Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2064701
Koki Shigenoi, Wakako Maekawa
ABSTRACT This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security. Case studies reveal that, on the one hand, a ‘thirst for legitimacy’ influenced by military intervention has led rebel groups to engage in internal and external diplomatic activities. Moreover, their efforts to develop fundamental rebel governance structures have had clearly positive effects on human security. On the other hand, when repelled from a territory by military interventions, rebel groups have attempted to control their remaining territories through the imposition of fear, which can devastate human security in rebel-held areas.
{"title":"Evaluating the effect of military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security","authors":"Koki Shigenoi, Wakako Maekawa","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2064701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2064701","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security. Case studies reveal that, on the one hand, a ‘thirst for legitimacy’ influenced by military intervention has led rebel groups to engage in internal and external diplomatic activities. Moreover, their efforts to develop fundamental rebel governance structures have had clearly positive effects on human security. On the other hand, when repelled from a territory by military interventions, rebel groups have attempted to control their remaining territories through the imposition of fear, which can devastate human security in rebel-held areas.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"33 1","pages":"1059 - 1084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48834339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2068330
Samuel Schiffer
ABSTRACT This essay seeks to understand how since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, marking the end of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, filmic depictions of the conflict reinterpret and interrogate the traditional role of the ‘hero’ in the Irish republican cause. In an analysis of two films released after the Good Friday Agreement, Hunger (2008) and The Wind that Shakes the Barley (2006), this essay argues that both films feature a hero-type Irish republican waging a brave-but-futile campaign against British oppression, but critique the myth of the Irish republican hero by severing the cycle of mythical violence by sowing doubt in the hero myth that serves as its base. This essay suggests that film is a low-stakes arena for the interrogation of volatile narratives that plays an important role in the reconceptualization of a conflict and, maybe even, its resolution.
{"title":"Interrogating the myth of the Irish republican hero: a syntactic analysis of hunger (2008) and the wind that shakes the barley (2006)","authors":"Samuel Schiffer","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2068330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2068330","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay seeks to understand how since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, marking the end of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, filmic depictions of the conflict reinterpret and interrogate the traditional role of the ‘hero’ in the Irish republican cause. In an analysis of two films released after the Good Friday Agreement, Hunger (2008) and The Wind that Shakes the Barley (2006), this essay argues that both films feature a hero-type Irish republican waging a brave-but-futile campaign against British oppression, but critique the myth of the Irish republican hero by severing the cycle of mythical violence by sowing doubt in the hero myth that serves as its base. This essay suggests that film is a low-stakes arena for the interrogation of volatile narratives that plays an important role in the reconceptualization of a conflict and, maybe even, its resolution.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"34 1","pages":"919 - 941"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48128414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2067432
P. K. Pau
ABSTRACT The paper probes colonial counterinsurgency operations in Northeast India and Northwest Burma from the First Anglo-Burmese War (1825–26) to the end of the First World War. While the nature and objective of insurgency movements differ from raid to resistance and then to a full-scale war or gal against the colonial ruler, colonial counterinsurgency operations also employed different strategies and tactics. The paper argues that in its desperate attempt to bring the opponents to submission, colonial rulers turned what they initially considered as ‘petty warfare’ into ‘savage warfare’, beyond the framework of the principles and practice of ‘small wars’.
{"title":"Small wars as ‘savage warfare’: rethinking colonial counterinsurgency operations in Northeast India and Northwest Burma (1826–1919)","authors":"P. K. Pau","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2067432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2067432","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper probes colonial counterinsurgency operations in Northeast India and Northwest Burma from the First Anglo-Burmese War (1825–26) to the end of the First World War. While the nature and objective of insurgency movements differ from raid to resistance and then to a full-scale war or gal against the colonial ruler, colonial counterinsurgency operations also employed different strategies and tactics. The paper argues that in its desperate attempt to bring the opponents to submission, colonial rulers turned what they initially considered as ‘petty warfare’ into ‘savage warfare’, beyond the framework of the principles and practice of ‘small wars’.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"34 1","pages":"571 - 596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46510244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2064702
Deniz Koçak
ABSTRACT This article investigates the transformation of the FALINTIL guerrilla organisation into the national armed forces in post-independence Timor-Leste. It focuses on how these former rebels interpret and legitimise their role in a changed socio-political environment vis-à-vis other national security actors as well as the population. By tackling the issue of the evolution of guerrilla organisations into formal security actors, the paper speaks to the recent research trend on the legacies of rebel governance, as well as the field of civil-military relations. Based on a qualitative interview case study, it argues that the behaviour of the state security actors, and their respective understanding of their role within the Timorese state, have been determined by internalised socialisation practices of their past. It becomes clear, that particularly the armed forces struggled with their constitutionally limited role on matters of national defence but strove to expand their role into domestic security affairs.
{"title":"Rebel security governance in transition: the case of post-independence Timor-Leste","authors":"Deniz Koçak","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2064702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2064702","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates the transformation of the FALINTIL guerrilla organisation into the national armed forces in post-independence Timor-Leste. It focuses on how these former rebels interpret and legitimise their role in a changed socio-political environment vis-à-vis other national security actors as well as the population. By tackling the issue of the evolution of guerrilla organisations into formal security actors, the paper speaks to the recent research trend on the legacies of rebel governance, as well as the field of civil-military relations. Based on a qualitative interview case study, it argues that the behaviour of the state security actors, and their respective understanding of their role within the Timorese state, have been determined by internalised socialisation practices of their past. It becomes clear, that particularly the armed forces struggled with their constitutionally limited role on matters of national defence but strove to expand their role into domestic security affairs.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"34 1","pages":"113 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46098450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2064152
Christian Høj Hansen, Troels Burchall Henningsen
ABSTRACT How do state sponsors of proxy groups in civil wars balance their support of non-state militias with the need for political transition towards stability? This article explores the inconsistencies in Iran’s priorities and proxy strategy that at times limited Iranian influence, and complicated Iraq’s transition from war to peace. It expands on current theories on proxy warfare by focusing on the impact of diverging interests among foreign policy elites in a sponsor state. Three policy dilemmas illustrate the difference among on the one side the Revolutionary Guard and on the other side the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Intelligence. First, whether the pro-Iranian proxies should maintain their influence after the war or Iran should strengthen its link to the representatives of the formal state. Second, whether repression by Shia militias or political reconciliation should prevent Sunni Arabs from (re)joining Islamic State. Third, whether Iraq should be part of a sectarian, transnational alliance or an inclusive state that might become an arbiter to deescalate regional tension. The study contributes to the literature on Iranian proxy warfare in the Middle East and proxy warfare literature in general, by considering the consequences of differences among foreign policy elites.
{"title":"Whose proxy war? The competition among Iranian foreign policy elites in Iraq","authors":"Christian Høj Hansen, Troels Burchall Henningsen","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2064152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2064152","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How do state sponsors of proxy groups in civil wars balance their support of non-state militias with the need for political transition towards stability? This article explores the inconsistencies in Iran’s priorities and proxy strategy that at times limited Iranian influence, and complicated Iraq’s transition from war to peace. It expands on current theories on proxy warfare by focusing on the impact of diverging interests among foreign policy elites in a sponsor state. Three policy dilemmas illustrate the difference among on the one side the Revolutionary Guard and on the other side the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Intelligence. First, whether the pro-Iranian proxies should maintain their influence after the war or Iran should strengthen its link to the representatives of the formal state. Second, whether repression by Shia militias or political reconciliation should prevent Sunni Arabs from (re)joining Islamic State. Third, whether Iraq should be part of a sectarian, transnational alliance or an inclusive state that might become an arbiter to deescalate regional tension. The study contributes to the literature on Iranian proxy warfare in the Middle East and proxy warfare literature in general, by considering the consequences of differences among foreign policy elites.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"33 1","pages":"973 - 998"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49611674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2059304
K. Roy
Between circa 1740 and 1849, the British East India Company (EIC) conquered India after conducting several conventional campaigns against the ‘native’ powers. Thereafter, the phase of consolidation started. In this phase, the EIC, and after 1859, the Raj had to conduct innumerable small wars (pacification campaigns) especially against the tribes who inhabited the Indus Frontier, and the region east of Brahmaputra River. Rather than battles and sieges, these campaigns were characterised by ambushes and raids in difficult terrain against the stateless armed communities. This paper, basing itself mostly on the archival documents derived from the various archives of the UK and India, focuses on the logistical aspect of the small wars conducted by the British in the North-West Frontier of India and North-East India. This essay studies four themes related to logistics: non-combatant manpower (especially coolies), roads, rivers, and ani- mals. Each of the themes is dealt with chronologically. This paper starts from 1840s, when the British came in touch with the Indus Frontier after the annexa- tion of Punjab, and ends in 1913, just before the outbreak of the Great War.
{"title":"Logistics of small wars in British India: 1840s–1913","authors":"K. Roy","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2059304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2059304","url":null,"abstract":"Between circa 1740 and 1849, the British East India Company (EIC) conquered India after conducting several conventional campaigns against the ‘native’ powers. Thereafter, the phase of consolidation started. In this phase, the EIC, and after 1859, the Raj had to conduct innumerable small wars (pacification campaigns) especially against the tribes who inhabited the Indus Frontier, and the region east of Brahmaputra River. Rather than battles and sieges, these campaigns were characterised by ambushes and raids in difficult terrain against the stateless armed communities. This paper, basing itself mostly on the archival documents derived from the various archives of the UK and India, focuses on the logistical aspect of the small wars conducted by the British in the North-West Frontier of India and North-East India. This essay studies four themes related to logistics: non-combatant manpower (especially coolies), roads, rivers, and ani- mals. Each of the themes is dealt with chronologically. This paper starts from 1840s, when the British came in touch with the Indus Frontier after the annexa- tion of Punjab, and ends in 1913, just before the outbreak of the Great War.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90219348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2051348
C. C. Fair
{"title":"Colonial institutions and civil war: indirect rule and maoist insurgency in India","authors":"C. C. Fair","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2051348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2051348","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"33 1","pages":"550 - 552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48053215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2056392
Benedetta Berti, Marika Sosnowski
ABSTRACT This article examines the role of siege warfare and population control in the coercive counterinsurgency strategy used by the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad to effectively crush the revolution that began in 2011. We extend the coercive counterinsurgency framework offered by Monica Duffy Toft and Yuri Zhukov to analyze the Syrian regime’s use of the twin tactical pillars of siege warfare and population control. We focus on how these two types of denial – military and political – proved essential to the regime’s military victory.
{"title":"Neither peace nor democracy: the role of siege and population control in the Syrian regime’s coercive counterinsurgency campaign","authors":"Benedetta Berti, Marika Sosnowski","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2056392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2056392","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the role of siege warfare and population control in the coercive counterinsurgency strategy used by the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad to effectively crush the revolution that began in 2011. We extend the coercive counterinsurgency framework offered by Monica Duffy Toft and Yuri Zhukov to analyze the Syrian regime’s use of the twin tactical pillars of siege warfare and population control. We focus on how these two types of denial – military and political – proved essential to the regime’s military victory.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"33 1","pages":"954 - 972"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42640295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2054112
Paul B. Rich
ABSTRACT This paper examines the cinema of the US-Mexican border in the context of an escalating drug war. It looks at movies released since the early 1980s and argues that Hollywood has supplied a large number of cinematic images of the ‘war on drugs’ that has more helped shape wider political and strategic debates. Using insights from strategic analysis, this paper seeks to show how cinema has represented the conflict between drug cartels, the Mexican state as well as various US security agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and DEA. The paper explores how these cinematic depictions straddle national boundaries and have evolved from being an extension of the western border genre in the 1980s into a more recent phase of action and war movies.
{"title":"Hollywood and the hourglass war: cinematic images of drug cartels and conflict on the US-Mexican border","authors":"Paul B. Rich","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2054112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2054112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the cinema of the US-Mexican border in the context of an escalating drug war. It looks at movies released since the early 1980s and argues that Hollywood has supplied a large number of cinematic images of the ‘war on drugs’ that has more helped shape wider political and strategic debates. Using insights from strategic analysis, this paper seeks to show how cinema has represented the conflict between drug cartels, the Mexican state as well as various US security agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and DEA. The paper explores how these cinematic depictions straddle national boundaries and have evolved from being an extension of the western border genre in the 1980s into a more recent phase of action and war movies.","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"33 1","pages":"767 - 795"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42079165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2057750
Massaab Al-Aloosy
ABSTRACT Deterrence between states is a long-established theory in security studies, but it is rare, if not unique, that an insurgency would deter a state from attacking another country. Insurgencies in the Middle East are increasingly playing an international role, of which deterrence is only a part. This generates an interesting dynamic in which an insurgency uses non-traditional tools to dissuade an adversarial state from attacking the group or country in which it resides. Thus, the research topic is: How is Hezbollah able to deter Israel?
{"title":"Deterrence by insurgents: Hezbollah’s military doctrine and capability vis-à-vis Israel","authors":"Massaab Al-Aloosy","doi":"10.1080/09592318.2022.2057750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2057750","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Deterrence between states is a long-established theory in security studies, but it is rare, if not unique, that an insurgency would deter a state from attacking another country. Insurgencies in the Middle East are increasingly playing an international role, of which deterrence is only a part. This generates an interesting dynamic in which an insurgency uses non-traditional tools to dissuade an adversarial state from attacking the group or country in which it resides. Thus, the research topic is: How is Hezbollah able to deter Israel?","PeriodicalId":46215,"journal":{"name":"Small Wars and Insurgencies","volume":"33 1","pages":"999 - 1016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46986049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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