Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2063752
Arnd Bauerkämper
{"title":"Revolutionaries for the right: anticommunist internationalism and paramilitary warfare in the Cold War","authors":"Arnd Bauerkämper","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2063752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2063752","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"327 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43199388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2059071
M. Elli
ABSTRACT This paper investigates Pakistan’s atomic energy programme during the years of Ayub Khan’s rule by focusing on the negotiations leading to the construction of the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant. Drawing for the first time on primary sources obtained from the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, the paper shows how nuclear power and research were key elements of a controversial development strategy elaborated by part of the Pakistani elite as well as the entanglement among foreign aid, political ambitions and predicted economic growth, with Cold War considerations claiming the lion’s share in determining the conditions and eventual kick-off of the project.
{"title":"‘Nuclear power is not just economics’: atomic energy and economic development in the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant Project (Kanupp), 1955–1965","authors":"M. Elli","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2059071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2059071","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates Pakistan’s atomic energy programme during the years of Ayub Khan’s rule by focusing on the negotiations leading to the construction of the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant. Drawing for the first time on primary sources obtained from the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, the paper shows how nuclear power and research were key elements of a controversial development strategy elaborated by part of the Pakistani elite as well as the entanglement among foreign aid, political ambitions and predicted economic growth, with Cold War considerations claiming the lion’s share in determining the conditions and eventual kick-off of the project.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"383 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45697238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-26DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2050699
Jodie Yuzhou Sun
ABSTRACT Using Foreign Ministry Archives and memoirs from China, this article explains the nature and the development of Chinese policy in the Congo Crisis, in particular, Beijing’s support of two Lumumbist movements in Kwilu and eastern Congo in 1963–5. While initially loyal to the Soviet Union, China sought to position itself as the leader of the newly independent ‘Third World’, sympathetic to – and able to provide experience, training and weaponry for – rural guerrilla struggles. However, China’s military assistance to opposition movements in Congo had to make sure not to provoke direct conflict with the United States.
{"title":"Supplied cash and arms but losing anyway: Chinese support of the Lumumbist insurgencies in the Congo Crisis (1959–65)","authors":"Jodie Yuzhou Sun","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2050699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2050699","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using Foreign Ministry Archives and memoirs from China, this article explains the nature and the development of Chinese policy in the Congo Crisis, in particular, Beijing’s support of two Lumumbist movements in Kwilu and eastern Congo in 1963–5. While initially loyal to the Soviet Union, China sought to position itself as the leader of the newly independent ‘Third World’, sympathetic to – and able to provide experience, training and weaponry for – rural guerrilla struggles. However, China’s military assistance to opposition movements in Congo had to make sure not to provoke direct conflict with the United States.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"459 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47267515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2021.2021888
Sharinee L. Jagtiani
ABSTRACT This article studies the role of non-aligned India in the global diplomatic effort that surrounded the Dutch recolonisation conflict in Indonesia (1945–9). It argues that its role was significant, especially in light of its own transition to independence over this period. It draws on material sourced from the National Archives of India and the Netherlands, diplomatic memoirs and published primary material. In demonstrating how decolonisation was complicated by the onset of the Cold War, this article illustrates the intersections between two phenomena that greatly informed the transition of global order from one pinned on European imperialism for centuries.
{"title":"‘Foreign armies are functioning on Asian soil’: India, Indonesian decolonisation and the onset of the Cold War (1945–1949)","authors":"Sharinee L. Jagtiani","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2021.2021888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2021.2021888","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article studies the role of non-aligned India in the global diplomatic effort that surrounded the Dutch recolonisation conflict in Indonesia (1945–9). It argues that its role was significant, especially in light of its own transition to independence over this period. It draws on material sourced from the National Archives of India and the Netherlands, diplomatic memoirs and published primary material. In demonstrating how decolonisation was complicated by the onset of the Cold War, this article illustrates the intersections between two phenomena that greatly informed the transition of global order from one pinned on European imperialism for centuries.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"305 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44444541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2036719
Seth A. Givens
ABSTRACT This article analyses Berlin’s place in German-US relations during the Lyndon Johnson presidency. It examines how Johnson linked the defence of the Cold War’s frontier city to the US military effort in South Vietnam in order to extract burden-sharing concessions from the Federal Republic of Germany. By the end of Johnson’s presidency, the West Germans used his rhetoric against him, driving a wedge between Bonn and Washington on the Cold War’s Gordian Knot and leading, in part, to Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik.
{"title":"All part of the same struggle: Berlin’s role in German-US relations during the Lyndon Johnson presidency","authors":"Seth A. Givens","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2036719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2036719","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyses Berlin’s place in German-US relations during the Lyndon Johnson presidency. It examines how Johnson linked the defence of the Cold War’s frontier city to the US military effort in South Vietnam in order to extract burden-sharing concessions from the Federal Republic of Germany. By the end of Johnson’s presidency, the West Germans used his rhetoric against him, driving a wedge between Bonn and Washington on the Cold War’s Gordian Knot and leading, in part, to Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"287 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2027913
Ian Macqueen
ABSTRACT In the late 1980s, Poles tuned in with great enthusiasm to the miniseries Shaka Zulu, starring Henry Cele as the so-called Black Napoleon. The apartheid-era production was one instance of exchanges between the apartheid regime and the Polish People’s Republic. This counter-intuitive consonance – the screening of an apartheid cultural production in late-Communist Poland – is a fascinating case study that provides one important lens to understand the nature of the relationship between the two regimes, as well as insight into late-apartheid international relations in the last years of the Cold War.
{"title":"Shaka Zulu in the Polish People’s Republic (PRL): exploring South African-Polish links in the late Cold War","authors":"Ian Macqueen","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2027913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2027913","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the late 1980s, Poles tuned in with great enthusiasm to the miniseries Shaka Zulu, starring Henry Cele as the so-called Black Napoleon. The apartheid-era production was one instance of exchanges between the apartheid regime and the Polish People’s Republic. This counter-intuitive consonance – the screening of an apartheid cultural production in late-Communist Poland – is a fascinating case study that provides one important lens to understand the nature of the relationship between the two regimes, as well as insight into late-apartheid international relations in the last years of the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"265 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44514834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2030899
Ismay Milford
Hirsch’s book restores life to the Soviet delegation and overturns a long-running tradition of seriously underestimating their intellectual contributions. Hirsch focuses on legal scholar Aron Trainin, virtually absent from most accounts. In his brilliant East West Street, Philippe Sands traced the emergence of international criminal law and the idea of genocide to the hitherto ‘peripheral’ inter-war law faculties of the former Austro-Hungarian empire in L’viv and Krakow. Sands focuses on the figures of Hersch Lauterpacht and Raphael Lemkin and their personal connection to the Holocaust as well as their legal contributions. Hirsch tells a parallel Soviet story with Trainin, though she stops short of diving into a full intellectual history. Trainin’s 1930s idea of codifying ‘crimes against peace’, Hirsch argues, was a direct inspiration for the most important charge in the Nuremberg indictment: the ‘crime of aggression’ for unprovoked warfare. Merging the accounts of Sands and Hirsch together, one is given the fascinating prospect of a Nuremberg founding moment for crimes against humanity that was mostly shaped by legal figures in East Central and Eastern Europe: Lemkin and Trainin, as well as Czechoslovak jurist Bohuslav Ečer and Romanian jurist Vespasian Pella. The book’s final chapters briskly run through the immediate aftermath of the trial. Hirsch casts the post-Nuremberg months of 1947 as a Soviet moment of opportunity squandered. Hirsch highlights the case of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL), which Trainin helped to establish in 1946 alongside the father of human rights law, René Cassin. The sight of hundreds of leading judges and lawyers from around the world congregating in Prague in September 1948 for the IADL’s Second Congress – just months after Klement Gottwald’s Moscow-backed coup – constituted a major diplomatic success for the Soviets. But by then, Hirsch notes, Stalinist antisemitic purges were already underway in Moscow and Trainin was in their sights. Moreover, the Kremlin’s appetite for waging Soviet diplomacy through leadership in international law was already gone. Ultimately, Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg brilliantly demonstrates that the IMT was about much more than prosecuting individuals: it provided a global stage for Soviet diplomacy in the early Cold War, an outlet for Soviet intellectual currents in international law and the chance to write the history of the Second World War as a Soviet story. Hirsch succeeds in capturing each of these opportunities brilliantly, as well as demonstrating how they were consistently undermined through institutionalised Soviet mismanagement and fear.
{"title":"Revolutionary State-Making in Dar es Salaam: African liberation and the global Cold War, 1961–1974","authors":"Ismay Milford","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2030899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2030899","url":null,"abstract":"Hirsch’s book restores life to the Soviet delegation and overturns a long-running tradition of seriously underestimating their intellectual contributions. Hirsch focuses on legal scholar Aron Trainin, virtually absent from most accounts. In his brilliant East West Street, Philippe Sands traced the emergence of international criminal law and the idea of genocide to the hitherto ‘peripheral’ inter-war law faculties of the former Austro-Hungarian empire in L’viv and Krakow. Sands focuses on the figures of Hersch Lauterpacht and Raphael Lemkin and their personal connection to the Holocaust as well as their legal contributions. Hirsch tells a parallel Soviet story with Trainin, though she stops short of diving into a full intellectual history. Trainin’s 1930s idea of codifying ‘crimes against peace’, Hirsch argues, was a direct inspiration for the most important charge in the Nuremberg indictment: the ‘crime of aggression’ for unprovoked warfare. Merging the accounts of Sands and Hirsch together, one is given the fascinating prospect of a Nuremberg founding moment for crimes against humanity that was mostly shaped by legal figures in East Central and Eastern Europe: Lemkin and Trainin, as well as Czechoslovak jurist Bohuslav Ečer and Romanian jurist Vespasian Pella. The book’s final chapters briskly run through the immediate aftermath of the trial. Hirsch casts the post-Nuremberg months of 1947 as a Soviet moment of opportunity squandered. Hirsch highlights the case of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL), which Trainin helped to establish in 1946 alongside the father of human rights law, René Cassin. The sight of hundreds of leading judges and lawyers from around the world congregating in Prague in September 1948 for the IADL’s Second Congress – just months after Klement Gottwald’s Moscow-backed coup – constituted a major diplomatic success for the Soviets. But by then, Hirsch notes, Stalinist antisemitic purges were already underway in Moscow and Trainin was in their sights. Moreover, the Kremlin’s appetite for waging Soviet diplomacy through leadership in international law was already gone. Ultimately, Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg brilliantly demonstrates that the IMT was about much more than prosecuting individuals: it provided a global stage for Soviet diplomacy in the early Cold War, an outlet for Soviet intellectual currents in international law and the chance to write the history of the Second World War as a Soviet story. Hirsch succeeds in capturing each of these opportunities brilliantly, as well as demonstrating how they were consistently undermined through institutionalised Soviet mismanagement and fear.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"380 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44570597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2036720
Benjamin Tromly
ABSTRACT This article examines the origins of the Free Russia Fund/East European Fund, a philanthropic project carried out through the Ford Foundation that aimed to offer support for displaced persons arriving in the United States in the early 1950s. It demonstrates that George F. Kennan and other organisers of the project started the endeavour with bold Cold War ambitions, but soon lost hope in the political potential of refugees and exiles. The episode casts light on the confusion surrounding ‘liberationism’, the commitment of some US policymakers and commentators to the liberation of Russia and Soviet satellite countries from communist rule.
本文考察了自由俄罗斯基金/东欧基金的起源，这是一个由福特基金会开展的慈善项目，旨在为20世纪50年代初抵达美国的流离失所者提供支持。它表明，乔治•凯南(George F. Kennan)和该项目的其他组织者一开始抱有大胆的冷战野心，但很快就对难民和流亡者的政治潜力失去了希望。这一事件揭示了围绕“解放主义”的困惑，即一些美国政策制定者和评论员承诺将俄罗斯和苏联卫星国从共产主义统治下解放出来。
{"title":"‘To win the confidence of these curiously twisted and disoriented people’: the Ford Foundation’s Free Russia Fund, George F. Kennan and refugees from the Soviet Union","authors":"Benjamin Tromly","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2036720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2036720","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the origins of the Free Russia Fund/East European Fund, a philanthropic project carried out through the Ford Foundation that aimed to offer support for displaced persons arriving in the United States in the early 1950s. It demonstrates that George F. Kennan and other organisers of the project started the endeavour with bold Cold War ambitions, but soon lost hope in the political potential of refugees and exiles. The episode casts light on the confusion surrounding ‘liberationism’, the commitment of some US policymakers and commentators to the liberation of Russia and Soviet satellite countries from communist rule.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"325 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46438511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2032203
Brooks Marmon
ABSTRACT This Research Note provides background information on how to access records held by South Africa’s Department of Defence and Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). Both repositories in Pretoria, the nation’s executive capital, hold considerable documentation of interest to scholars of the Cold War. The Note outlines the locations of the two facilities, working conditions, and policies that govern the release of their materials.
{"title":"Research Notes: Negotiating South African ministerial archives (Defence & Foreign Affairs)","authors":"Brooks Marmon","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2032203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2032203","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This Research Note provides background information on how to access records held by South Africa’s Department of Defence and Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). Both repositories in Pretoria, the nation’s executive capital, hold considerable documentation of interest to scholars of the Cold War. The Note outlines the locations of the two facilities, working conditions, and policies that govern the release of their materials.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"359 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45472690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2021.2017823
Mary W. Avery
{"title":"Research Notes: A new section of Cold War History","authors":"Mary W. Avery","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2021.2017823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2021.2017823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42073228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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