Cold War History最新文献

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Beyond the Arc of Crisis: Jimmy Carter and the Arab ‘Radicals,’ 1978–79 超越危机之弧：吉米-卡特与阿拉伯 "激进分子"，1978-79 年

IF 0.6 2区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

Cold War History

Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2023.2253737

Benjamin V Allison

引用次数: 0

Resistance International: Soviet dissidents, US conservatives, and Cold War ‘anti-communist internationalism’, 1983-93 国际抵抗:苏联持不同政见者、美国保守派和冷战“反共国际主义”，1983- 1993

2区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

Cold War History

Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2023.2253756

James Brown

引用次数: 0

From Imperialists to Pacifists: American Quakers and US-China Relations in the Cold War 从帝国主义者到和平主义者:美国贵格会与冷战时期的中美关系

2区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

Cold War History

Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2023.2239713

Bingyi Gong, Kazushi Minami

ABSTRACTThis article examines how American Quakers transcended the divide between the United States and the People’s Republic of China during the Cold War. Unlike many former Protestant missionaries to China who became vocal anti-communists after the Chinese Revolution of 1949, Quakers in the American Friends and Service Committee (AFSC) criticised the hostile US policy toward China and sought to restore their historical ties with China. Drawing on documents from the AFSC Archive, as well as some Chinese and Japanese materials, we argue that the efforts of American Quakers to rebrand themselves from imperialists to pacifists facilitated their comeback to China.KEYWORDS: Cold WarQuakersChinareligionpacifism Notes1 This article uses ‘China’ for the People’s Republic of China, a regime ruling mainland China, and ‘Taiwan’ for the Republic of China, a regime ruling the island of Taiwan, unless otherwise specified.2 William Inboden, Religion and American Foreign Policy, 1945-1960: The Soul of Containment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 181-4.3 For American Quakers’ activities in China before 1951, see Jacqueline Bruzio, ‘Historical Survey of AFSC Efforts in China, 1917-2005’, undated, 1-27, available at http://library.haverford.edu/eastasian/Files/AFSC Asia.pdf accessed 11 April 2022; Susan Armstrong-Reid, China Gadabouts: New Frontiers of Humanitarian Nursing, 1941-51 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2018); and Lyn Smith, ‘Quakers in Uniform: The Friends Ambulance Unit’, in Challenge to Mars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945, ed. Peter Brock and Thomas Socknat (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 243-55.4 Inboden, Religion and American Foreign Policy, 161-2; and Armstrong-Reid, China Gadabouts, 170-1.5 Anne Bennett, Dining with Diplomats, Praying with Gunmen: Experiences of International Conciliation for a New Generation of Peacemakers (London: Quaker Books, 2020), 22.6 See, for example, Dianne Kirby, ‘Christian anti-communism’ Twentieth-Century Communism, no. 7 (2014), 126-52.7 ‘Inaugural Address, January 20, 1949’, in Public Papers of the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1949 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1964), 112; William Inboden, Religion and American Foreign Policy, 42, 157-89; Elisabeth Sifton, ed., Reinhold Niebuhr: Major Works on Religion and Politics (New York, NY: The Literary Classics of the United States, 2015), 549–55.8 Society of Friends, ‘Statement on the Society of Friends Used in China’, 1956, ‘China, Mission to Foreign Service’ folder, Foreign Service 1956, American Friends Service Committee Archives, Philadelphia, PA, the United States (hereafter AFSC). On FBI surveillance of the Quakers, see Kathryn Montalbano, ‘The FBI and the American Friends Service Committee: Surveilling United States Religious Expression in the Cold War Era,’ in Making Surveillance States: Transnational Histories, eds. Robert Heynen and Emily van der Meulen (Toronto: Uni

摘要本文考察了美国贵格会如何在冷战时期超越美国与中华人民共和国的隔阂。与许多在1949年中国革命后成为直言不讳的反共的前新教传教士不同，美国教友会(AFSC)中的贵格会教徒批评美国对中国的敌对政策，并寻求恢复与中国的历史关系。根据AFSC档案的文件，以及一些中国和日本的材料，我们认为美国贵格会将自己从帝国主义者重塑为和平主义者的努力促进了他们回归中国。注1本文使用“中国”表示统治中国大陆的中华人民共和国，“台湾”表示统治台湾岛的中华民国，除非另有说明William Inboden，宗教与美国外交政策，1945-1960:遏制的灵魂(纽约:剑桥大学出版社，2008)，188 -4.3关于1951年之前美国贵格会在中国的活动，见Jacqueline Bruzio，“美国贵格会在中国努力的历史调查，1917-2005”，未注明日期，1-27，可在http://library.haverford.edu/eastasian/Files/AFSC Asia.pdf访问2022年4月11日;苏珊·阿姆斯特朗-里德，《中国的处境:人道主义护理的新前沿，1941-51》(温哥华:英属哥伦比亚大学出版社，2018);和林恩·史密斯，“穿制服的贵格会:朋友救护单位”，见《向火星挑战:1918年至1945年和平主义论文集》，彼得·布洛克和托马斯·索克纳特主编(多伦多:多伦多大学出版社，1999)，243-55.4。安妮·班尼特，与外交官共进晚餐，与枪手一起祈祷:新一代调解者的国际和解经验(伦敦:贵格会出版社，2020年)，22.6见，例如，黛安·柯比，“基督教反共主义”，《二十世纪共产主义》，第2期。7(2014)， 126-52.7“就职演说，1949年1月20日”，Harry S. Truman, 1949年美国总统的公开文件(华盛顿特区:美国政府印刷局，1964)，112;威廉·因博登:《宗教与美国外交政策》，第42期，157-89页;伊丽莎白·西夫顿主编，莱因霍尔德·尼布尔:宗教与政治主要著作(纽约，纽约:美国文学经典，2015年)，549-55.8友人会，“在中国使用的友人会声明”，1956年，“中国，驻外使团”文件夹，1956年，美国费城美国友人会服务委员会档案馆(以下简称AFSC)。关于联邦调查局对贵格会的监视，见凯瑟琳·蒙塔尔巴诺，“联邦调查局和美国之友服务委员会:在冷战时期监视美国的宗教表达”，《建立监视国家:跨国历史》编辑。Robert Heynen和Emily van der Meulen(多伦多:多伦多大学出版社，2019)，238-60.9关于贵格会人道主义的概念和实践，见Bruzio, Historical Survey, 12-3;丹尼尔·摩尔，“美国贵格会，国际人道主义的出现，以及美国朋友服务委员会的成立，1890-1920”，载于《20世纪人道主义援助的困境》，约翰内斯·保罗曼主编(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2016);丹尼尔·摩尔:《中立的政治:美国之友服务委员会与西班牙内战，1936-1939》，《欧洲评论历史》第23期，第3期。1-2 (2016)， 82-100;林登·s·巴克，《贵格会在波兰的传教:救济、重建和宗教》，《贵格会历史101》，第2期。2(2012秋季)，1-23;Ilana Feldman，“贵格会的方式:道德劳动和人道主义救济”，《美国民族学家》第34期，第2期。4(2007年11月)，689-705.10关于这一丰富学术成果的总结，见Dianne Kirby，“冷战与美国宗教”，牛津研究宗教百科全书，约翰·巴顿编辑，(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2015)https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-398访问2022年8月18日。关于基督教对越南战争的反应，见David E. Settje，信仰与战争:基督徒如何辩论冷战和越南战争(纽约:纽约大学出版社，2011)例如，参见梅雷迪思·奥因的《移民外交:冷战中的跨国生活与中美关系的形成》(伊萨卡:康奈尔大学出版社，2015);Kazushi Minami:《美国灯的油?》《中美石油外交:1973-1979》，《外交史》第41期。 5(2017年11月)，959-84;李洪山:“构筑黑桥:冷战时期中国与非裔美国人的互动”，《冷战研究》第20期。3 (2018)， 114-52;《我怎能不爱你?》:《跨国女权主义与冷战时期的中美关系》，《妇女历史》第31期。4(冬季2019)，12-36;皮特·米尔伍德:《一项“极其微妙的事业”:1966-78年的中美科学外交》，《当代史杂志》第56期。《建国以来的重要文献》，第1卷(北京:中阳文献社，1992年)，409.15唐纳德·麦克尼尼斯:《共产主义中国的宗教政策与实践:文献史》(纽约:麦克米伦公司，1972)，25-7.16《中国基督徒发表宣言》，同上，409-10.18《人民日报》，1950年9月23日，《国务院宗教事务管理和组织的通知》，中华人民共和国国务院公报，22(1955)，1059.20。和《1951年年度报告》(美国朋友服务委员会，1951年)，13.21《1950年年度报告》(美国朋友服务委员会，1950年)，11.22孔哲，《美国朋友服务委员会与中美外交关系的建立》，《公共外交季刊》，2015年春季第21期，102.23邓肯·伍德，《英国朋友驻华使团》，《贵格会工人国际事务报告》第3期，第1期(1956年1月23日)，1-2.24关于外交官会议，见“外交官会议扩大”，美国朋友服务委员会公报50(1956年11月和12月)，8.25邓肯·伍德，“贵格会与中国的关系”，1963年3月4日，“行政-中国通信58938”文件夹，国际事务部(以下简称IAD) 1963, afsc26邓肯·伍德等人给周恩来，1962年7月6日，“行政:中国60291”文件夹，IAD 1962, afsc27诺姆·科查维，一个持续的冲突:《肯尼迪时期的对华政策》(Westport: Praeger, 2002).28塞西尔·埃文斯，“与罗杰·希尔斯曼共进午餐”，1964年4月1日，“中国项目57785”文件夹，1964年，AFSC.30备忘录，“中国方案”，1963年12月17日，“中国方案委员会58926”文件夹，1963年，AFSC.31，塞西尔·埃文斯，1964年2月20日，1964年2月28日，“中国项目57785”文件夹，IAD 1964，AFSC.32备忘录，保罗·约翰逊给诺拉·布斯，“我们在华沙的中国接触”，1964年3月13日，“中国方法委员会57782”文件夹，1964年，AFSC.33“塞西尔·埃文斯1964年3月1日至5月1日访问美国和加拿大的简要报告”，1964年4月20日，“中国项目57785”文件夹，IAD 1964, AFSC;李洁川，《1960年代中加小麦贸易对加拿大的重要性》，《天津师范大学学报(社会科学版)》，第6期。3(2005)， 28.34诺曼·h·威尔逊，“1963年9月9日贵格会与中国

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引用次数: 0

Smooth Transition? Dismantling and Accommodating Colonial Rule in Late 1940s South China 平稳过渡?20世纪40年代末华南殖民统治的消解与适应

2区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

Cold War History

Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2023.2231855

Helena F. S. Lopes

ABSTRACTThis article explores connections and continuities between the Second World War and the early Cold War in three territories under European colonial rule in South China. It argues that the dismantling of French power in Guangzhouwan and the maintenance of British and Portuguese rule in Hong Kong and Macau owed as much to the specific wartime experience of these territories as to the convergence of competing post-war interests in China and Southeast Asia. Drawing on multilingual sources, this comparative study sheds new light on the challenges and opportunities posed by remnants of colonialism in South China for the Kuomintang, the CCP, and other actors in a context of Chinese Civil War, early Cold War and decolonisation.KEYWORDS: ChinaGuangzhouwanHong KongMacauGuangdongcolonialismdecolonisation AcknowledgementsResearch for this article was generously funded by a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. Versions of this paper were presented at the Association for Asian Studies and the British Association for Chinese Studies conferences in 2022. I would like to thank Lane Harris and other fellow panellists and audience members for their questions and comments. I also want to thank Gary Chi-hung Luk, Michael Sugarman, Covell Meyskens, Pete Millwood and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback and suggestions.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 Chiang Kai-shek, China’s Destiny & Chinese Economic Theory (New York: Roy Publishers, 1947), 102, 151-2.2 Rana Mitter, ‘British Diplomacy and Changing Views of Chinese Governmental Capability across the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945’, in Hans van de Ven, Diary Lary, and Stephen R. MacKinnon, eds., Negotiating China’s Destiny in World War II (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015), 42.3 Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003); Geoffrey C. Gunn, ed., Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016); Antoine Vannière, Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, colonie clandestine: Un territoire à bail français en Chine du Sud, 1898–1946 (Paris: Les Indes savants, 2020), chapter 13; Bertrand Matot, Fort Bayard: Quand la France vendait son opium (Paris: Éditions François Bourin, 2013), chapter 7; Chuning Xie, ‘China’s Casablanca: Refugees, Outlaws, and Smugglers in France’s Guangzhouwan Enclave’, in Joseph W. Esherick and Matthew T. Combs (eds), 1943: China at the Crossroads (Ithaca: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 2015), 391–425.4 Wu Su-feng, ‘Song Ziwen yu “jianshe xin Guangdong” (1947nian 9yue–1949nian 1yue)’, Donghua renwen xuebao, 5 (2003), 119-59; Steve Tsang, Hong Kong: An Appointment with China (London: I. B. Tauris, 1997); Wm. Roger Louis, ‘Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945–1949’, The American Historical Review, 102/4 (1997), 1051–84; Chi-kwan Mark, Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations, 1949-1957 (Oxford: Oxford U

摘要本文探讨了第二次世界大战与冷战初期在欧洲殖民统治下的中国南方三个地区之间的联系和连续性。它认为，法国在广州湾的权力的瓦解以及英国和葡萄牙在香港和澳门的统治的维持，既要归功于这些地区的特殊战时经历，也要归功于战后中国和东南亚相互竞争的利益的融合。利用多语种资料，本比较研究揭示了在中国内战、冷战早期和去殖民化的背景下，华南殖民主义残余对国民党、中共和其他参与者构成的挑战和机遇。关键词:中国广州湾香港澳门广东殖民主义非殖民化致谢本文的研究由Leverhulme Trust早期职业奖学金慷慨资助。这篇论文的版本在2022年亚洲研究协会和英国中国研究协会的会议上发表。我要感谢莱恩·哈里斯和其他小组成员以及观众的提问和评论。我还要感谢陆志鸿、Michael Sugarman、Covell Meyskens、Pete Millwood和两位匿名评论者提供的有益反馈和建议。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1蒋介石:《中国命运与中国经济理论》(纽约:罗伊出版社，1947年)，102,151-2.2。拉纳·米特:《1937-1945年中日战争期间英国外交与对中国政府能力看法的变化》，载于汉斯·范德文、拉里日记、麦金农主编。菲利普·斯诺:《香港沦陷:英国、中国与日本占领》(纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社，2003年);葛恩(Geoffrey C. Gunn)主编，《战时澳门:日本阴影下》(香港:香港大学出版社，2016);Antoine vanni<e:1>， kouang - tchacouu - wan，殖民地秘密:南方中国的领土主权，1898-1946(巴黎:Les Indes savants, 2020)，第13章;贝特朗·马托:《贝亚德堡:法兰西的鸦片》(巴黎:Éditions francois Bourin出版社，2013)，第七章;谢春宁，《中国的卡萨布兰卡:法国广州湾飞地的难民、亡命徒和走私者》，见约瑟夫·w·埃舍利克和马修·t·库姆斯主编，1943:十字路口的中国(伊萨卡:康奈尔大学东亚项目，2015)，391-425.4 .吴素峰，余宋子文:《建设新广东》(1947年9月- 1949年11月)，《东华人文学报》，2003年5期，119-59;曾锐生，《香港:与中国的约定》(伦敦:i.b.t uris出版社，1997);Wm。罗杰·路易斯:《香港:关键阶段，1945-1949》，《美国历史评论》，第102/4期(1997)，第1051-84页;《香港与冷战:1949-1957年英美关系》(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2004年);普里西拉·罗伯茨和约翰·m·卡罗尔编。，《冷战中的香港》(香港:香港大学出版社，2016);mois<s:1> -席尔瓦-费尔南德斯，澳门，Política对外中国，1949-1979(里斯本:Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2006);Francisco gonalves Pereira，包容多样性:中华人民共和国与“澳门问题”[1949-1999](里斯本:CCCM, 2013)。“非殖民化”在这里是狭义的权力转移。然而，关于香港何时或是否“非殖民化”，人们有不同的观点。例如，参见Mark Chi-kwan的《缺乏手段还是失去意志?》《英国与香港非殖民化》，《国际历史评论》，2009年第31期，第45-71页;《东亚历史文化评论》，2017年第25期，116.8杨伟珍:“战后中法关于越南的谈判，1945-1946”，载于《谈判中国命运》205-6.9陈刘吉庆、中英港(香港:中文大学出版社，1990)，265-7;泰菲利普:《中国的走私战争:法律、经济生活和现代国家的形成，1842-1965》(纽约:哥伦比亚大学出版社，2018)，第5章;谢，《中国的卡萨布兰卡》，401;何玉芬，《中国香港:边界的重写》，《中国制造》，2020年第3期，96.10谢，《中国的卡萨布兰卡》，399;李英辉，《武铁城在战史上的国民党》，载于陈宏宇编。，吴铁诚于金代中国(台北:华高xiehui zonghui, 2012)， 65 - 88;Cindy Yik-yi Chu，中国共产主义者和香港资本主义者，1937 - 1997(纽约:Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)，第2.11章vanniere, kouang - tchouwan, colonie clandestiere, 536;Matot Bayard堡、201—202.12 Matot、强壮Bayard 203.13例。‘完全同意法国政府—日军占领租界的Kouang Tchéou Wan’作品,1943年2月23、1.14 Matot、强壮Bayard 204.15 See files in Arquivo o (rico复学em tico Hist AHD)、2P、A48 M212 proc。es 33.2 Relaçφ/ Pol / ' o葡萄牙ticas com o.16 Jap身子Gabriel mauricio Teixeira，澳门总督，致Francisco jose Vieira Machado，殖民地部长，1943年2月19日、23日和27日，Torre do Tombo国家档案馆，Oliveira Salazar档案馆(ANTT, AOS)， NE-10A2, cx。768.17《蒸汽Ving va》，《澳门之声》，1943年1月4日;特谢拉致马查多，1943年6月12日，ANTT, AOS, NE-10A2, x.768;1943年6月14日澳门致桂林信节选，1943年9月8日英国驻重庆大使馆寄给FO，国家档案馆，FO 371/35736;外交部研究部，“澳门”。《领土与人口》，1948年8月23日，5,TNA, CO 537/3339;Geoffrey C. Gunn，《澳门战时在更广泛的外交领域》，特谢拉至马查多，1943年2月27日，ANTT, AOS, NE-10A2, cx。768.19‘地方协定特别是继koinorbi Kouang-Tchéou-Wan共同保卫国土和协议的细节d’exécution’1943年梅17、海外国家档案馆(太太),多厘米780.20 Matot、强壮Bayard 203.21 Fabienne维希面对蒋介石:“梅西耶(巴黎外交故事:出版社,1995),202个;vanniere, kouang - tchouwan, colonie clandestine, 537.22 Mercier, Vichy face a Chiang Kai-shek, 194 - 5.23同上，237;杨，《战后中法谈判》，206.24同上，206;绸缎、维希面对蒋介石2.44—5.25 Zinovi Pechkoff“in重庆先生,大使、大使和case of foreign affairs in Algiers, 1944年9月12日,德太太、2个电势156.26罗克、审判‘verbal’1945年3—6、2 - 6、18、26、德太太,2个电势220.27罗克to heads of选区(负责人)部长departme

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