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Serpent Handling: Toward a Cognitive Account – Honoring the Scholarship of Ralph W. Hood Jr. Serpent Handling:走向认知账户——纪念小拉尔夫·W·胡德的奖学金。
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340119
T. J. Coleman, Christopher F. Silver, J. Jong
The ritual handling of serpents remains an unnoticed cultural form for the explanatory aims and theoretical insights desired by cognitive scientists of religion. In the current article, we introduce the Hood and Williams archives at The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga that contains data culled from Hood’s 40-plus year career of studying serpent handlers. The archives contain hundreds of hours of interviews and recordings of speaking in tongues, handling fire, drinking poison, and taking up serpents by different congregants and congregations. The archive remains a rich but untapped source of data for building, testing, and refining cognitive theories of ritual in general, and serpent handling in specific. We connect Hood’s work to current cognitive theories and engage critically with research on the social functions of ritual. Finally, we discuss several further reasons to pay more attention to SHS communities and practices in cognitive theories of ritual.
对于宗教认知科学家所期望的解释目的和理论见解来说,对蛇的仪式处理仍然是一种未被注意到的文化形式。在当前的文章中,我们介绍了查塔努加田纳西大学的胡德和威廉姆斯档案,其中包含胡德40多年来研究驯蛇师的数据。档案中包含了数百小时的采访和录音,记录了不同会众和会众说方言、处理火灾、喝毒药和抓蛇的情况。该档案仍然是一个丰富但尚未开发的数据来源,用于构建、测试和完善仪式的认知理论,以及具体的蛇处理理论。我们将胡德的工作与当前的认知理论联系起来,并批判性地研究仪式的社会功能。最后,我们进一步讨论了在仪式认知理论中更多关注SHS社区和实践的几个原因。
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引用次数: 0
Network Structure Impacts the Synchronization of Collective Beliefs 网络结构对集体信念同步性的影响
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340120
Madalina Vlasceanu, Michael J. Morais, Alin Coman

People’s beliefs are influenced by interactions within their communities. The propagation of this influence through conversational social networks should impact the degree to which community members synchronize their beliefs. To investigate, we recruited a sample of 140 participants and constructed fourteen 10-member communities. Participants first rated the accuracy of a set of statements (pre-test) and were then provided with relevant evidence about them. Then, participants discussed the statements in a series of conversational interactions, following pre-determined network structures (clustered/non-clustered). Finally, they rated the accuracy of the statements again (post-test). The results show that belief synchronization, measuring the increase in belief similarity among individuals within a community from pre-test to post-test, is influenced by the community’s conversational network structure. This synchronization is circumscribed by a degree of separation effect and is equivalent in the clustered and non-clustered networks. We also find that conversational content predicts belief change from pre-test to post-test.

人们的信仰受到社区内互动的影响。这种影响通过会话社交网络的传播应该会影响社区成员同步其信念的程度。为了进行调查,我们招募了140名参与者,并构建了14个10人社区。参与者首先评估一组陈述的准确性(预测试),然后提供有关这些陈述的相关证据。然后,参与者按照预先确定的网络结构(聚集/非聚集)在一系列对话互动中讨论这些陈述。最后,他们再次评估陈述的准确性(测试后)。结果表明,信念同步性(衡量社区内个体从测试前到测试后信念相似性的增加)受社区会话网络结构的影响。这种同步受到一定程度的分离效应的限制,在集群和非集群网络中是等效的。我们还发现,对话内容预测了从测试前到测试后的信念变化。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical Origins: The Critical Questions 数字起源:关键问题
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340121
Karenleigh A. Overmann

Four perspectives on numerical origins are examined. The nativist model sees numbers as an aspect of numerosity, the biologically endowed ability to appreciate quantity that humans share with other species. The linguistic model sees numbers as a function of language. The embodied model sees numbers as conceptual metaphors informed by physical experience and expressed in language. Finally, the extended model sees numbers as conceptual outcomes of a cognitive system that includes material forms as constitutive components. If numerical origins are to be found, each perspective must address one or more critical questions that will require working across discipline boundaries.

研究了数值起源的四种观点。本土主义模型将数字视为数量的一个方面,即人类与其他物种共享的生物学赋予的欣赏数量的能力。语言学模型将数字视为语言的功能。具身模型将数字视为一种概念隐喻,通过物理经验和语言表达。最后,扩展模型将数字视为认知系统的概念结果,该系统将物质形式视为构成成分。如果要找到数字起源,每个视角必须解决一个或多个关键问题,这些问题需要跨越学科界限。
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引用次数: 0
The Counterintuitiveness of Supernatural Dreams and Religiosity 超自然之梦与宗教信仰的反直觉性
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340114
Andreas Nordin, Pär Bjälkebring
One challenge for cognitive, evolutionary and anthropological studies of religion is to offer descriptions and explanatory models of the morphology and functions of supernatural dreaming, and of the religiosity, use of experience, and cultural transmission that are associated with these representations. The anthropological and religious studies literature demonstrates that dreaming, dream experience and narrative are connected with religious ideas and practices in traditional societies. Scholars have even proposed that dreaming is a primary source of religious beliefs and practice (here labelled DPSR theory). Using Barrett’s coding system, we measured a high frequency of minimally counterintuitive dream content among Hindu Nepalese, and we aim to quantify (1) the relation between counterintuitive imagery and reported likelihood to communicate dreams in general and to religious experts, (2) the relation between counterintuitive imagery and reported religiosity, and (3) the proclivity to communicate SA dreams among those who are more or less religious. These aims will then be related to the broader topic of (4) possible explanatory value of DPSR theory, or versions thereof, by framing the issue at the level of cultural transmission, religiosity and credibility of religious dream representations in relation to MCI theory. The article mainly draws upon data from ethnographic research among Hindu Nepalese.
对宗教的认知、进化和人类学研究的一个挑战是提供超自然梦的形态和功能的描述和解释模型,以及与这些表征相关的宗教性、经验的使用和文化传播。人类学和宗教研究文献表明,梦、梦的经历和叙述与传统社会的宗教思想和实践有关。学者们甚至提出梦是宗教信仰和实践的主要来源(这里称为DPSR理论)。使用巴雷特编码系统,我们测量了印度教尼泊尔人中最低程度违反直觉的梦境内容的高频率,我们的目标是量化(1)违反直觉的意象与报告的梦境交流可能性之间的关系,(2)违反直觉的意象与报告的宗教性之间的关系,以及(3)在或多或少有宗教信仰的人中传达SA梦的倾向。然后,这些目标将与更广泛的主题(4)DPSR理论或其版本的可能解释价值相关,通过在与MCI理论相关的宗教梦表征的文化传播、宗教性和可信度层面上构建问题。本文主要利用印度教尼泊尔人的民族志研究数据。
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引用次数: 2
Did a Little Birdie Really Tell Odin? Applying Theory of Mind to Old Norse Religion 小鸟真的告诉奥丁了吗?心灵理论在古挪威宗教中的应用
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340113
D. Taggart
Theory of mind, the theory that humans attribute mental states to others, has become increasingly influential in the Cognitive Science of Religion in recent years, due to several papers which posit that supernatural agents, like gods, demons, and the dead, are accredited greater than normal knowledge and awareness. Using Old Norse mythology and literary accounts of Old Norse religion, supported by archaeological evidence, I examine the extent to which this modern perspective on religious theory of mind is reflected in religious traditions from the Viking Age. I focus especially on the extent to which superperception and superknowledge were attributed to Old Norse supernatural agents and the impact of this on expressions of religion; how the attribution of theory of mind varied with circumstances and the agents to which it was being attributed; and the extent to which features of religious theory of mind common in other societies were present in the historical North. On this basis, I also evaluate the usefulness of Old Norse historiography to Cognitive Science of Religion and vice versa.
近年来,心理理论,即人类将心理状态归因于他人的理论,在宗教认知科学中的影响力越来越大,因为几篇论文认为,超自然因素,如神、魔鬼和死者,比正常的知识和意识更重要。利用古挪威神话和古挪威宗教的文学描述,在考古证据的支持下,我考察了维京时代宗教传统中对宗教心理理论的现代视角的反映程度。我特别关注超感知和超知识在多大程度上被归因于古挪威超自然力量,以及这对宗教表达的影响;心理理论的归属如何随着环境和它所归属的主体而变化;以及其他社会常见的宗教心理理论特征在历史上的北方出现的程度。在此基础上,我还评价了古挪威史学对宗教认知科学以及宗教认知科学的有用性。
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引用次数: 3
Do You Approach Positive Events or Do They Approach You? Linking Event Valence and Time Representations in a Dutch Sample 你是接近积极事件还是他们接近你?荷兰样本中事件价与时间表征的关联
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340115
A. Loermans, Björn B. de Koning, L. Krabbendam
In order to think and talk about time, people often use the ego- or time-moving representation. In the ego-moving representation, the self travels through a temporal landscape, leaving past events behind and approaching future events; in the time-moving representation, the self is stationary and temporal events pass by. Several studies contest to the psychological ramifications of these two representations by, inter alia, demonstrating a link between them and event valence. These studies have, however, been limited to English speakers, even though language has been found to affect time representation. The present study therefore replicated Margolies and Crawford’s (2008) experiment on event valence and time representation amongst speakers of Dutch. Unlike Margolies and Crawford (2008), we do not find that positive valence leads to the endorsement of an ego-moving statement. Future studies will need to determine the ways through which language might moderate the relation between event valence and time representation.
为了思考和谈论时间,人们经常使用自我或时间移动表征。在自我移动表征中,自我穿越时间景观,将过去的事件抛在身后,接近未来的事件;在时间运动表征中,自我是静止的,时间事件过去了。一些研究对这两种表征的心理后果提出了质疑,特别是通过证明它们与事件效价之间的联系。然而,这些研究仅限于说英语的人,尽管已经发现语言会影响时间表征。因此,本研究复制了Margolies和Crawford(2008)关于荷兰语使用者的事件效价和时间表征的实验。与Margolies和Crawford(2008)不同,我们没有发现积极效价会导致对自我感动陈述的认可。未来的研究需要确定语言如何调节事件效价和时间表征之间的关系。
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引用次数: 1
Being Easy to Communicate Might Make Verdicts Based on Confessions More Legitimate 易于沟通可能会使基于供词的判决更合理
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340104
H. Mercier, Anne-Sophie Hacquin, N. Claidière
In many judicial systems, confessions are a requirement for criminal conviction. Even if confessions are intrinsically convincing, this might not entirely explain why they play such a paramount role. In addition, it has been suggested that confessions owe their importance to their legitimizing role, explaining why they could be required even when other evidence has convinced a judge. But why would confessions be particularly suited to justify verdicts? One possibility is that they can be more easily transmitted from one individual to the next, and thus spread in the population without losing their convincingness. 360 English-speaking participants were asked to evaluate the convincingness of one of three justifications for a verdict, grounded either in a confession, eyewitnesses, or circumstantial evidence, and to pass on that justification to another participant, who performed the same task. Then, 240 English-speaking participants evaluated the convincingness of some of the justifications produced by the first group of participants. Compared to the other justifications, justifications based on confessions lost less of their convincingness in the transmission process (small to medium effect sizes). Modeling pointed to the most common forms the justifications would take as they are transmitted, and results showed that the most common variant of the justification based on a confession was more convincing (small to medium effect sizes).
在许多司法系统中,认罪是刑事定罪的必要条件。即使忏悔本质上令人信服,这可能也不能完全解释为什么它们起着如此重要的作用。此外,有人认为,供词的重要性在于其合法化作用,这解释了为什么即使在其他证据已经说服法官的情况下也需要供词。但是,为什么供词特别适合用来为判决辩护呢?一种可能性是,它们可以更容易地从一个个体传播到另一个个体,从而在人群中传播,而不会失去它们的说服力。360名说英语的参与者被要求评估一项判决的三种理由中的一种的说服力,这些理由要么基于供词,要么基于目击证人,要么基于间接证据,并将该理由传递给另一名参与者,后者执行同样的任务。然后,240名说英语的参与者评估了第一组参与者提出的一些理由的可信度。与其他理由相比,基于供词的理由在传播过程中失去了较少的说服力(小到中等效应)。模型指出了最常见的辩护形式,当它们被传播时,结果表明,基于忏悔的最常见的辩护形式更有说服力(小到中等效应大小)。
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引用次数: 0
A Cathedral with Disconnected Chapels? Reassessing the Cognitive Capacities of Neanderthals in Light of Recent Archaeological Discoveries 一个有不相连的小教堂的大教堂?根据最近的考古发现重新评估尼安德特人的认知能力
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340107
Cheng Liu
The reconstruction of hominins’ cognitive evolution has always been a crucial but challenging task. Researchers from various disciplines have tried to approach this issue, among which British archaeologist Steven Mithen’s cathedral model is regarded as one of the earliest and most creative attempts. In this model, he proposed that the Neanderthal’s mind is like a cathedral with disconnected chapels. Specifically, Neanderthals possessed advanced social, natural history, technical, and even linguistic intelligence modules, but the first three modules are isolated from each other, meaning they cannot effectively use the knowledge from one domain to address the issue of another domain. This article challenges his reconstruction of Neanderthals’ cognitive capacities by presenting multiple forms of archaeological evidence bearing on various kinds of cross-domain thinking that has arisen over the past two decades.
重建人类的认知进化一直是一项关键但具有挑战性的任务。来自各个学科的研究人员试图解决这个问题,其中英国考古学家Steven Mithen的大教堂模型被认为是最早和最具创造性的尝试之一。在这个模型中,他提出尼安德特人的思想就像一座教堂,教堂之间没有连接。具体而言,尼安德特人拥有先进的社会、自然历史、技术甚至语言智能模块,但前三个模块相互隔离,这意味着他们无法有效地利用一个领域的知识来解决另一个领域。这篇文章通过提供多种形式的考古证据来挑战他对尼安德特人认知能力的重建,这些证据与过去二十年中出现的各种跨领域思维有关。
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引用次数: 1
Folk Beliefs about Soul and Mind: Cross-Cultural Comparison of Folk Intuitions about the Ontology of the Person 民间心灵信仰:人的本体论民间直觉的跨文化比较
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340116
A. Gut, A. Lambert, Oleg Gorbaniuk, Robert Mirski
The present study addressed two related problems: The status of the concept of the soul in folk psychological conceptualizations across cultures, and the nature of mind-body dualism within Chinese folk psychology. We compared folk intuitions about three concepts – mind, body, and soul – among adults from China (N=257) and Poland (N=225). The questionnaire study comprised of questions about the functional and ontological nature of the three entities. The results show that the mind and soul are conceptualized differently in the two countries: The Chinese appear to think of the soul similarly to how they view the mind (importantly, they still seem to see it as separate from the body), while Poles differentiate it both in ontological and functional respects. The study provides important insights into cross-cultural differences in conceptualizing the soul as well as into the nature of Chinese mind-body dualism.
本研究探讨了两个相关问题:灵魂概念在不同文化民间心理学概念中的地位,以及中国民间心理学中心身二元论的本质。我们比较了中国(257名)和波兰(225名)成年人对心灵、身体和灵魂这三个概念的直觉。问卷研究包括三个实体的功能和本体论性质的问题。研究结果表明,两国对心灵和灵魂的概念不同:中国人似乎认为灵魂与他们对心灵的看法相似(重要的是,他们似乎仍然认为灵魂与身体是分开的),而波兰人则在本体论和功能方面对灵魂进行了区分。该研究对灵魂概念的跨文化差异以及中国心身二元论的本质提供了重要的见解。
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引用次数: 3
Narrow and Broad Faculties in System 1 and System 2: Toward Consensus in the Debate on Modularity 系统1和系统2的窄面和宽面:在模块性争论中走向共识
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340112
Norbert Francis
Research on learning, the structure of attained knowledge, and the use of this competence in performance has repeatedly returned to longstanding proposals about how to better understand proficient use of knowledge and how humans acquire it. The following article takes up an exchange between Chiappe & Gardner (2011) and Barrett & Kurzban (2012) on the concept of modularity, one of these proposals. Despite the disagreements expressed, a careful reading of the contributions shows that they also left us with lines of discussion that will eventually sort out the relevant hypotheses and integrate findings for future research. These lines of work will contribute to a clearer understanding of an updated version of the modularity hypothesis that is also compatible with evolutionary science perspectives on learning. How might the categories of domain-specific and domain-general correspond to the distinction between competence and performance and to that of narrow faculty and broad faculty?
关于学习、获得知识的结构以及这种能力在绩效中的使用的研究一再回到关于如何更好地理解熟练使用知识以及人类如何获得知识的长期建议。以下文章介绍了Chiappe&Gardner(2011)和Barrett&Kurzban(2012)关于模块化概念的交流,其中一个建议。尽管表达了分歧,但仔细阅读这些贡献表明,它们也给我们留下了讨论的线索,最终将整理出相关的假设,并为未来的研究整合研究结果。这些工作将有助于更清楚地理解模块化假说的更新版本,该假说也与进化科学对学习的观点相兼容。特定领域和一般领域的类别如何对应能力和表现之间的区别,以及狭义教师和广义教师的区别?
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Cognition and Culture
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