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Punishment, Patronage, and the Revenue Extraction Process in Pharaonic Egypt 法老时代埃及的惩罚、庇护和税收提取过程
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000032
A. S. Fagbore
Abstract The processes of control and collection are prominent themes throughout pharaonic history. However, the extent that the central regime attempted to administer agricultural fields to collect revenues directly from the farmer who actually worked the land is unclear during the pharaonic period (c.2686–1069). Relations between those involved in agricultural cultivation and local headships of extended families and wider kinship groups were deeply embedded within a broad range of interpersonal discourses, behaviours, and practices. Village headmen and officials at all levels of an impersonalized “state” hierarchy were themselves landholders who drew income from the land and were held responsible for collecting revenues from their fields. It is therefore necessary to define, with a focus on the imperatives of a subsistence economy, who was working the land and what the relationship was between them, the headmen, and those from within outside power structures (in the context of direct intervention against specific groups of the population). To address these points, I will focus on revenue extraction as a “state” process, how it was connected to the role of punishment, and its impact on local hierarchies (the targets of revenue extraction).
控制和收集的过程是贯穿法老历史的突出主题。然而,在法老时期(c.2686-1069),中央政权试图管理农田以直接从实际耕种土地的农民那里收取收入的程度是不清楚的。从事农业耕作的人与当地大家庭和更广泛的亲属团体的首领之间的关系深深植根于广泛的人际话语、行为和实践中。在没有人格化的“国家”等级制度中,村长和各级官员本身就是土地所有者,他们从土地中获取收入,并负责从他们的田地中收取收入。因此,有必要以自给经济的必要性为重点,确定谁在耕种土地,以及他们、首领和来自外部权力结构内部的人(在直接干预特定人口群体的情况下)之间的关系。为了解决这些问题,我将把重点放在作为“国家”过程的收入提取上,它是如何与惩罚的角色联系在一起的,以及它对地方等级制度(收入提取的目标)的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Corporal Punishment at Work in the Early Middle Ages: The Frankish Kingdoms (Sixth through Tenth Centuries) 中世纪早期的体罚:法兰克王国(六世纪至十世纪)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000019
Alice Rio
Abstract This article deals with a paradox. Evidence for the punishment of workers during the early Middle Ages is richer in the earlier period (sixth and seventh centuries), when rural workers are generally thought to have been the least oppressed; by contrast, direct discussion of the subject largely drops out of the record in the Carolingian era (eighth to tenth centuries), despite clear evidence for renewed intensification of economic exploitation by both lay and religious lordships over the same period. Whereas the punishment of slaves had once provided a richly productive metaphor for thinking through issues of moral authority and legitimate leadership, Carolingian moralists and commentators no longer took the punishment of workers as a meaningful model for other, more morally or religiously motivated practices of punishment. Despite interest in punishment in other, non-exploitative contexts, lords’ practices of punishment of their workers were no longer taken as productive of meaning, whether positive or negative. The relationship of lords with their lowest-ranking dependents no longer defined or illustrated their power in the way that it had for the earlier Roman and late antique paterfamilias. One reason for this was the increasing tension perceived between profit-seeking and the correct, justified exercise of punishment: the two were kept at arms’ length by Carolingian writers to a surprising extent.
本文讨论的是一个悖论。中世纪早期(六世纪和七世纪)对工人进行惩罚的证据更为丰富,当时农村工人通常被认为是受压迫最少的;相比之下,在加洛林王朝时代(8至10世纪),尽管有明确的证据表明,在同一时期,世俗和宗教领主的经济剥削再次加剧,但对这一主题的直接讨论基本上没有记录。对奴隶的惩罚曾经为思考道德权威和合法领导提供了丰富的隐喻,但加洛林王朝的道德家和评论家不再把对工人的惩罚作为其他更具道德或宗教动机的惩罚行为的有意义的模型。尽管在其他非剥削背景下对惩罚感兴趣,但领主惩罚工人的做法不再被视为具有生产意义,无论是积极的还是消极的。领主与最低等级的属下的关系不再像罗马早期和古代晚期的家长那样定义或说明他们的权力。造成这种情况的一个原因是,在追求利润和正确合理的惩罚之间,人们越来越感到紧张:加洛林王朝的作家们把这两者保持在一个令人惊讶的程度上。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Punitive Perspectives on Labour Management 引言:劳动管理的惩罚性观点
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859022000840
Christian G. De Vito, A. S. Fagbore
Abstract What is the historical role of punishment in the management of labour? This is the central question of this Special Issue of the International Review of Social History (IRSH), “Punishing Workers, Managing Labour”. Through a close reading of the diverse range of articles included in this Special Issue and by addressing the relatively extensive but highly fragmented scholarship on the subject, this introduction argues that the key to labour management lay in the interplay of differentiated forms of punishment with distinct labour relations, rather than in the imposition of one punitive regime onto an undifferentiated workforce. In other words, the effective management of labour required the systematic differentiation of the workforce; to that end, the imposition of diversified forms of punishment did not merely reflect existing labour distinctions, but also contributed to creating them. This point leads us to address broader methodological and theoretical issues about how we can analyse such complex interactions: how we can compare the role of punishment in the management of labour across space and time, and how our findings can be used to explain short- and long-term historical changes.
刑罚在劳动管理中的历史作用是什么?这是本期《国际社会历史评论》特刊“惩罚工人,管理劳动”的中心问题。通过仔细阅读本期特刊中包含的各种各样的文章,并通过解决有关该主题的相对广泛但高度分散的学术研究,本引言认为,劳动管理的关键在于不同形式的惩罚与不同的劳动关系的相互作用,而不是将一种惩罚制度强加给未分化的劳动力。换句话说,对劳动力的有效管理需要对劳动力进行系统的区分;为此目的,实行多种形式的惩罚不仅反映了现有的劳工差别,而且也有助于创造这种差别。这一点引导我们解决更广泛的方法和理论问题,即我们如何分析这种复杂的相互作用:我们如何跨空间和时间比较惩罚在劳动管理中的作用,以及我们的发现如何用于解释短期和长期的历史变化。
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引用次数: 0
Punishment for the Coercion of Labour during the Ur III Period 对乌尔三世时期强迫劳动的处罚
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859022000864
J. Nicholas Reid

This article traces corporal and collective punishment in relation to the labour control of slaves and other dependent persons during the Ur III period (c.2100–2000 BCE). Slaves and other dependent persons often worked in related contexts with some overlap in treatment. Persons of different statuses could be detained and forced to work. Persons of various statuses also received rations and other benefits, but the evidence suggests that the most extreme forms of corporal punishment were reserved for slaves. This article, however, contextualizes these threats of mutilation and the death penalty, demonstrating that such punishments should be considered the exception and not the norm.

这篇文章追溯了乌尔三世时期(公元前2100 - 2000年)与奴隶和其他依赖者的劳动控制有关的体罚和集体惩罚。奴隶和其他被依赖的人经常在相关的环境中工作,在待遇上有些重叠。不同身份的人都可能被拘留并被迫工作。各种地位的人也得到口粮和其他福利,但证据表明,最极端的体罚是留给奴隶的。然而,本条将这些残割和死刑的威胁置于背景之下,表明这类惩罚应被视为例外,而不是常态。
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引用次数: 0
Absolute Obedience: Servants and Masters on Danish Estates in the Nineteenth Century 绝对服从:19世纪丹麦庄园的仆人和主人
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859022000918
Dorte Kook Lyngholm

This article examines legal relations between estate owners and their servants and workers on Danish estates in the nineteenth century. From the end of the eighteenth century onwards, the traditional privileged role of Danish estate owners was changing, and their special legal status as “heads of household” over the entire population on their estates was slowly being undermined. The article investigates the relationship between estate owners and their servants and workers in legislation and court cases during these times of change. It examines the Danish servant acts from 1791 and 1854 and identifies the asymmetric order of subordination and superiority in this legislation. The core of the relationship was still a “contractual submission” that, to some extent, was private and unregulated by law, and estate owners were entitled to impose sanctions and physical punishment on their servants and workers according to their own judgement. When the Servant Law of 1854 abolished estate owners’ right to punish adult servants physically, it was a significant break from the old legal order. However, a central element in the legislation, before and after 1854, was that servants’ and workers’ disobedience towards estate owners was illegal. By analysing court cases, the article examines the borderlands of the legal definition of disobedience. The elasticity in the legal system was substantial – and frequently favoured the owners. In the legal system, the notion of disobedience served to protect the last remnants of the traditional legal order of submission and superiority.

本文考察了19世纪丹麦庄园中庄园所有者与其仆人和工人之间的法律关系。从18世纪末开始,丹麦地产所有人的传统特权角色正在发生变化,他们作为整个地产人口的“户主”的特殊法律地位正在慢慢被削弱。本文考察了在这一变革时期的立法和法院案件中,庄园所有者与他们的仆人和工人之间的关系。本文考察了从1791年到1854年的丹麦仆人法案,并确定了该立法中从属和优越的不对称顺序。这种关系的核心仍然是一种“合同服从”,在某种程度上是私人的,不受法律管制,庄园所有者有权根据自己的判断对仆人和工人施加制裁和体罚。1854年的《仆人法》废除了庄园主人对成年仆人进行体罚的权利,这是对旧法律秩序的重大突破。然而,在1854年前后,立法的一个核心要素是,仆人和工人对庄园主人的不服从是非法的。本文通过对法庭案例的分析,考察了不服从的法律定义的边界。法律体系的弹性很大,而且往往有利于业主。在法律体系中,不服从的概念保护了传统法律秩序的最后残余,即服从和优越。
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引用次数: 1
Moving to Your Place: Labour Coercion and Punitive Violence against Minors under Guardianship (Charcas, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries) 搬到你的地方:对未成年人的劳动强迫和惩罚性暴力(查卡斯,16至18世纪)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859022000888
Paola A. Revilla Orías
Abstract This article examines the experience of minors at the intersection of guardianship, domestic servitude (free and unfree labour), and punitive violence in Charcas (Bolivia) in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. The author proposes that the study of the role of punishment in the lives of working children and adolescents allows us to question how practices that occurred under the legal cloak of guardianship – in which many members of colonial society participated – were used as a hidden practice of domination that sought to reproduce servitude based on certain origins from an early age. In this context, punitive violence exercised by masters and lords would have been at the core of prevailing prejudices about ethnic and racial difference.
本文考察了16世纪至18世纪玻利维亚查尔卡斯(Charcas)未成年人在监护、家庭奴役(自由和非自由劳动)和惩罚性暴力的交叉点上的经历。作者提出,对惩罚在劳动儿童和青少年生活中的作用的研究使我们能够质疑,在监护的法律外衣下发生的做法- -殖民地社会的许多成员都参与其中- -是如何被用作一种隐藏的统治做法的,这种做法试图从早期就根据某些起源再现奴役。在这种情况下,主子和领主实施的惩罚性暴力将是关于族裔和种族差异的普遍偏见的核心。
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引用次数: 0
The Political Economy of Punishment: Slavery and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Brazil and the United States 惩罚的政治经济学:19世纪巴西和美国的奴隶制和暴力
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859022000876
Marcelo Rosanova Ferraro
Abstract This article analyzes slave resistance, capital crimes, and state violence in the Mississippi Valley and the Paraíba Valley – two of the most dynamic plantation economies of the nineteenth century. The research focused on the intersection between slavery and criminal law in Brazil and the United States. The analysis of capital crimes committed by enslaved people in Natchez and Vassouras revealed changing patterns of resistance and judicial punishment through the decades. This investigation demonstrated that local experiences of violence on plantations and in courtrooms were connected to the dynamics of national politics and the world economy. Moreover, this comparative study illuminated differences between these racialized slave societies and their political systems and revealed the essence of distinct regimes of racial violence in the Americas.
本文分析了19世纪最具活力的两个种植园经济——密西西比河谷和Paraíba河谷——的奴隶反抗、死刑犯罪和州暴力。这项研究的重点是巴西和美国的奴隶制和刑法之间的交集。对纳齐兹和瓦苏拉斯被奴役者犯下的死刑罪行的分析揭示了几十年来反抗和司法惩罚模式的变化。这项调查表明,当地对种植园和法庭的暴力经历与国家政治和世界经济的动态有关。此外,这一比较研究阐明了这些种族化的奴隶社会及其政治制度之间的差异,揭示了美洲不同种族暴力制度的本质。
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引用次数: 0
The 1886 Southwest Railroad Strike, J. West Goodwin's Law and Order League, and the Blacklisting of Martin Irons 1886年西南铁路罢工,古德温的法律与秩序联盟,以及马丁·艾恩斯的黑名单
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000020
Chad Pearson

This article explores blacklisting practices following the massive 1886 Southwest strike staged by the Knights of Labor (KOL) against Jay Gould's railroad empire. It focuses mostly on strike leader Martin Irons and blacklisting advocate and newspaperman J. West Goodwin. The strike, which started in Sedalia, Missouri, before spreading to other states, was a disaster for the KOL. The union declined in its aftermath chiefly because of the repression unleashed by public and private forces, including businessmen-led Law and Order Leagues. After the strike, employers blacklisted many, including strike leader and Sedalia resident Martin Irons. Irons, constantly on the move, suffered from joblessness, underemployment, arrests, and broken health before he died in central Texas in 1900. Few blacklisting advocates wanted Irons to suffer more than J. West Goodwin. The Law and Order League leader and newspaperman repeatedly wrote about what he considered Martin Irons's moral lapses and shortsightedness. By focusing on Goodwin's promotion of blacklisting and Irons's post-strike struggles, this essay helps us better appreciate the underexplored dimensions of this form of punishment.

这篇文章探讨了1886年由劳工骑士团(Knights of Labor, KOL)发起的针对杰伊·古尔德(Jay Gould)铁路帝国的大规模西南罢工后,将工会列入黑名单的做法。它主要关注罢工领袖马丁·艾恩斯和黑名单倡导者和新闻记者j·韦斯特·古德温。这次罢工从密苏里州的锡代利亚开始,然后蔓延到其他州,对KOL来说是一场灾难。工会衰落的主要原因是公共和私人力量的镇压,包括商人领导的法律与秩序联盟。罢工结束后,雇主将许多人列入黑名单,其中包括罢工领袖、锡代利亚居民马丁·艾恩斯。艾恩斯一直四处漂泊,在1900年死于德克萨斯州中部之前,他遭受了失业、未充分就业、被捕和健康状况不佳的折磨。很少有黑名单倡导者希望艾恩斯遭受比j·韦斯特·古德温(J. West Goodwin)更大的痛苦。这位法律与秩序联盟的领导人和新闻记者多次撰文批评马丁·艾恩斯的道德缺失和目光短浅。通过关注古德温对黑名单的推广和艾恩斯罢工后的斗争,这篇文章帮助我们更好地理解了这种惩罚形式未被探索的维度。
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引用次数: 0
Caught In-Between: Coerced Intermediaries in the Jails of Colonial India 夹在中间:殖民时期印度监狱中被胁迫的中间人
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000044
Michaela Dimmers
Abstract This article analyses the role coerced intermediaries had on colonial power and authority in the prisons of British India. Coerced intermediaries in this context were convicts placed in positions of control by the colonial prison administration as warders, overseers, and night watchmen and night watchwomen, summarized here under the term “convict officers”. These convict officers were employed by the colonial authorities to maintain a coercive order and became essential to the exercise of colonial authority and control in the prisons of British India. The article argues that with their employment, the colonial administration created a third group within its prisons, situated between the colonial administration and the inmates. This contradictory practice blurred the lines of colonial control and authority and raises larger questions about intermediation by unfree and coerced people in unfree and coerced colonial contexts. The focus here is not so much on what intermediation is but on what it does. At the same time, the article relates the system of convict officers as intermediaries to the theoretical concepts used by Foucault and Goffman and questions the binarity used in most of their theories.
摘要本文分析了在英属印度的监狱中,强迫中介对殖民权力和权威的作用。在这种情况下,被胁迫的中间人是被殖民地监狱管理部门安置在控制职位上的囚犯,如狱吏、监工、夜间守夜人和夜间守夜人,在这里总结为“囚犯官员”。这些被判刑的官员受雇于殖民当局,以维持强制秩序,并成为在英属印度的监狱中行使殖民权力和控制的关键人物。文章认为,由于雇用了这些人,殖民当局在其监狱内创造了位于殖民当局和囚犯之间的第三个群体。这种相互矛盾的做法模糊了殖民控制和权威的界限,并提出了更大的问题,即在不自由和受胁迫的殖民背景下,由不自由和受胁迫的人进行调解。这里的重点不在于中介是什么,而在于它能做什么。同时,本文将罪犯作为中介的制度与福柯和戈夫曼所使用的理论概念联系起来,并对他们大多数理论中使用的二元性提出质疑。
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引用次数: 0
The Work of Retirement 退休后的工作
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000196
Jeffrey Sklansky

In the past few decades, caregivers, such as nursing assistants and home health aides, have come to compose the fastest-growing segment of the paid workforce in the United States. At the same time, corporate caretakers of workers’ savings, such as pension funds and mutual funds, have become the nation's largest investors, bound by fiduciary duties of trust. And unprecedented numbers of elder employees and retirees have become the biggest supposed beneficiaries of both care labor and trust capital, depending on health workers and asset managers in their daily lives. At the center of this emerging structure of work, wealth, and welfare lies the pension system, a telling crucible of class relations in our time. Several recent books across different disciplines examine the shifting politics of pensions in the United States and around the world. The spate of new studies presents an opportunity to explore the remarkable role of retirement funds in reorganizing labor and finance over the past fifty years. Rather than offering a historiographical critique of current work, this expository essay surveys the main findings of a larger and longer body of scholarship on organized labor and investment related to pensions. Though focused on the United States, it places the American story in a comparative context. The survey points to a fertile field for further study: as retirees have increasingly relied on professional asset managers and caregivers, the finance and health sectors have undergone converging crises over fiduciary duty and elder care, posing parallel challenges for organized labor.

在过去的几十年里,护理人员,如护理助理和家庭健康助理,已经成为美国有偿劳动力中增长最快的部分。与此同时,管理工人储蓄的企业,如养老基金和共同基金,受到信托信托责任的约束,已成为美国最大的投资者。而且,数量空前的老年雇员和退休人员已经成为护理劳动力和信托资本的最大受益者,他们的日常生活依赖于医疗工作者和资产管理公司。这种新兴的工作、财富和福利结构的核心是养老金制度,它是我们这个时代阶级关系的一个明显的坩埚。最近几本跨越不同学科的书研究了美国和世界各地养老金政治的变化。大量的新研究提供了一个机会来探索退休基金在过去五十年中重组劳动力和金融的显着作用。而不是提供一个史学的批评当前的工作,这篇说明文调查的主要发现一个更大的和更长的机构的奖学金有组织的劳动和投资相关的养老金。虽然这本书关注的是美国,但它把美国的故事放在一个比较的背景下。该调查指出了一个可供进一步研究的广阔领域:随着退休人员越来越依赖专业资产管理公司和护理人员,金融和卫生部门在受托责任和老年人护理方面经历了共同的危机,对有组织的劳工构成了平行的挑战。
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引用次数: 4
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International Review of Social History
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