":"Disability-targeted cash transfers are increasingly used by governments in low- and middle-income countries as a tool to address poverty and exclusion among people with disabilities. However, in many settings, accurate estimates of coverage and an understanding of factors affecting uptake are needed for effective delivery. This study explores coverage of the Disability Allowance in the Maldives, an unconditional, non-means tested cash transfer (2000 MVR or US$130 per month) and factors affecting uptake. It uses mixed methods, combining data from a nationally representative population-based survey with qualitative research among people with disabilities who are and are not receiving the Disability Allowance. This research found that 25.6% of people with disabilities across the Maldives are receiving the Disability Allowance. Coverage was lowest for women, older adults, people living in the capital (Malé), wealthier households and people with sensory impairments. Factors affecting uptake included lack of information about the programme, perceptions of disability and eligibility criteria, geographical and financial factors, and stigma.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47083402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.1177/14680181221077866
Sophie Mitra, Jaclyn Yap, Justine Hervé, Wei Chen
Disability has received limited attention on the global data and social policy scene. There are few global data portals or indices tracking the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities. Global social policy initiatives tend to focus on disability benefits, while other social policies may impact the situation of persons with disabilities. The absence of internationally comparable data and tools to measure disability could explain this lack of attention until recently. Given progress with respect to measuring disability, this article set out to find out if human development indicators can be disaggregated by disability status using census and mainstream survey data and, if they can, consider what such disaggregation reveals regarding the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities and derive implications for social policies. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (e.g. seeing, hearing). For 19 low- and middle-income countries, the median prevalence stands at 13% among adults aged 15 years and older, and at 28% among households. We could disaggregate a range of human development indicators across disability status for all countries. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability, particularly in terms of educational attainment, employment population ratio, multidimensional poverty, and food security. At the same time, we find that not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. Results in this article on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to social policies globally. More data collection, research, and policy work are needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability.
{"title":"Inclusive statistics: A disaggregation of indicators by disability status and its implications for policy","authors":"Sophie Mitra, Jaclyn Yap, Justine Hervé, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1177/14680181221077866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221077866","url":null,"abstract":"Disability has received limited attention on the global data and social policy scene. There are few global data portals or indices tracking the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities. Global social policy initiatives tend to focus on disability benefits, while other social policies may impact the situation of persons with disabilities. The absence of internationally comparable data and tools to measure disability could explain this lack of attention until recently. Given progress with respect to measuring disability, this article set out to find out if human development indicators can be disaggregated by disability status using census and mainstream survey data and, if they can, consider what such disaggregation reveals regarding the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities and derive implications for social policies. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (e.g. seeing, hearing). For 19 low- and middle-income countries, the median prevalence stands at 13% among adults aged 15 years and older, and at 28% among households. We could disaggregate a range of human development indicators across disability status for all countries. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability, particularly in terms of educational attainment, employment population ratio, multidimensional poverty, and food security. At the same time, we find that not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. Results in this article on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to social policies globally. More data collection, research, and policy work are needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46096121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/14680181221092682
N. Lari, N. Al-Thani
Policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic are assessed by documenting the public’s perception, knowledge, and adherence to preventive behaviors to mitigate the spread of the virus. Using an online survey administered in both Qatar and Kuwait, this article examines the associated state-mandated compliance measures experienced by citizens and expats during the outbreak of COVID-19. The survey measured public attitudes, behavioral responses, and compliance with state-mandated preventive measures. The study showed that individuals were well informed about the pandemic, yet controversy exists concerning compliance with control measures to contain the virus, which continue to be challenged on the basis of multiple individual-level factors. These findings raise the imperative need to call for governments’ transparent communications with the public regarding information disclosure measures to gain public attention and trust, which are essential to strategic planning success.
{"title":"Patterns of compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures among the public in Qatar and Kuwait","authors":"N. Lari, N. Al-Thani","doi":"10.1177/14680181221092682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221092682","url":null,"abstract":"Policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic are assessed by documenting the public’s perception, knowledge, and adherence to preventive behaviors to mitigate the spread of the virus. Using an online survey administered in both Qatar and Kuwait, this article examines the associated state-mandated compliance measures experienced by citizens and expats during the outbreak of COVID-19. The survey measured public attitudes, behavioral responses, and compliance with state-mandated preventive measures. The study showed that individuals were well informed about the pandemic, yet controversy exists concerning compliance with control measures to contain the virus, which continue to be challenged on the basis of multiple individual-level factors. These findings raise the imperative need to call for governments’ transparent communications with the public regarding information disclosure measures to gain public attention and trust, which are essential to strategic planning success.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49423152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.1177/14680181221084792
Katharine Jones
In 2014, the International Labour Organization (ILO) launched the Fair Recruitment Initiative (FRI) with the aim of tackling labour exploitation widely associated with the recruitment of low-wage migrant workers. To date, scholars have largely neglected the ILO’s role in developing ‘fair recruitment’ as a mechanism of global social policy. In response, this article analyses the ILO’s harnessing of fair recruitment to the global governance of migration. Through engaging in significant knowledge production, the ILO has promoted ‘fair recruitment’ as a new norm, generating consensus, despite its absence from international legal standards. In utilising multiple and varied tools, the article argues that the FRI is an example of the ‘coordinated governance’ which the ILO has had to pragmatically resort to in externally and internally challenging environments, and regardless of whether states have ratified its main convention on recruitment, C181. However, as of 2022, the concept of fair recruitment remains a muted challenge to the hegemonic precarity and inequalities associated with international labour migration in the 21st century.
{"title":"A ‘north star’ in governing global labour migration? The ILO and the Fair Recruitment Initiative","authors":"Katharine Jones","doi":"10.1177/14680181221084792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221084792","url":null,"abstract":"In 2014, the International Labour Organization (ILO) launched the Fair Recruitment Initiative (FRI) with the aim of tackling labour exploitation widely associated with the recruitment of low-wage migrant workers. To date, scholars have largely neglected the ILO’s role in developing ‘fair recruitment’ as a mechanism of global social policy. In response, this article analyses the ILO’s harnessing of fair recruitment to the global governance of migration. Through engaging in significant knowledge production, the ILO has promoted ‘fair recruitment’ as a new norm, generating consensus, despite its absence from international legal standards. In utilising multiple and varied tools, the article argues that the FRI is an example of the ‘coordinated governance’ which the ILO has had to pragmatically resort to in externally and internally challenging environments, and regardless of whether states have ratified its main convention on recruitment, C181. However, as of 2022, the concept of fair recruitment remains a muted challenge to the hegemonic precarity and inequalities associated with international labour migration in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42130346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-14DOI: 10.1177/14680181221079202
Jill Jensen
The International Labour Organization (ILO) seeks to build consensus for a ‘fair migration agenda’ while linking development goals with the rights of migrant workers across national borders. Since the main drivers of international migration are employment-related, this is a topic of extreme concern for the readers of this special issue. Given the differences between nations and regions – between labor sending and labor receiving countries – promoting such an agenda is complicated, and ILO labor standards apply almost exclusively to workers crossing international borders. Nations aim to provide opportunities for their citizens, and international movement, in the words of an ILO specialist in migration from years ago, remains a second-best option compared to securing decent work at home. The challenge is how to nurture opportunities in countries that lack the resources and capital but have ample numbers looking for remunerative work. This article evaluates an historical example of attention to both development and migration in the 1970s and 1980s. Linking the dynamics of domestic migration, economic growth, and the structure of labor markets in poorer nations, I evaluate two important concepts that stemmed from research of this era: surplus labor and basic human needs. Through review of historical documents, including archival material and a multiplicity of reports, papers, and strategy guidelines, I seek to describe ILO projects and proposals meant to deal, simultaneously, with poverty, migration, and development.
{"title":"The ILO World Employment Program research agenda on development and migration","authors":"Jill Jensen","doi":"10.1177/14680181221079202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221079202","url":null,"abstract":"The International Labour Organization (ILO) seeks to build consensus for a ‘fair migration agenda’ while linking development goals with the rights of migrant workers across national borders. Since the main drivers of international migration are employment-related, this is a topic of extreme concern for the readers of this special issue. Given the differences between nations and regions – between labor sending and labor receiving countries – promoting such an agenda is complicated, and ILO labor standards apply almost exclusively to workers crossing international borders. Nations aim to provide opportunities for their citizens, and international movement, in the words of an ILO specialist in migration from years ago, remains a second-best option compared to securing decent work at home. The challenge is how to nurture opportunities in countries that lack the resources and capital but have ample numbers looking for remunerative work. This article evaluates an historical example of attention to both development and migration in the 1970s and 1980s. Linking the dynamics of domestic migration, economic growth, and the structure of labor markets in poorer nations, I evaluate two important concepts that stemmed from research of this era: surplus labor and basic human needs. Through review of historical documents, including archival material and a multiplicity of reports, papers, and strategy guidelines, I seek to describe ILO projects and proposals meant to deal, simultaneously, with poverty, migration, and development.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42161116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/14680181221085477
Cecilia Bruzelius, Isabel Shutes
Over recent years, there has been increasing attention to migration in social policy research. Uniting this research has been a focus on cross-national migration, and predominantly immigration. In the meantime, the relationship between human mobility and social policy at other scales and sites has gained much less attention. This is in spite of the salience of multiple forms of mobility and measures for restricting, facilitating or promoting mobility not confined to the territorial borders of the nation-state. This article proposes an alternative mobility perspective for social policy research that moves us beyond the limitations of current migration approaches. To do so, we draw on interdisciplinary mobilities theory and research. Empirically, we apply a mobility perspective to examine how systems of social provision are shaped by and shape mobility and immobility, in restricting, facilitating or promoting the movement of people. We argue that such an approach allows us to frame and address questions that place mobility and immobility as central to the social relations of welfare, advancing our understanding of how social policies can reduce or reinforce the inequalities of mobility.
{"title":"Towards an understanding of mobility in social policy research","authors":"Cecilia Bruzelius, Isabel Shutes","doi":"10.1177/14680181221085477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181221085477","url":null,"abstract":"Over recent years, there has been increasing attention to migration in social policy research. Uniting this research has been a focus on cross-national migration, and predominantly immigration. In the meantime, the relationship between human mobility and social policy at other scales and sites has gained much less attention. This is in spite of the salience of multiple forms of mobility and measures for restricting, facilitating or promoting mobility not confined to the territorial borders of the nation-state. This article proposes an alternative mobility perspective for social policy research that moves us beyond the limitations of current migration approaches. To do so, we draw on interdisciplinary mobilities theory and research. Empirically, we apply a mobility perspective to examine how systems of social provision are shaped by and shape mobility and immobility, in restricting, facilitating or promoting the movement of people. We argue that such an approach allows us to frame and address questions that place mobility and immobility as central to the social relations of welfare, advancing our understanding of how social policies can reduce or reinforce the inequalities of mobility.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46434147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/14680181211070201
M. Pinilla-Roncancio, Mauricio Gallardo
In Latin America, approximately 70 million individuals live with a disability. Although global evidence suggests that people with disabilities are one of the poorest groups and present lower employment rates, the evidence for Latin America is still weak. This article aims to contribute to the literature by estimating and analysing the levels of employment opportunity for persons with disabilities in six countries in Latin America (Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Costa Rica). Using household survey data, we measure inequality of opportunities using the Paes de Barros approach and compare the probability distributions of being employed for people with disabilities according to different individual characteristics. This research makes several contributions to the literature. First, it analyses and compares the characteristics of persons with disabilities in six countries of the region. Second, it is the first paper in the region that computes and compares the levels of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities, using the Human Opportunity Index. Third, it analyses which are the main aspects contributing to the levels of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in each of the countries. The main results of the study reveal that people with disabilities face high levels of inequality of employment opportunity compared with people without disabilities in the six countries. Peru shows the lowest disadvantage, with higher coverage of opportunities for people with disabilities. Colombia and Costa Rica were the countries where this group presents the largest disadvantages to be employed. In addition, women with disabilities and people with disabilities living in rural areas have a lower probability of being employed compared with people without disabilities. These findings reveal that policies in the region aiming to include this group in the labour market have not been effective, and there is a necessity to guarantee the proper labour inclusion of this group.
在拉丁美洲，约有7000万残疾人。尽管全球证据表明残疾人是最贫穷的群体之一，就业率较低，但拉丁美洲的证据仍然薄弱。本文旨在通过估计和分析拉丁美洲六个国家（智利、玻利维亚、墨西哥、秘鲁、哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加）残疾人的就业机会水平，为文献做出贡献。利用家庭调查数据，我们使用Paes de Barros方法测量了机会的不平等，并根据不同的个人特征比较了残疾人就业的概率分布。这项研究对文献做出了一些贡献。首先，分析和比较了该地区六个国家残疾人的特点。其次，这是该地区第一篇使用人类机会指数计算和比较残疾人就业机会水平的论文。第三，它分析了每个国家残疾人就业机会水平的主要因素。研究的主要结果表明，与六个国家的非残疾人相比，残疾人在就业机会方面面临着高度的不平等。秘鲁的劣势最低，残疾人的机会覆盖率更高。哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加是这一群体就业劣势最大的国家。此外，与非残疾人相比，残疾妇女和生活在农村地区的残疾人就业的概率较低。这些调查结果表明，该地区旨在将这一群体纳入劳动力市场的政策并不有效，有必要保证这一群体的适当劳动力融入。
{"title":"Inequality in labour market opportunities for people with disabilities: Evidence for six Latin American countries","authors":"M. Pinilla-Roncancio, Mauricio Gallardo","doi":"10.1177/14680181211070201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181211070201","url":null,"abstract":"In Latin America, approximately 70 million individuals live with a disability. Although global evidence suggests that people with disabilities are one of the poorest groups and present lower employment rates, the evidence for Latin America is still weak. This article aims to contribute to the literature by estimating and analysing the levels of employment opportunity for persons with disabilities in six countries in Latin America (Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Costa Rica). Using household survey data, we measure inequality of opportunities using the Paes de Barros approach and compare the probability distributions of being employed for people with disabilities according to different individual characteristics. This research makes several contributions to the literature. First, it analyses and compares the characteristics of persons with disabilities in six countries of the region. Second, it is the first paper in the region that computes and compares the levels of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities, using the Human Opportunity Index. Third, it analyses which are the main aspects contributing to the levels of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in each of the countries. The main results of the study reveal that people with disabilities face high levels of inequality of employment opportunity compared with people without disabilities in the six countries. Peru shows the lowest disadvantage, with higher coverage of opportunities for people with disabilities. Colombia and Costa Rica were the countries where this group presents the largest disadvantages to be employed. In addition, women with disabilities and people with disabilities living in rural areas have a lower probability of being employed compared with people without disabilities. These findings reveal that policies in the region aiming to include this group in the labour market have not been effective, and there is a necessity to guarantee the proper labour inclusion of this group.","PeriodicalId":46041,"journal":{"name":"Global Social Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48582226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/14680181221079086
Sarah Cook, Silke Staab
COVID-19 has been unique among recent crises in the swift attention directed to gender impacts and inequalities in relation both to the initial pandemic and to the economic and social crises that followed. Gender equality activists, advocates and researchers mobilized at extraordinary speed to raise concerns on issues from health, violence and care to employment and social protection. They rapidly formed networks and groups, collecting data, monitoring impacts and policy responses, and making efforts to hold governments and international organizations to account. Thanks to these efforts, the gendered impacts of the interlinked health, economic and social crises have been well-documented and widely publicized.1 While initially men appeared most adversely affected by COVID-19, it quickly became apparent that women – who make up 70 per cent of the global health workforce – were more exposed. The subsequent public health response, including varying degrees of lockdown, had other dramatic consequences for women, including increasing care burdens, rising levels of domestic violence and a disproportionate loss of jobs and working hours due to their concentration in hard hit sectors and their role as default unpaid care providers. National policy responses to the economic crisis, including social protection, job protection or labour furlough measures, bypassed many in informal or non-standard employment, again with women often disproportionately excluded from such measures. Most early analyses drew predominantly on evidence from the global North, examining national social policy responses, and often highlighting the gaps and limitations of policy responses in addressing women’s needs or gendered inequalities. This Forum takes a more global perspective, both geographically and in terms of levels of analysis. It brings together feminist researchers and advocates from civil society, academia, and
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