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War within a war: Labour Corps and local response in Chin Hills during the First World War 战争中的战争:第一次世界大战期间秦山的劳工团和当地的反应
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2055410
P. K. Pau
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引用次数: 0
“Global counterinsurgency and the police-military continuum: introduction to the special issue” 全球反叛乱和军警统一体:特刊导言
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-03-21 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2054113
S. Schrader
Abstract This introduction to the special issue ”Global Counterinsurgency and the Police-Military Continuum” examines the emergence of global counterinsurgency in the twentieth century and introduces the critical concept of the police-military continuum. Through a review of the recent literature, it also provides a framework for analyzing the relationship of historical trends and contemporary developments in what is typically labeled ”police militarization.” It introduces and summarizes the fourteen original research articles in the special issue, which analyze United States, United Kingdom, Costa Rica, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Tanganyika, and elsewhere. The introduction explains the genesis of the special issue in the aftermath of the rebellions of 2020, and it also considers new directions for research in the aftermath of the events of 6 January 2021 at the US Capitol, as well as what these events indicate about counterinsurgency’s possible future mutations.
摘要本期特刊《全球反叛乱与警察-军事连续体》的引言探讨了20世纪全球反叛乱的出现,并介绍了警察-军事连续性的关键概念。通过对最近文献的回顾,它还提供了一个框架来分析历史趋势与当代发展之间的关系,这通常被称为“警察军事化”它介绍并总结了特刊上的14篇原创研究文章,这些文章分析了美国、英国、哥斯达黎加、海地、印度、肯尼亚、马来西亚、坦噶尼喀和其他地方。引言解释了2020年叛乱后特刊的起源,还考虑了2021年1月6日美国国会大厦事件后的新研究方向,以及这些事件表明反叛乱未来可能发生的变化。
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引用次数: 2
Conflict contagion via weapons proliferation out of collapsed states 从崩溃的国家通过武器扩散传染冲突
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2050652
Kerry Chávez, Ori Swed
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引用次数: 1
International involvement in (re-)building police forces: a comparison of US and UN police assistance programs around the world 国际参与(重建)警察部队:美国和联合国在世界各地的警察援助计划的比较
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-02-27 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2041367
Cameron Mailhot, Michael Kriner, S. Karim
ABSTRACT The US and UN are two of the largest patrons of police reform programs worldwide: between 2000 and 2020, the US provided approximately $160 billion in police assistance to more than 130 countries worldwide; simultaneously, the UN spent over $77 billion supplying police-oriented security sector reform to countries experiencing or having experienced armed conflict, doing so through the deployment of peacekeeping missions and within the offices of UN Police, the UN’s hub for police reform and training programs. Though these two providers seek the same overall objective, they often vary in their specific goals: the US often engages in foreign police reform to promote its own national security objectives by increasing institutional capacity, while the UN adopts police reform programs to promote institutional constraint. The two models have important implications for how we understand bilateral and multilateral reform programs, including activities performed and recipient countries targeted across both time and space. Using originally collected data on US security assistance programs as well as a careful analysis of original data on UN mandates, this article provides the first quantitative exploration of these two different modes of assistance, comparing and contrasting their objectives and where, when, and how they are provided.
摘要美国和联合国是全球警察改革计划的两个最大赞助者:2000年至2020年间,美国向全球130多个国家提供了约1600亿美元的警察援助;与此同时,联合国花费了770多亿美元,通过部署维和特派团以及在联合国警察办公室(联合国警察改革和培训项目的中心)内,向经历或曾经经历过武装冲突的国家提供以警察为导向的安全部门改革。尽管这两个提供者寻求相同的总体目标,但他们的具体目标往往不同:美国经常参与外国警察改革,通过提高机构能力来促进自己的国家安全目标,而联合国则通过警察改革计划来促进机构约束。这两个模式对我们如何理解双边和多边改革计划具有重要意义,包括在时间和空间上开展的活动和针对的受援国。本文利用最初收集的美国安全援助计划数据,以及对联合国授权原始数据的仔细分析,首次对这两种不同的援助模式进行了定量探索,比较和对比了它们的目标以及在哪里、何时和如何提供。
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引用次数: 3
India’s counterinsurgency knowledge: theorizing global position in wars on terror 印度的反叛乱知识:反恐战争中全球地位的理论化
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2034352
Rhys Machold
ABSTRACT Within recent critical debates about the geographies and circulations of counterinsurgency knowledge, scholars have focused primarily on dominant centres of power and authority in the global North. Building a framework drawn from critical geography, this article decentres these locations and actors by exploring the global production and circulation of counterinsurgency knowledge from the vantage point of Indian strategic thinkers. Focusing on the work of the Indian think tank the Institute for Conflict Management (ICM), the article traces how Indian counterinsurgency knowledge has been produced, packaged and circulated transnationally since the late 1990s. It argues the power and utility that forms of counterinsurgency knowledge command – Indian or otherwise – are never reducible to the essential features of what actors or texts say. Rather, it suggests that counterinsurgency knowledge is produced through particular relations and locations of power-knowledge that define what they represent and where they fit in. It theorizes forms of counterinsurgency knowledge as positions within broader transnational forces, entwined with colonial histories of pacification. In doing so, it illuminates the contestations and forms of work involved in staging or organizing the world through practices that make some forms, actors, and locations important and relegate others to the peripheries of global politics.
摘要在最近关于反叛乱知识的地理和流通的批判性辩论中,学者们主要关注全球北方的主要权力和权威中心。本文从批判性地理学的角度构建了一个框架,通过从印度战略思想家的角度探索反叛乱知识的全球生产和流通,来分散这些地点和参与者。这篇文章聚焦于印度智库冲突管理研究所(ICM)的工作,追溯了自20世纪90年代末以来,印度反叛乱知识是如何产生、包装和跨国传播的。它认为,各种形式的反叛乱知识指挥——无论是印度的还是其他的——的力量和效用永远不能归结为行动者或文本所说的基本特征。相反,它表明,反叛乱知识是通过特定的关系和权力位置知识产生的,这些关系和位置知识定义了它们所代表的东西和适合的地方。它将反叛乱知识的形式理论化为更广泛的跨国力量中的位置,与殖民地的和平历史交织在一起。在这样做的过程中,它阐明了舞台或组织世界所涉及的竞争和工作形式,通过使某些形式、行动者和地点变得重要,并将其他形式、行动者或地点置于全球政治边缘的做法。
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引用次数: 1
Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya 肯尼亚的反叛乱、社区参与以及预防和打击暴力极端主义议程
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2037908
Elizabeth Mesok
ABSTRACT Over the last six years, the P/CVE agenda has emphasized the need of preventative measures to augment kinetic counterterrorism security approaches. Based on field research in Kenya in 2019, this article analyzes the ‘police power’ of P/CVE, which compels populations to participate in their own security and ensure their own governability, otherwise marking them for elimination. P/CVE is read as a mode of civil counterinsurgency that operates to pacify populations seen as threats to a liberal international order through peacebuilding and development initiatives, curtailing the autonomy of civic space and securitizing the work of community organizations.
摘要在过去的六年里,P/CVE议程一直强调需要采取预防措施来加强动态反恐安全方法。基于2019年在肯尼亚的实地研究,本文分析了P/CVE的“警察权力”,它迫使人们参与自己的安全,确保自己的治理能力,否则就会被淘汰。P/CVE被解读为一种民间反叛乱模式,旨在通过建设和平和发展举措,削弱公民空间的自主权,并使社区组织的工作安全化,安抚被视为对自由国际秩序威胁的民众。
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引用次数: 6
Environmental dimensions of conflict and paralyzed responses: the ongoing case of Ukraine and future implications for urban warfare 冲突的环境层面和瘫痪反应:乌克兰目前的情况和对城市战争的未来影响
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-02-13 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2035098
K. Hook, Richard A. Marcantonio
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引用次数: 4
Rewriting the rules of land reform: counterinsurgency and the property rights gap in wartime Nicaragua 重写土地改革规则:反叛乱与战时尼加拉瓜的产权差距
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2033497
Rachel A. Schwartz
ABSTRACT The use of agrarian reform within civil war to diminish insurgent support and violence has been a key topic within conflict scholarship, particularly in rural societies. Yet, this research has largely overlooked the ways in which the dynamics of counterinsurgency itself shapes land reform institutions – the procedures governing redistribution and legalization. Focusing on Nicaragua’s Contra War (1980–1990) and its longer-term effects, this article illustrates how counterinsurgent warfare can prompt state elites to refashion the rules of agrarian reform and titling in ways that ultimately undermine the state’s ability to regulate land tenure. As the perceived threat posed by the Contra insurgency deepened and peasant producers defected to rebels’ side, the highly centralized revolutionary coalition in power implemented alternative rules structuring land provision to recover rural support and preserve incumbent political power. These new rules permitted the individual and provisional titling of unregistered parcels, widening the property rights gap. The case thus illustrates that the obstacles to wartime agrarian reform may not emerge from state weakness or incompetence, but from how strategic wartime imperatives perversely remake the rules of land redistribution and titling.
在内战中使用土地改革来减少叛乱分子的支持和暴力一直是冲突研究的一个关键话题,特别是在农村社会。然而,这项研究在很大程度上忽略了平叛本身的动态影响土地改革制度的方式——管理再分配和合法化的程序。本文以尼加拉瓜的反政府战争(1980-1990)及其长期影响为重点,阐述了反叛乱战争如何促使国家精英重新制定土地改革和所有权规则,最终破坏了国家管理土地所有权的能力。随着反对派叛乱所带来的威胁加深,农民生产者叛逃到叛军一边,高度集中的革命联盟在权力方面实施了替代规则,构建土地供应,以恢复农村的支持并保持现任的政治权力。这些新规定允许个人和临时拥有未注册地块的所有权,扩大了产权差距。因此,这个案例表明,战时土地改革的障碍可能不是来自国家的软弱或无能,而是来自战时的战略需要如何反常地重塑了土地再分配和所有权的规则。
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引用次数: 1
Mercenaries and private military corporations in ancient and early medieval South Asia 南亚古代和中世纪早期的雇佣军和私营军事公司
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2036051
K. Roy
ABSTRACT In India, from the time of emergence of empires in circa 300 BCE till the rise of British power in eighteenth century, military mercenaries and private military companies dominated the politico-military landscape. Premodern India had both secular (military guilds) and religious (based on temples and akharas) military corporations. The mercenaries were mostly marginal peasants and demobilised soldiers. They were hired through the agency of their clan leaders, tribal chieftains or the zamindars (large landlords) in whose villages they resided. Historians argue that the presence of the mercenaries and extra state military corporations prevented the rise of strong states in premodern India. In this paper, based mostly on indigenous sources, I argue that the military mercenaries and the private military corporations of pre-British India were at the forefront of technological development. The mercenaries were the channel through which tools, techniques, and ideas of warfare were transferred. The rulers relied on the mercenaries because of their military skills and in the long run they also proved to be cheaper compared to the cost of maintaining permanently a large regular army.
摘要在印度,从大约公元前300年帝国出现到18世纪英国崛起,雇佣兵和私营军事公司主导了政治军事版图。近代以前的印度既有世俗的(军事行会),也有宗教的(以寺庙和阿卡拉为基础的)军事公司。雇佣兵大多是边缘农民和复员士兵。他们是通过部落首领、部落首领或他们居住的村庄的zamindar(大地主)的代理雇佣的。历史学家认为,雇佣兵和州外军事公司的存在阻碍了前现代印度强大国家的崛起。在这篇论文中,主要基于本土资料,我认为前英属印度的军事雇佣军和私营军事公司处于技术发展的前沿。雇佣军是传递战争工具、技术和思想的渠道。统治者依赖雇佣兵是因为他们的军事技能,从长远来看,与永久维持一支大型正规军的成本相比,雇佣兵也更便宜。
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引用次数: 0
Mercenaries at the movies: representations of soldiers of fortune in Mexico and the Congo in American and European cinema 电影中的雇佣兵:美国和欧洲电影中墨西哥和刚果的雇佣兵形象
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-01-30 DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2029027
Paul B. Rich
ABSTRACT This paper examines cinematic representations of mercenaries from the era of silent movies to the 1980s. It argues that cinema has been selective in the choice of historical periods to depict mercenaries and soldiers of fortune, ignoring for the most part the centuries of European state building in which mercenaries played a significant role. Most mercenary films are anchored in the near present and the paper focuses on Mexico and the Congo as terrains of political breakdown and external intervention. Since the 1950s, a range of films depict mercenaries in these terrains seeking money, adventure, and the thrills of killing, and the paper examines mercenary movies through the character structures of hero, anti-hero and villain. These three structures have shaped the portrayal of mercenaries in westerns and war movies as well as action and sci fi movies, where they have become hardened in the last two decades into range of stock stereotypes
摘要本文考察了从无声电影时代到20世纪80年代雇佣兵的电影表现。它认为,电影在选择历史时期来描绘雇佣军和富有的士兵时是有选择性的,在很大程度上忽略了几个世纪以来雇佣军在欧洲国家建设中发挥的重要作用。大多数雇佣兵电影都是以近期为背景的,本文将墨西哥和刚果作为政治崩溃和外部干预的地区。自20世纪50年代以来,一系列的电影描绘了雇佣军在这些地形上寻求金钱、冒险和杀戮的刺激,本文通过英雄、反英雄和反派的人物结构来审视雇佣军电影。这三种结构塑造了西部片、战争片、动作片和科幻片中对雇佣兵的刻画,在过去的二十年里,这些结构已经固化为一系列刻板印象
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引用次数: 0
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Small Wars and Insurgencies
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